Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications: The Global Market

Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications: The Global Market published by BCC Research in July, 2009. This report consists of 316 pages and the price starts from US $ 4850.

Introduction

Abstract

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS

• The global market for nanotechnology in environmental applications generated $1.1 billion in 2008 and an estimated $2.0 billion in 2009. This is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 61.8% to reach $21.8 billion in 2014.
• The environmental protection segment has the largest market share, worth $661.4 million in 2008. This is expected to increase to more than $1.0 billion in 2009 and $10.3 billion in 2014, for a CAGR of 58.1%.
• Environmental enhancement is currently the second-largest market segment, generating $189.4 million in 2008 and an estimated $463.5 million in 2009. This should reach $2.8 billion in 2014, for a CAGR of 43.6%.

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

This report will focus on and survey global markets for present and future potential nanotechnology products developed for environmental applications through 2014. Factors involved in driving product demand within this vast untapped market will be explored in conjunction with trends, potential sales, and forecasts for various market sectors. Investigations will be conducted to elucidate current research efforts, as well as the characterization and quantification of developing environmental nanotechnologies already poised to enter the marketplace. In addition, manufacturers involved with the production of these nanotechnologies, along with their anticipated product volumes will be analyzed to demonstrate how these advances might impact specific environmental market segments.

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

Expansive potential markets for environmental nanotechnology ("E-nano") products already exist for a wide array of urgently needed environmental remedial applications, some of which appear to have requirements that are approaching critical levels. Indeed, it can be considered as essential that innovative and robust nanotechnology-based remedial technologies be developed as rapidly as possible in order to assure our continued well-being, if not our very survival long-term.

Conventional environmental remedial solutions seem to be relatively ineffectual in the face of currently extensive and expanding pollutant loads that permeate the air, water, and soil environments. This has been repeatedly evidenced by the limited successes seen in response to addressing recent large-scale cleanup challenges. Nanotechnologies dedicated to environmental cleanup may evolve to levels of sophistication and efficiency such that contaminant-affected areas might very well be "engineered" back to their original integrity; so as to "reset" the conditions for the restoration of their delicate balance.

SCOPE OF REPORT

The scope of this research report will envelop four primary high-demand areas for nanotechnological components, products and systems for application to the environment. These are organized according to levels of perceived critical importance. In a strategic sense they might all be implemented simultaneously, in that dedicated nanotechnologies emanating from each area may support and enhance the others. This report will be divided into four primary sections, which will be discussed in more detail in the Summary. These sections investigate nanotechnologies for the following applications:

• Environmental remediation
• Environmental protection
• Environmental maintenance
• Environmental enhancement
• All revenue figures are in U.S. dollars.

METHODOLOGY

The methodology involved in the compilation of this report included extensive literature searches, assimilation and distillation of environmentally related nanotechnology research. Where clarification or additional information was required to further elucidate specific technologies, individual researchers were contacted. Companies were consulted when a more in-depth description of their processes, products and perceived markets was warranted.

Relative to the sections of the report that explore potential nanotechnologies for environment policies, laws, and safety concerns, hundreds of emails were sent out internationally to survey individuals involved in these areas. This strategy was employed to gain a clearer picture and cross-disciplinary understanding of these domains, and to glean various perceptions of environmentally applied Nanotechnologies via respondent opinions, comments and perspectives. These individuals included international government environment officials, scientists and research experts, politicians, environmental lawyers and lawmakers, business leaders, as well as individuals from several prominent international environmental groups.

The market values expressed within this report include those attributed to the dedicated research involved for specific items, as well as the valuation of finished products. Nanotechnology may be perceived as a fundamentally enabling and value-adding platform with the potential capacity for encompassing virtually every business/market sector. Therefore, when describing various facets of nanotechnology in the environmental applications market, the author feels that a distinction should not be made between the worth of particular products and/or processes, and those of the integrated nanomaterials that serve to improve their quality and performance.

The rationale here is that many products and processes that have been, or will be, enhanced and functionalized via nanotechnology might be less, or not at all, likely to be considered for purchase were it not for their value-added "nanoness" factor. The markets for these goods themselves may be generated, to a significant degree, by virtue of the nanomaterials, nanoscale engineering, and/or nanodevices that they contain, and the added benefits that they convey. Hence, a blended value for these markets seems appropriate.

INFORMATION SOURCES

Information sources used in this report included online literature searches, journal-published scientific papers, editorials, news articles, and government as well as global environmental agency databases, reports and briefings. Numerous books and magazines were consulted for relevant technological information, or for background sections. Researchers considered as experts in their respective fields and nanomaterials companies were also consulted.

