Energy from Wind and Waves: The Global Market

Energy from Wind and Waves: The Global Market published by BCC Research in March, 2009. This report consists of 207 pages and the price starts from US $ 4850.

Introduction

Abstract

This Report:

• Provides in-depth analysis of the wind and wave technologies markets
• Reviews domestic and international markets for wind and wave technologies and forecasts the size and future growth of the markets, with forecasts through 2012
• Describes various wave technologies including free oscillating water columns, point aborbers or buoy systems, overtopping devices, surging devices and pendular devices, and wind technologies including horizontal, vertical and hybrid
• Addresses environmental effects including CO2 emissions and pollution, the ecological footprint of the technologies, the impact on wildlife, and offshore ocean noise, aesthetics and safety
• Discusses important manufacturers and factors influencing demand.

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

BCC' s goal in conducting this study was to determine the current status of the global market for wind and wave energy and assess its growth potential over a 5-year period from 2008 to 2013.

Our key objective was to present a comprehensive analysis of the current wind energy market combined with the upcoming wave energy market and understand their future direction.

A chief goal of this study was to characterize and quantify the world markets for large wind turbines on global, national, and local bases. Extensive efforts were expended to fully characterize the political, economic, environmental, and regulatory conditions at each level of geographic detail. These influential factors were taken into account when developing 5-year forecasts for the evolving large wind turbine markets. The business environment for wind and wave energy is fully characterized to include local and national legislation and financial incentives, the pertinent regulatory regimes, and the environmental factors that are influencing a sustaining surge in interest and investment in renewables.

REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY

Wind power usage in the global economy has been growing at a significant double-digit rate in the past few years and has generated considerable interest in industry, government, and the public. Wave energy is hypothesized to be several years behind wind energy but represents yet another emerging renewable market. This study will take a closer look at energy from wind and waves on the global scale. This report measures and forecasts the global market for wind energy and wave energy. Key granular global breakdowns are given for the following regions:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia
• Latin America
• Africa and the Middle East
• Pacific Region
• Rest of World

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This study will be of interest to manufacturers of wind turbines and wave energy devices, and the various component and accessory equipment suppliers, as well as the end users, including project developers, operators, and utilities. It will also be of interest to consulting companies, construction and transportation companies, landowners, and financial and investment institutions with a stake in the renewable energy industry. The study will likewise be of interest to municipal, state, and national government agencies, as well as academic institutes and non-profit organizations.

SCOPE OF REPORT

The scope of this study encompasses the global wind and wave energy markets. Traditional hydrocarbon energy sources and tidal energy are excludedfrom the study. BCC analyzes each market, determines its current status, examines the impact for the future, and presents forecasts of growth over the next 5 years. Technological issues including the latest trends are discussed. Other influential factors such as rising energy costs, changing government regulations, and improving efficiencies are reviewed.

BCC analyzes the industry on a global basis both from a manufacturing and energy capacity point of view. We examine government support for renewable energies.

METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Both primary and secondary research methods were used in our examination of the wind and wave energy market.

BCC surveyed numerous companies, consultants, entrepreneurs, industry consortium, and members of the legal community to obtain data and background information for this study. A partial list included were manufacturers of large wind turbines, founders of wave technology companies, wind project developers, utility executives, lawyers in the green space, and venture capitalists. In addition, we compiled data from financial and trade information, government sources and technical societies, and online news services.

ANALYST CREDENTIALS

The author, Marianne D' Aquila, is the founder and a strategic analyst for Information Resources, LLC (www.informationres.com), a global market research and intelligence firm.

Prior to starting Information Resources, Marianne worked at the Venture Development Corp., where she held the position of Market Research Analyst and Strategist. She was responsible for providing market data and competitive intelligence to Fortune 100 clients, producing proprietary market research studies, publishing white papers, and authoring numerous articles to technology journals.

Previously, Marianne held the position of Tactical/Product Marketing Manager at IBM' s Microelectronics Division, Product Manager at Raytheon RF Components Commercial Electronics, and Project Manager/Process Engineer at Standard Microsystems Corp. Marianne graduated with an MBA from Babson College and a BS in Engineering from Stony Brook University.

