Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019

Batteries, Supercapacitors, Alternative Storage for Portable Devices 2009-2019 published by IDTechEx Ltd. in April, 2009. This report consists of 217 Pages - Tables 24 - Figures 100 and the price starts from US $ 3495.

Introduction

Abstract

Electronics and electrics are becoming ubiquitous, the devices appearing on and in higher and higher volume products including e-labels and e-packaging. This calls for different forms of battery, capacitor and other energy storage because priorities such as environmental credentials, thinness and compatibility with energy harvesting (eg solar cells) come to the fore alongside life and cost. This unique new report is directed towards those developing, marketing and using the new small electronic and electrical devices, particularly those that are self-sufficient. It will also interest those investing in new battery, capacitor and allied companies providing products for these markets and those regulating and supporting these burgeoning industries. To this end, the report is almost devoid of equations but it is replete with summary diagrams and tables, pros and cons, company profiles, new products and applications beyond the familiar ones. There is therefore much to interest those with a technical background as well. The report looks hard at what comes next, particularly over the next ten years.

We use relatively simple language so the report can be useful to as broad a range of readers as possible, enhanced by a glossary. After all, investors, government regulators, journalists and many other people have a great interest in the imminent huge deployment of small self-powered electronic and electrical devices. It will eventually reach hundreds of billions of products yearly, including electronically enhanced drug packs, magazines, disposable medical testers and much more besides. For the more technical, there are many new summary tables and diagrams comparing parameters required and achieved. The parameters, including costs, and the applications are compared and the work of many suppliers is evaluated. No other report on this subject is as broad ranging or up to date. The main emphasis is on what will needed and possible, not on rehearsing the story of traditional cylindrical, laptop and mobile phone batteries. Here we see the future.

Energy storage for small devices, the subject of this report, forms by far the largest mobile energy storage market today, being much larger and faster growing than the market for heavy energy storage such as automotive and enjoying greater innovation for the future, including transparent and printed batteries. The report mainly concentrates on batteries and capacitors - including the rapid adoption of supercapacitors and hybrids of the two. It explains how they are constructed, how they work and the pros and cons. However, it also touches on the elusive small fuel cells and other options. Focussing on use in small devices, we forecast the market for both single use and rechargeable batteries by numbers and value from 2009-2019 and the market size for supercapacitors, tracking a return to rapid growth from 2010, after the global financial meltdown ends. The market drivers are given as they change over the years. We evaluate the limitations of current devices against what will be needed and what can be done. For example, as the traditional parameters of batteries and capacitors are painfully and slowly improved, some completely different improvements are proving exciting because they can open up completely new markets. These include transparent, edible, stretchable, woven, stitchable, implantable, biodegradable and wide area versions more suited to the world of ubiquitous electronics that is arriving. As wall decoration, windows, apparel, books, posters, consumer goods, pharmaceutical packaging , the sensing skin of an aircraft and the inside of a car and much more become electronic and local harvesting of power becomes commonplace, these are the products we need. We describe the remarkable new approaches including batteries assembled using viruses and carbon nanotubes, biomimetic and magnetic spin batteries and ones that can harvest energy in the human body. Then there are batteries and supercapabatteries only one tenth of a millimeter thick. Which are the most exciting developers and what will be available when? It is all here.

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

• 1.1. Small electrical and electronic devices
• 1.2. What is a battery?
  • 1.2.1. Battery definition
  • 1.2.2. Battery history
  • 1.2.3. Analogy to a container of liquid
  • 1.2.4. Construction of a battery
  • 1.2.5. Many shapes of battery
  • 1.2.6. Single use vs rechargeable batteries
  • 1.2.7. Challenges with batteries in small devices
• 1.3. What is a capacitor?
  • 1.3.1. Capacitor definition
  • 1.3.2. Capacitor history
  • 1.3.3. Analogy to a spring
  • 1.3.4. Capacitor construction
• 1.4. Limitations of energy storage devices
  • 1.4.1. The electronic device and its immediate support
  • 1.4.2. Safety
  • 1.4.3. Improvement in performance taking place
• 1.5. Standards

2. RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES

• 2.1. Technology successes and failures
• 2.2. Lithium polymer vs lithium ion
• 2.3. New shapes - laminar and flexible batteries
  • 2.3.1. Laminar lithium batteries
  • 2.3.2. Ultrathin battery from Front Edge Technology
• 2.4. Transparent battery - NEC and Waseda University
• 2.5. New methods of charging
• 2.6. Technology Challenges
• 2.7. Threat to lithium prices?
• 2.8. New applications for new laminar rechargeable batteries