Table of Contents

Chapter-1: SUMMARY 10

Chapter-2: OVERVIEW 11

• ENVIRONMENTS IN QUESTION: BRIEF HISTORY, CURRENT STATUS, AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS 11
• NANOTECHNOLOGY: BRIEF HISTORY, CURRENT STATUS, AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS 12
• TABLE 1 INDUSTRY SECTORS LIKELY TO BE DISRUPTED BY NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE NEAR-TERM ($ BILLIONS) 13
• LEVELS OF DEMAND FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT 14
• EXCLUSIONS 14
• FACTORS DRIVING DEMAND 14
• FACTORS DRIVING DEMAND (CONTINUED) 15
• TABLE 2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET BY REGION, INCLUDING TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND LOW CARBON SECTORS, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) 16
• FIGURE 1 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET BY REGION, INCLUDING TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND LOW CARBON SECTORS, 2008-2014 ($ BILLIONS) 17
• TABLE 3 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SHARE BY REGION, 2008-2014 (%) 17
• FIGURE 2 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SHARE BY REGION, 2008-2014 (%) 18
• TABLE 4 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SHARE BY SECTOR (2007/8) 18
• TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 19
• TABLE 5 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL MARKET SECTOR: VALUE BY COUNTRY, 2007 AND 2008 ($ BILLIONS) 19
• TABLE 5 (CONTINUED) 20
• FACTORS DRIVING DEMAND (CONTINUED) 21

Chapter-3: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR AIR QUALITY REMEDIATION 71