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DISCLAIMER

The information developed in this report is intended to be as reliable as possible at the time of publication and of a professional nature. This information does not constitute managerial, legal, or accounting advice; nor should it serve as a corporate policy guide, laboratory manual, or an endorsement of any product, as much of the information is of a speculative in nature. The author assumes no responsibility for any loss or damage that might result from reliance on the reported information or from its use.

Table of Contents

Chapter-1: SUMMARY 3

• SUMMARY 5
• PROJECT SIZES ARE INCREASING 6
• COMPONENT DELAYS ARE CONTINUING 6
• PRICES ARE RISING 6
• TRANSMISSION IS A PARAMOUNT ISSUE 6
• SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 7
• SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR CUMULATIVE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY, 2007-2013 (MW) 7

Chapter-2: OVERVIEW 9

• WIND AND WAVE ENERGY STATUS 8
• WIND AND WAVE ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS 8
• WAVE SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS 9
• GLOBAL WIND AND WAVE POWER 10
• TABLE 1 GLOBAL INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE WIND POWER CAPACITY, 1-YEAR GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF GLOBAL CAPACITY, BY COUNTRY, 2007 (MW) 11
• FIGURE 1 NEW WIND POWER CAPACITY IN LEADING WIND POWER NATIONS, 2007 (MW) 11
• FIGURE 2 CUMULATIVE WIND POWER CAPACITY OF LEADING WIND POWER NATIONS, 2007 (MW) 12
• FIGURE 3 ONE-YEAR GROWTH OF WIND POWER CAPACITY IN LEADING WIND POWER NATIONS, 2007 (%) 12
• FIGURE 4 GLOBAL WIND POWER CAPACITY OF LEADING COUNTRIES, 2007 (%) 13
• FIGURE 5 NUMBER OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE COMPANIES, BY COUNTRY, 2007 13
• FIGURE 5 (CONTINUED) 14
• GROWTH OF THE WIND POWER INDUSTRY 14
• GROWTH OF THE WAVE POWER INDUSTRY 14
• GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 15
• FUTURE OF WIND AND WAVE ENERGY 15
• TURBINE TECHNOLOGY 15
• HEIGHTENED CONCERN FOR CARBON EMISSIONS 16

Chapter-3: TYPES OF TECHNOLOGIES 4

• WIND TECHNOLOGIES 17
• HORIZONTAL 17
• VERTICAL 17
• EXPERIMENTAL 17
• TYPES OF WAVE TECHNOLOGIES 18
• OFFSHORE SYSTEMS 18
• SHORELINE OR NEAR SHORE SYSTEMS 18
• TECHNOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 19
• OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN 19
• POINT ABSORBERS OR BUOY SYSTEMS 19
• OVERTOPPING DEVICES AND TAPCHAN 19
• SURGING DEVICES 20
• PENDULOR DEVICE 20

Chapter-4: TYPES OF APPLICATIONS 3

• ELECTRICITY GENERATION 21
• MECHANICAL ENERGY 21
• OFF-GRID 21
• GRID-CONNECTED 21
• OFFSHORE WIND PROJECTS 22
• OFFSHORE WIND PROJECTS (CONTINUED) 23

Chapter-5: MARKET TYPES 2

• UTILITIES 24
• TABLE 2 U.S. UTILITIES MARKET SHARE BY UTILITY TYPE, 2007 (%) 24
• FIGURE 6 U.S. UTILITIES MARKET SHARE BY UTILITY TYPE, 2007 (%) 25
• INVESTOR-OWNED UTILITIES 25
• PUBLIC POWER UTILITIES 25
• RURAL ELECTRIC COOPERATIVES 25

Chapter-6: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 4

• MANUFACTURERS 26
• DEVELOPERS 26
• OWNERS 26
• TABLE 3 ESTIMATED U.S. MARKET SHARE OF WIND FARM OWNERS, 2007 (%) 27
• FIGURE 7 U.S. MARKET SHARE OF LEADING WIND FARM OWNERS, 2007 (%) 27
• POWER PURCHASERS 27
• FIGURE 8 UTILITY-SCALE WIND TURBINE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 28
• INCENTIVES 28
• RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES 29
• OTHER BENEFITS 29