3. SINGLE USE BATTERIES

• 3.1. Tadiran Batteries twenty year batteries
• 3.2. Laminar printed manganese dioxide batteries
  • 3.2.1. Printed battery construction
  • 3.2.2. Printed battery production facilities
  • 3.2.3. Applications of printed batteries
  • 3.2.4. Printed battery specifications
• 3.3. Other emerging needs for laminar batteries - apparel and medical
  • 3.3.1. Electronic apparel
  • 3.3.2. Wireless body area network
• 3.4. Nanotube flexible battery
• 3.5. Biobatteries do their own harvesting
• 3.6. Microbatteries built with viruses
• 3.7. Biomimetic energy storage system
• 3.8. Magnetic spin battery

4. CAPACITORS AND SUPERCAPACITORS

• 4.2. Example of capacitor storage application - e-labels
• 4.3. Many shapes of capacitor
• 4.4. Capacitors for small devices
• 4.5. Technology of capacitors
  • 4.5.1. Technology of non-polar capacitors
  • 4.5.2. Technology of the electrolytic capacitor
  • 4.5.3. Development path
• 4.6. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors
  • 4.6.2. High capacitance but at a price
  • 4.6.3. Non-polar electrolytic
  • 4.6.4. Safety issues
  • 4.6.5. Polarity
  • 4.6.6. The dielectric is fragile
  • 4.6.7. Electrolyte
• 4.7. Tantalum electrolytic capacitors

5. SUPERCAPACITORS = ULTRACAPACITORS

• 5.1. Where supercapacitors fit in
• 5.2. Advantages and disadvantages
• 5.3. How it all began
• 5.4. Applications
• 5.5. Uses in small devices.
• 5.6. Relevance to energy harvesting
  • 5.6.1. Perpetuum harvester
  • 5.6.2. Human power to recharge portable electronics
  • 5.6.3. Use in nanoelectronics
• 5.7. Can supercapacitors replace capacitors?
• 5.8. Can supercapacitors replace batteries?
• 5.9. Electric vehicle demonstrations and adoption
• 5.10. How an ELDC supercapacitor works
  • 5.10.1. Basic geometry
  • 5.10.2. Properties of EDL
  • 5.10.3. Charging
  • 5.10.4. Discharging and cycling
  • 5.10.5. Energy density
  • 5.10.6. Achieving higher voltages
• 5.11. Improvements coming along
  • 5.11.1. Better electrodes
  • 5.11.2. Better electrolytes
  • 5.11.3. Better carbon technologies
  • 5.11.4. Carbon nanotubes
  • 5.11.5. Carbon aerogel
  • 5.11.6. Solid activated carbon
  • 5.11.7. Carbon derived carbon
  • 5.11.8. Graphene
  • 5.11.9. Polyacenes or polypyrrole
• 5.12. Supercapacitor performance without EDL - EEstor
• 5.13. Supercabatteries or bacitors

6. FUEL CELLS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES

• 6.1. Fuel cells
• 6.2. New forms of miniature fuel cells
  • 6.2.1. Microbial fuel cells
  • 6.2.2. Lightweight hydrogen generating fuel cell
  • 6.2.3. Biomimetic approach with MIT fuel cell
• 6.3. Mechanical storage

7. ORGANISATION PROFILES

• 7.1. Blue Spark Technologies USA
• 7.2. Cap-XX Australia
• 7.3. Celxpert Energy Corp. Taiwan Head Quarter
• 7.4. Cymbet USA
• 7.5. Duracell USA
• 7.6. Enfucell Finland
• 7.7. Excellatron USA
• 7.8. Freeplay Foundation UK
• 7.9. Front Edge Technology USA
• 7.10. Frontier Carbon Corporation Japan
• 7.11. Harvard University USA
• 7.12. Hitachi Maxell
• 7.13. Holst Centre Netherlands
• 7.14. Infinite Power Solutions USA
• 7.15. Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology Singapore
• 7.16. Lebone Solutions South Africa
• 7.17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA
• 7.18. Matsushita Battery Industrial Company Ltd.
• 7.19. Maxwell Technologies Inc., USA
• 7.20. Nanotecture, UK
• 7.21. National Renewable Energy Laboratory USA
• 7.22. NEC Japan
• 7.23. Nippon Chemi-Con Japan
• 7.24. Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA
• 7.25. Planar Energy Devices USA
• 7.26. Power Paper Israel
• 7.27. Prelonic Technologies
• 7.28. Renata Batteries
• 7.29. ReVolt Technologies Ltd
• 7.30. Sandia National Laboratory USA
• 7.31. Solicore USA
• 7.32. Tadiran Batteries
• 7.33. Technical University of Berlin Germany
• 7.34. Sony Japan
• 7.35. University of California Los Angeles USA
• 7.36. University of Michigan USA
• 7.37. University of Sheffield UK
• 7.38. University of Wollongong Australia
• 7.39. Waseda University