• DELETERIOUS PATTERNS IN POTABLE WATER RESERVOIRS 93
• BACKGROUND DATA 94
• Composition of Fresh Water and Ocean Water 94
• TABLE 28 ESTIMATE OF GLOBAL WATER DISTRIBUTION 95
• TABLE 29 ION BALANCE IN TYPICAL FRESH WATER (%) 95
• TABLE 30 SEAWATER ELEMENTS AND CONCENTRATIONS 96
• Hydrologic Cycle 96
• Groundwater 97
• Aquifers 97
• TABLE 31 EXAMPLES OF AQUIFER DEPLETION 97
• TABLE 31 (CONTINUED) 98
• Water Contaminants 98
• TABLE 32 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER 98
• TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 99
• TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 100
• Global Hot Spots Requiring Water Quality Remediation 101
• TABLE 33 GLOBAL HOTSPOTS FOR WATER POLLUTION 101
• TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 102
• NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER FILTRATION - INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL, AND PERSONAL 103
• Nanoporous Membranes 103
• Reverse Osmosis (RO) 104
• Nanofiltration 105
• Ultrafiltration 105
• Microfiltration Membranes 105
• TABLE 34 NANOPOROUS MEMBRANE WATER FILTRATION 106
• NANOPOROUS MEMBRANE ANTI-BIOFOULING MEASURES 106
• Cross Flow Turbulent Cleaning 106
• Vibratory Membrane for Anti-Fouling 106
• Self-Assembled Hybrid Reverse Osmosis Membrane 107
• TABLE 35 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES FOR AMBIENT WATER REMEDIATION (SURFACE WATERS - OCEANS, LAKES, RIVERS, STREAMS) THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 107
• FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES FOR AMBIENT WATER REMEDIATION (SURFACE WATERS - OCEANS, LAKES, RIVERS, STREAMS) 2008-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 108
• TABLE 36 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES AND EQUIPMENT FOR WATER PURIFICATION (INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL), THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS) 108
• FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES AND EQUIPMENT FOR WATER PURIFICATION (INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL), 2008-2014 ($ BILLIONS) 109
• NANOSCALE ENTITIES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 109
• NANOFIBERS FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 109
• Zeolite and Titania Nanofibers 109
• Nano Alumina Fiber Filter 110
• Hollow Fiber Membrane Biofilm Reactor (Spaghetti Filter) 110
• Self-Cleaning "Smart" Fabric 111
• The Lifestraw 111
• NANOPARTICLES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 112
• Catalytic Structures Synthesized By DNA Self-Assembly 112
• Oxidic Nanotubes 113
• Nanocrystalline Magnesia 113
• Titanium Dioxide Nanorod Arrays 113
• Molybdenum Disulfide Hollow Nanospheres and Nanocrystals 114
• Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFS) 115
• Polyoxometalates (POMS) 115
• Nanoscale Dendritic Chelating Agents 116
• Nanomagnetic Fluids 116
• Core Shell Nanoparticles 117
• Caged Single-Enzyme Nanoparticles (SENS) 117
• Cationic Liposome-Microtubule Complexes 117
• Destruction of Pesticides and Munitions Toxins with Iron-Taml Activators 118
• NANOMEMBRANE/SIEVE-LIKE STRUCTURES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 119
• GLAD (Glancing Angle Deposition) for Sculpted Thin-Film Fabrication 119
• Polyfunctional Ligands 119
• Robust Polymeric Nanoporous Materials 119
• "Industrial Kidneys" for Heavy Metal Recovery from Wastewater 120
• Rotaxane Activated Nano Valve 120
• Nanotube-Based Fluid Filters 121
• Alumoxane Nanoparticle Pre-Ceramic Membranes 122
• Ferroxane Nanoparticle Pre-Ceramic Membranes 122
• Nanoporous Solids via Nanoparticle Templating 122
• Nanosponges 123
• Membrane-Embedded Nanometric Metals 123
• PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 124
• Photoenzymes 124
• "Sense and Shoot" Photo-Catalytic Degradation 124
• Fountain Photocatalytic Reactor 124
• Ferritin Proteins for Photochemical Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Cr(Vi) 125
• Nanoscale TiO2 Photocatalyts 126
• Titanium Oxynitride Photocatalysts 126
• Zinc Oxide Photodegradation 127
• SEAWATER DESALINATION 127
• High Volume Seawater Desalination 128
• Hydrogel-Bridged Nanofluidic Polycarbonate Membranes 129
• Aerogel Capacitive De-ionization 129
• Magnetoferritin for Desalination 130
• Nanocomposite Reverse-Selective Membranes 130
• Forward Osmosis Filter 130
• Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode Capacitator 131
• Superhydrophobic Membranes with Ordered Arrays of Nanospiked Microchannels for Water Desalination 131
• TABLE 37 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MEDIA FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 132
• FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-BASED MEDIA FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 132
• OIL SPILL REMEDIATION 133
• Organically Modified Clays 133
• Robust Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) 133
• Photosensitized Colloidal Titanium Dioxide 134
• Nanowire Mesh 134
• RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL RECOVERY 135
• Uranium Concentration from Seawater via Nanofiltration 135
• Uranium Degradation with Bacteria 135
• Nanocomposite Pillared Clay Catalysts for Nuclear Waste Applications 136
• MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS 137
• Multiple-Use Materials for Photocatalysis of Contaminants 137
• Cyclodextrin Nanoporous Polymers 137
• Smart Nanoparticles 138
• PRECISION CHEMISTRY FOR CONTAMINANT ERADICATION 138
• Potential for Complete Degradation of Contaminants 138
• Vault Nanocapsules for Contaminant Encapsulation and Degradation 139
• TABLE 38 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION, THROUGH 2014 (OCEAN, LAKE, RIVER, STREAM) ($ MILLIONS) 140
• TABLE 39 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS APPLIED TO WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION, (INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/DOMESTIC), THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 140

Chapter-4: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR WATER QUALITY REMEDIATION 48

Chapter-5: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR SOIL CONTAMINANT REMEDIATION 24

• TABLE 40 U.S. SOIL CONTAMINANT REMEDIATION DATA, 2004 141
• BACKGROUND DATA 142
• Anatomy and Composition of Healthy Soils 142
• Biological Soil Crust 142
• Topsoil 143
• Vadose Zone 144
• Hardpan 144
• Water Table 144
• Formal Soil Classification 144
• Global Hotspots for Soil Contaminant Remediation 145
• TABLE 41 GLOBAL HOTSPOTS FOR SOIL/GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 145
• TABLE 41 (CONTINUED) 146
• CONTEMPORARY SOIL/GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES 146
• In Situ Biological Remediation 147
• In Situ Physical/Chemical Remediation 147
• In Situ Thermal Remediation 148
• Ex Situ Biological Remediation 148
• Ex Situ Physical/Chemical Remediation (Assuming Excavation) 148
• Ex Situ Thermal Remediation (Assuming Excavation) 149
• NANOPARTICLES FOR SOIL REMEDIATION 149
• Nanoscale Iron Colloids 150
• Iron-Palladium Nanoparticles for Groundwater Remediation 151
• Ferrogels 151
• Bimetallic Nanoparticles 152
• Nanoclays for Soil Remediation 152
• Hydrophobic Sand 153
• Metal Oxide Destructive Adsorbants 154
• Assembly of Remedial Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Proteins 155
• Polymeric/Inorganic Hybrid Sorbent for Arsenic Removal 155
• Amphiphilic Polyurethane Nanonetwork Polymer Particles 155
• Polymeric Nanoparticles 156
• Nanoparticle Farming 156
• Geopolymers for Encapsulation/Immobilization of Hazardous Wastes 157
• TABLE 42 HAZARDOUS ELEMENTS LOCKED WITHIN GEOPOLYMERIC CEMENTS IN ACIDIC MEDIA (%) 158
• Geopolymers for Encapsulation/Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes 158
• Geopolymers for ...(Continued) 159
• NANO-ORGANICS IN SOIL REMEDIATION 160
• Bacteria in Soil Remediation 160
• TABLE 43 BACTERIA FOR SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION 161
• Genetically Engineered Nanoscale Biopolymers 162
• Genetically Modified Bacteria for Soil/Groundwater Bioremediation 162
• TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL SOIL/GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 163
• TABLE 45 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOMATERIALS FOR AGRICULTURAL SOIL/GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 164
• Hypothetical Tri-Purpose Remediation 164