Chapter-7: WIND ENERGY VENDOR MARKET SHARES 4

• WIND RESOURCES 58
• TABLE 6 DEFINITION OF WIND POWER CLASS AND DENSITY AS FUNCTION OF SPEED 58
• TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 59
• MARKET SIZE 59
• TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE NEW INSTALLATIONS, THROUGH 2013 ($ BILLIONS) 59
• FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE NEW INSTALLATIONS, 2007-2013 ($ BILLIONS) 60
• TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 61
• TABLE 9 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2007-2013 (%) 61
• FIGURE 11 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2007 (%) 62
• FIGURE 12 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2008 (%) 62
• FIGURE 13 GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, 2013 (%) 63
• TABLE 10 EUROPEAN MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 63
• GERMAN WIND ENERGY MARKET 63
• TABLE 11 GERMANY' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 64
• FIGURE 14 GERMANY' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 65
• TABLE 12 GERMANY' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 65
• SPAIN' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 66
• TABLE 13 SPAIN' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 66
• FIGURE 15 SPAIN' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 67
• TABLE 14 SPAIN' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 67
• ITALY' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 67
• TABLE 15 ITALY' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 68
• FIGURE 16 ITALY' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 68
• TABLE 16 ITALY' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 69
• UNITED KINGDOM WIND ENERGY MARKET 69
• TABLE 17 U.K. INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 69
• FIGURE 17 U.K. INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 70
• TABLE 18 U.K. CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 70
• TABLE 19 U.K. WIND ENERGY FARMS UNDER CONSTRUCTION 71
• TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 72
• POLAND' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 72
• TABLE 20 POLAND' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 72
• FIGURE 18 POLAND' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 73
• TABLE 21 POLAND' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 73
• TURKEY' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 73
• TABLE 22 TURKEY' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 74
• FIGURE 19 TURKEY' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 74
• TABLE 23 TURKEY' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 75
• TABLE 24 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 75
• UNITED STATES WIND ENERGY MARKET 75
• TABLE 25 UNITED STATES INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 76
• FIGURE 20 UNITED STATES INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 76
• TABLE 26 UNITED STATES CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 76
• REVIEW OF LEADING WIND POWER STATES 77
• TABLE 27 CAPACITY OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS BY LEADING STATE, PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL U.S. WIND POWER, AND TOTAL STATE ELECTRICAL POWER, 2008 (MW/%) 77
• FIGURE 21 UNITED STATES CAPACITY OF WIND TURBINE SYSTEMS BY LEADING STATES, 2008 (MW) 78
• FIGURE 22 CAPACITY OF LEADING U.S. WIND POWER LEADING STATES, 2008 (%) 79
• FIGURE 23 WIND POWER CAPACITY AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL LEADING STATES ELECTRICAL CAPACITY, 2008 (%) 80
• THE U.S. POWER INDUSTRY AND THE WIND COMPONENT 80
• TABLE 28 BREAKDOWN OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION SOURCES IN THE U.S., 2006 (' 000S MWH/%) 80
• FIGURE 24 BREAKDOWN OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION SOURCES IN THE U.S., 2006 (%) 81
• GROWTH OF THE U.S. WIND POWER INDUSTRY 81
• CANADA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 82
• TABLE 29 CANADA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 83
