Cancer vaccines are the newest weapon in the battle against cancer. Vaccines promise to boost the body' s natural abilities to halt the progression of the disease. Although standard cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation have improved the clinical outcomes of many patients, these treatments have limitations and toxicities that can deter their utility. Thus, there is substantial market opportunity for cancer vaccines.

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Cancer vaccination trains the patient' s own immune system to specifi cally recognize and destroy tumor cells without harming normal cells. What requirements must a cancer vaccine satisfy to achieve signifi cant clinical response? Which patients are ideal candidates for cancer vaccination? Are clinical trial data masking the true effi cacy potential of cancer vaccines?
Manufacturers of cancer vaccines have faced considerable regulatory and production challenges, particularly developers of personalized vaccines that require the use of the patient' s own tissues. What are some of the diffi culties faced by manufacturers of cancer vaccines? Which key development questions need to be considered before a developer pursues a particular vaccination strategy?
Because of their ability to boost the body' s immune response to the vaccine, cancer vaccine adjuvants have become critical components of any cancer vaccine product. Companies in this arena should try to investigate ways to incorporate adjuvants into their research. What are the key adjuvants now in development for cancer vaccines, and which agent is showing the greatest promise?

Scope

Tumor immunology: Overview of the role that the immune system plays in the prevention of cancer development.
The cancer vaccine concept: The ability of cancer vaccines to train the patient' s immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells without harming normal cells.
Cancer vaccine strategies: Description and examples of cell-based, protein-based, and vector-based vaccines.
Improving cancer vaccine effi cacy: The use of adjuvants and their role in boosting cancer vaccine effi cacy.
Future perspectives: Key challenges faced by developers of cancer vaccines.

Executive Summary
- Strategic Considerations
- Stakeholder Implications
Cancer Vaccines: A New Weapon
Tumor Immunology
The Cancer Vaccine Concept
- Preventive Cancer Vaccines
  - Merck' s Gardasil
  - GlaxoSmithKline' s Cervarix
- Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
Cancer Vaccine Strategies
- Cell-Based Vaccines
  - Autologous Whole Tumor Cell Vaccines
  - Allogeneic Whole Tumor Cell Vaccines
  - Genetically Modifi ed Whole Tumor Cell Vaccines
  - Dendritic Cell Vaccines
- Protein-Based Vaccines
  - Peptide-Based Vaccines
  - Heat-Shock-Protein-Based Vaccines
- Vector-Based Vaccines
  - Virus-Based Vaccines
  - Bacteria-Based Vaccines
  - DNA-Based Vaccines
Use of Adjuvants to Improve Cancer Vaccine Effi cacy
Future Considerations
- Addressing Key Development Questions
- The Need for Collaborations