Chapter-6: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 48

• NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MAINTENANCE 213
• TABLE 47 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOSENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING (AMBIENT AND INDOOR), THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 214
• FIGURE 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOSENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING (AMBIENT AND INDOOR), 2008-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 214
• NANOSENSORS APPLIED TO AIR QUALITY MAINTENANCE 215
• Quantum Dot Nanosensors 215
• Luminescent Nanoscale Semiconductors 216
• Nanoscale Metal Oxide Molecular Sieves 217
• Molecular Sieve Thin Films 217
• Nanomechanical Biosensors 218
• Mesoporous Silica Nanostructures 218
• Self-Assembling Nanointerferometric Cavities 219
• Single Molecule Detection 219
• Carbon Nanotube Coated Acoustic/Optical Hybrid Sensor 219
• Optical Nanocomposites 220
• Planar Photonic Crystal 220
• Plasmonic Photonic Crystals 221
• Nanometric Artificial Opals 221
• Fiber-Optic Nanobiosensors for Nitric Oxide, Nitrite, and Chloride 222
• Pore Proteins for Metal Ion Sensing 222
• Resistive-Pulse Molecular and Ion Sensors 223
• Brownian Modulated Optical Nanoprobes (MOONs) 223
• Nanoscale Affinity Biosensors 224
• Piezoresistive Nanomechanical Micro/Nanocantilevers 224
• Metal Oxide Nanobelts, Nanoribbons, Nanocantilevers 225
• Nanostructured Photonic Silicon for Gas Sensing 226
• Nanoparticle Colorimetric Lead Sensor 226
• MEMS-Based Nanosensor Packaging for Harsh Environments 227
• Nanocomposite Thin-Film Chemical Sensors 228
• Nanometric RPVs (Remote Piloted Vehicles 228
• Inorganic Nanotube Hydrogen Sensors 228
• Passive Carbon Nanotube-Based Ammonia Sensor 229
• PEBBLE Platform Nanosensors 229
• Explosives Detection with Silole and Polysilole Nanowires and Nanoparticles 230
• Electronic Nose 231
• NANOSENSORS APPLIED TO WATER QUALITY MAINTENANCE 231
• Rapid Diagnostics for Bacteria 231
• Nanostructured Porous Silicon and Luminescent Polysiloles 232
• Polyelectrolyte Hollow Nanocapsule Reaction Cages 232
• Ionic Polymeric Metal Composites (IPMC) Nanosensors 233
• Organo-Clay Film Nanosensors 233
• Host-Guest System Contaminant Sequestration 233
• Cellulose Fibril Piezo-Nanosensors 234
• Electronic Tongue 234
• Atomic Crystal Layers 235
• Nanoporous Polymer Gas Sensors 235
• Nanowire and Nanocrystal Field-Effect Sensors 236
• Nanoshells 237
• Universal Nanosensing Platform 237
• NANOSENSOR NETWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MAINENTANCE 238
• SensorNet System 238
• Locally Pervasive, Environmental Intelligent Sensing Nodes 239
• Smart Dust 240
• Wavenis Wireless Sensor Network 241
• Wireless Microclimate Monitoring System 241
• Radio Chips 242
• Mesh Network Strategies 242
• Environmental "Collective" Cell Phone Sensor Net 243
• Nanosensors Applied to Forestry 244
• Agricultural Nanosensor Networks 244
• RADIATION DETECTION 245
• Dendritic Polymers 245
• Superconductor-Insulator-Normal Metal (SIN) Tunnel Junction 245
• Quantum Dot UV Light Detectors for Nanosensors 246