• FIGURE 25 CANADA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 84
• TABLE 30 CANADA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 84
• TABLE 31 ASIAN MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 85
• CHINA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 85
• TABLE 32 CHINA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 86
• FIGURE 26 CHINA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 86
• TABLE 33 CHINA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 87
• FIGURE 27 CHINA' S CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE SHARE OF WIND TURBINE POWER BY PROVINCE, 2007 (MW) 87
• FIGURE 27 (CONTINUED) 88
• INDIA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 88
• TABLE 34 INDIA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 89
• FIGURE 28 INDIA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 89
• TABLE 35 INDIA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 90
• TABLE 36 INDIA' S STATE-WISE WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) 90
• TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 91
• TABLE 37 LATIN AMERICA' S MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 91
• TABLE 38 BRAZIL' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 93
• FIGURE 29 BRAZIL' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 93
• TABLE 39 BRAZIL' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 93
• MEXICO' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 94
• TABLE 40 MEXICO' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 95
• FIGURE 30 MEXICO' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 95
• TABLE 41 MEXICO' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 95
• TABLE 42 AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 96
• EGYPT' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 96
• TABLE 43 EGYPT' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 97
• FIGURE 31 EGYPT' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 97
• TABLE 44 EGYPT' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 98
• MORROCO' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 98
• TABLE 45 MORROCO' S PROPOSED WIND PROJECTS, 2007-2010 99
• TABLE 46 MORROCO' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 99
• FIGURE 32 MORROCO' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 99
• TABLE 47 MORROCO' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 100
• IRAN' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 100
• TABLE 48 IRAN' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 100
• FIGURE 33 IRAN' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 101
• TABLE 49 IRAN' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 101
• TABLE 50 PACIFIC REGION MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 101
• AUSTRALIA' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 102
• TABLE 51 AUSTRALIA' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 103
• FIGURE 34 AUSTRALIA' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 103
• TABLE 52 AUSTRALIA' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 104
• NEW ZEALAND' S WIND ENERGY MARKET 104
• TABLE 53 NEW ZEALAND' S INSTALLED, CUMULATIVE, PERCENTAGE GROWTH AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 105
• FIGURE 35 NEW ZEALAND' S INSTALLED AND CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FOR WIND TURBINE POWER, 2007 (MW) 105
• TABLE 54 NEW ZEALAND' S CUMULATIVE CAPACITY BY WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION, 2007 (MW) 105
• TABLE 55 NEW ZEALAND' S PROPOSED WIND FARMS BY REGION, (MW) 106
• TABLE 56 REST OF WORLD MARKET FORECAST FOR WIND TURBINE CUMULATIVE POWER CAPACITY, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 106
• ADDITIONAL WIND ENERGY MARKET INFORMATION 106
• WIND TURBINE LOCATION AND SIZE 106
• WIND TURBINE PROJECT CATEGORIES 107
• TABLE 57 WIND TURBINE PROJECT CATEGORIES (MW) 107
• NAMEPLATE CAPACITY VERSUS TYPICAL PERFORMANCE 107
• INDUSTRY GROWTH 108
• INDUSTRY GROWTH (CONTINUED) 109

Chapter-8: COMPANY PROFILES 24

Chapter-9: GLOBAL WIND ENERGY MARKET 52

Chapter-10: GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY MARKET 8

• THE OCEAN WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE 110
• FIGURE 36 WAVE ENERGY LEVELS 111
• WAVE ENERGY MARKET SIZE 112
• TABLE 58 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICES, THROUGH 2013 (MW) 113
• FIGURE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICES, 2007-2013 (MW) 113
• TABLE 59 NUMBER OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE COMPANIES BY COUNTRY, 2007 114
• FIGURE 38 NUMBER OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTING DEVICE COMPANIES BY COUNTRY, 2007 114
• TABLE 60 WAVE DEVICES BY TYPE, 2007 (%) 115
• FIGURE 39 WAVE DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, 2007 (%) 115
• TABLE 61 WAVE DEVICE COMPANIES BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT 116
• FIGURE 40 WAVE DEVICE COMPANIES BY STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT (%) 116
• TABLE 62 LIST OF WAVE DEVICE COMPANIES 117

Chapter-11: WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKET 1

• WAVE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 119
• FISH AND MARINE LIFE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES 119
• VISUAL APPEARANCE AND ACOUSTIC NOISE 120
• SEDIMENTARY FLOW PATTERNS 120
• DEVICE FLUID LEAKS 120
• RECREATIONAL 120
• PERMITTING PROCESS IN THE U.S. 121
• THE FERC PROCESS 122
• EXCERPTS FROM WAVE HUB ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT 122
• CASE STUDY WAVE HUB ENERGY PROJECT 122
• WAVE HUB ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING 123
• WIND ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 123
• WIND POWER AND NOISE 124
• VISUAL IMPACTS 124
• AVIAN EFFECTS 124
• ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 125
• EXCERPTS FROM CAPEWIND ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 125
• AIR QUALITY 126
• AVIAN 127
• PROTECTED MARINE RESOURCES 127
• FINFISH RESOURCES AND COMMERCIAL/RECREATIONAL FISHERIES 128
• BENTHIC AND SHELLFISH IMPACTS 128
• SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION 129
• VISUAL RESOURCES 129
• CONSTRUCTION 129
• LAND ALTERATION 130
• WETLANDS 130
• WATER QUALITY 131
• GEOLOGY AND SEDIMENT CONDITIONS 131
• TELECOMMUNICATION 131
• CASE STUDY OF BLOCKED WIND POWER PLANT 131
• CASE STUDY OF BLOCKED ... (CONTINUED) 132

Chapter-12: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OF WIND AND WAVE POWER 14

Chapter-13: WIND AND WAVE POWER MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL AND THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) 20

• WIND AND WAVE POWER MARKET.... 133
• HOW MUCH RENEWABLE CAPACITY WOULD THE KYOTO PROTOCOL REQUIRE? 134
• TABLE 63 CARBON OFFSETS POTENTIAL FROM BULK POWER RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 135
• FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 136
• TABLE 64 CDM STATISTICS 137
• WHAT WILL HAPPEN AFTER 2012? 137
• THE PROTOTYPE CARBON FUND 137
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN AUSTRALIA 138
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN NEW ZEALAND 139
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN CANADA 139
• KYOTO IMACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN EUROPEAN UNION 140
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN POLAND 140
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN AUSTRIA 141
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN BELGIUM 141
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN DENMARK 142
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN FINLAND 142
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN FRANCE 143
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN GERMANY 144
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN GREECE 144
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN IRELAND 144
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN ITALY 145
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN PORTUGAL 145
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN SPAIN 146
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN SWEDEN 146
• KYOTO PROTOCOL IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN THE U.K. 147
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN LATIN AMERICA 148
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN INDIA 148
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN TURKEY 148
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKETS IN THE MAGHREB NATIONS OF NORTH AFRICA 149
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN CHINA 149
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN JAPAN 150
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN THE PHILIPPINES 151
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN TAIWAN 151
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 151
• KYOTO IMPACT ON THE WIND AND WAVE ENERGY MARKET IN THE UNITED STATES 152

Chapter-14: WIND AND WAVE MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF ASIA-PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP ON CLEAN DEVELOPMENT AND CLIMATE 1

• WIND AND WAVE MARKET IMPLICATIONS... 153

Chapter-15: U.S. GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND IMPACTS ON WIND AND WAVE ENERGY 8

• U.S. FEDERAL 154
• U.S. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 154
• CERTIFICATION 154
• SOUND LEVELS 155
• 20% WIND SCENARIO IN 2030 156
• 20% WIND SCENARIO IN 2030 (CONTINUED) 157
• RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS 158
• TABLE 65 U.S. STATES WITH RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS, TARGET AMOUNT AND YEAR (%) 159
• PERMITS AND LOCAL SUPPORT 160
• WIND FARMS VERSUS OTHER POWER STATIONS 161

Chapter-16: WIND TURBINE COMPONENT FUNCTIONALITY 5 $176

• TABLE 66 WIND TURBINE MAJOR COMPONENTS 162
• ROTOR 163
• TOWER 163
• GEARBOX, BEARINGS, AND DRIVE TRAIN 164
• GENERATOR 165
• NACELLE AND CONTROLS 165
• POWER ELECTRONICS 166

Chapter-17: WIND TURBINE AND COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 6

• INFRASTRUCTURE 167
• OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE AND DOWNTIME 168
• AVAILABILITY 169
• RELIABILITY 169
• BLADES 170
• ELECTRIC AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 170
• TOWERS AND CRANES 171
• GEARBOX AND BEARINGS 171
• MARINE WIND FARMS 172