Chapter-7: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MAINTENANCE 34

Chapter-8: NANOTECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT 24

• NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING ENHANCEMENT 247
• NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE ...(CONTINUED) 248
• TABLE 48 EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL STATUS FOR GM PRODUCT LABELING, 2005 AND 2006 (RELEVANCE TO POTENTIAL FUTURE NANO-LABELING REQUIREMENTS) 249
• NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE ...(CONTINUED) 250
• NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE POTENTIAL ENHANCEMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 251
• Topsoil Binder 252
• Buckyball Fertilizer 253
• Titanium Dioxide Colloid for Plant Growth Enhancement 253
• Functional Foods 253
• Colloidosomes 254
• DNA and Genetic Therapy for Plants 255
• Atomic Level Seed Modification 255
• TABLE 49 POTENTIAL NANOCAPSULE PAYLOAD RELEASE METHODS 256
• TABLE 50 NANOENCAPSULATION APPLICATIONS TO AGRICULTURE 256
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND HUMAN HEALTH ISSUES 257
• NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY 257
• TABLE 51 NANOPARTICLE DIMENSIONS AND ACCESS TO BIOSYSTEMS 258
• POTENTIAL NANOPARTICLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 259
• SELF-REGULATED ASSEMBLY AND BUILT-IN DISASSEMBLY OF NANOSTRUCTURES 260
• Molecular Assemblers 261
• Nanostructure Disassembly Strategies 261
• Global Ecophagy 262
• Potential Nanoparticle: Fate and Effect Forecasting 263
• BRIEF SURVEY OF NANOPARTICLE EFFECTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 264
• Aerosolized Nanoparticles 264
• Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media and Foods: 265
• Nanoparticle Effects on Blood Cells 266
• Carbon Nanotubes and Human T Lymphocytes 266
• Nanoscale and Microscale Zinc Powders 267
• Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 268
• Cytotoxicity of C60 Aggregates 268
• Toggling of C60Toxicity 269
• BIONANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMEDICINE 270

Chapter-9: A PROFILE SAMPLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIES 27

• ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 271
• APNANO MATERIALS, INC. 272
• R&D CENTER 272
• R&D Center (Continued) 273
• APPLIED NANOTECH HOLDINGS INC. 274
• APPLIED SCIENCES INC. 275
• CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. 275
• INTERNATIONAL OFFICES: 276
• CYRIUM TECHNOLOGIES 276
• DONALDSON CO., INC. 277
• DUST NETWORKS 278
• ELECTROVAYA 279
• UNITED STATES OFFICE: 279
• ELMARCO 279
• NANO DIVISION 280
• EMEMBRANE, INC. 280
• ESPIN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 281
• GREEN EARTH NANO SCIENCE, INC. 282
• HEPA CORPORATION 283
• HILLS, INC. 283
• HOLLINGSWORTH & VOSE 284
• HYBRID PLASTICS, INC. 285
• WEST COAST OFFICE 285
• INAX CORPORATION 286
• INFRAMAT CORPORATION 286
• MATERIAL SALES 287
• JMAR TECHNOLOGIES 287
• JOHNS MANVILLE 288
• KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, INC. 289
• NANOMASK, INC. 290
• NANOPHASE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 291
• NANOSCALE CORPORATION 292
• NANOSTELLAR INC. 293
• NOVACENTRIX INC. 294
• OXONICA, INC. 295
• U.S. OFFICE 295
• QUANTUMSPHERE, INC. 295
• SENSICORE 296
• VALEO 297

Chapter-10: PATENT SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 5

• PATENT SURVEY AND ANALYSIS 298
• PATENT SURVEY AND ANALYSIS (CONTINUED) 299
• TABLE 52 NANOTECHNOLOGIES RELATIVE TO THE ENVIRONMENT: PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS FROM 1975 TO MARCH 2009 (A COMPARATIVE TABLE) 300
• TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 301
• TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 302

Chapter-11: NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES, POLICIES AND LAWS 10

• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY POLICY PERSPECTIVES 303
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 304
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 305
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 306
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 307
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 308
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 309
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 310
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 311
• ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY ... (CONTINUED) 312

Chapter-12: FOOD FOR THOUGHT: ETHICAL AND MORAL CONSIDERATIONS 4

• FOOD FOR THOUGHT: ETHICAL AND MORAL CONSIDERATIONS 313
• CASES IN POINT 314
• CONCLUSION 315
• CONCLUSION (CONTINUED) 316

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