Chapter-18: WIND AND WAVE ASSOCIATIONS AND CONSORTIUMS 9

• GLOBAL WIND ENERGY COUNCIL 173
• AFRICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 174
• AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 175
• BRITISH WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 175
• EUROPEAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION (EWEA) 175
• GERMAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 176
• INDIAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 176
• LATIN AMERICAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 177
• CANADIAN WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 177
• IRISH WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 178
• NEW ZEALAND WIND ENERGY ASSOCIATION 179
• SOUTH AFRICAN WIND ASSOCIATION 180
• WIND ON THE WIRES 180
• AOTEAROA WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY ASSOCIATION 180
• EUROPEAN OCEAN ENERGY ASSOCIATION 181
• OCEAN ENERGY COUNCIL 181

Chapter-19: WIND AND WAVE TECHNOLOGY PATENT REVIEW 7

• PATENTS BY REGION 182
• TABLE 67 WIND ENERGY PATENTS BY REGION, 2002 2007 (NO. OF PATENTS/%) 182
• SAMPLE WIND PATENT ABSTRACTS 183
• VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINE 183
• WIND TURBINE GENERATOR 183
• TOWER FOR A WIND POWER STATION 184
• METHOD FOR CHANGING REMOVABLE BEARING FOR A WIND TURBINE GENERATOR 184
• COMPOSITE WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADE AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME 185
• TABLE 68 RECENT U.S. PATENTS FOR WIND TURBINES 185
• TABLE 68 (CONTINUED) 186
• PATENT LITIGATION IN THE WIND TURBINE INDUSTRY 186
• REPOWER VS. GE ENERGY 186
• ENERCON VS. U.S. WINDPOWER, INC. 186
• VESTAS VS. ENERCON 187
• SOUTHWEST WINDPOWER VS. AEROMAX 187
• GAMESA VS. GENERAL ELECTRIC 187
• SAMPLE WAVE PATENT ABSTRACTS 187
• WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM 187
• WAVE POWER PLANT 188
• BUOYANCY PUMP POWER SYSTEM 188
• WAVE POWER ASSEMBLY WITH AN ELECTROMAGNETIC DAMPENING MEANS 188

Chapter-20: APPENDIX 23

• CHINESE RENEWABLE ENERGY LAW 189
• TRIAL MEASURES FOR PRICING AND COST SHARING MANAGEMENT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER 189
• Chapter I General Provisions 189
• Chapter II Establishment of Electric Power Prices 190
• Chapter III Payment and Sharing of Expenses 190
• Chapter III Payment and ... (Continued) 191
• Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions 192
• MANDATORY RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET (MRET) 193
• MANDATORY RENEWABLE ENERGY TARGET OVERVIEW, VERSION 2 AS UPDATED IN FEBRUARY 2008 193
• Background 193
• Operation of MRET 193
• Interim Target Levels 194
• Liable Parties 194
• Eligible Renewable Energy 195
• Renewable Energy Certificates 196
• Annual Reporting 196
• Role of Regulator 196
• MRET Review Processes 196
• SPAIN' S RD 661/2007 197
• INTRODUCTION 197
• RD 661/2007 - PRINCIPAL ASPECTS 197
• RD 661/2007 - Principal Aspects (Continued) 198
• EUROPEAN UNION 20 20 20 CLIMATE CHANGE OPPORTUNITY 199
• SECURING A PROSPEROUS EUROPE IN TIMES OF CHANGE 200
• Securing a Prosperous Europe ... (Continued) 201
• THE KEY PRINCIPLES 202
• The Tools to Deliver the Targets 203
• Updating the Emissions Trading System 203
• GHG Reductions beyond the ETS 204
• A New Era for Renewable Energy 205
• A New Era for ... (Continued) 206
• The Role of Energy Efficiency 207
• Looking Beyond 2020: Galvanizing the Potential for Deeper Cuts in Emissions 207
• Bringing About Change 208
• The Particular Needs of Energy-Intensive Industries 209
• The Capacity to Invest 210
• Conclusion 211

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