8. MARKETS AND FORECASTS

• 8.1. Market for batteries, supercapacitors, other
• 8.2. Total global battery market
• 8.3. Global battery market by use
  • 8.3.1. Batteries for RFID
  • 8.3.2. Batteries for gift cards
  • 8.3.3. Batteries for car keys
  • 8.3.4. Printed and thin film batteries 2009-2019

9. GLOSSARY

• APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
• APPENDIX 2: INTRODUCTION TO PRINTED ELECTRONICS

TABLES

• 1.1. Five ways in which a capacitor acts as the electrical equivalent of the spring
• 1.2. Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices
• 1.3. Some limitations of batteries in small electronic devices and some solutions
• 3.1. Tadiran cylindrical battery ratings
• 3.2. Printed and thin film battery product and specification comparison
• 3.3. Printed battery materials comparison
• 3.4. The half cell and overall chemical reactions that occur in a Zn/MnO2 battery
• 4.1. Comparison of the three types of capacitor when storing one kilojoule of energy.
• 4.2. Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources
• 6.1. Challenges faced in developing satisfactory fuel cells for vehicles
• 6.2. Types of fuel cell and characteristics
• 8.1. Global market for all batteries for use in portable devices $ billion
• 8.2. Global market for supercapacitors for use in portable devices $ billion
• 8.3. Total and small device battery market 2009 and 2019 $billions
• 8.4. Split of small device battery market in 2009 by shape, giving number, unit value, total value
• 8.8. Market forecast for printed and potentially printed batteries in US $ billions 2009-2019

FIGURES

• 1.1. Construction of a battery cell
• 1.2. MEMS compared with a dust mite less than one millimetre long
• 1.3. Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries
• 1.4. Principle of the creation and maintenance of an aluminium electrolytic capacitor
• 1.5. Construction of wound electrolytic capacitor
• 1.6. Comparison of construction diagrams of three basic types of capacitor
• 1.7. Types of ancillary electrical equipment being improved to serve small devices
• 1.8. Rapid progress in the capabilities of small electronic devices and their photovoltaic energy harvesting contrasted with more modest progress in improving the batteries they employ
• 2.1. Volumetric energy density vs gravimetric energy density for rechargeable batteries
• 2.2. Laminar lithium ion battery
• 2.3. Typical active RFID tag showing the problematic coin cells
• 2.4. Construction of a lithium rechargeable laminar battery
• 2.5. Reel to reel construction of rechargeable laminar lithium batteries
• 2.6. Ultra thin lithium rechargeable battery
• 2.7. Construction of a thin-film battery
• 2.8. NanoEnergy® powering a blue LED
• 2.9. Examples of transparent flexible technology
• 2.10. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
• 2.11. Battery assisted passive RFID label with rechargeable thin film lithium battery recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit
• 2.12. Bolivian salt flats
• 2.13. Chevrolet Volt
• 2.14. Electric Smart car
• 3.1. Tadiran in EZ pass
• 3.2. Tadiran' s new high voltage/high rate AA-sized lithium battery
• 3.3. Internal structure of Power Paper Battery
• 3.4. Power Paper printed manganese dioxide zinc battery that gathers moisture from the air
• 3.5. Screen printing of Blue Spark Technology flexible, sealed, manganese dioxide zinc batteries
• 3.6. Power Paper production line for printed batteries
• 3.7. Power Paper skin patch that delivers cosmetic through the skin by means of a printed battery and electrodes
• 3.8. Skin patches electronically communicating to skin patches powered by laminar batteries, coin cells being unacceptable
• 3.9. Audio Paper TM
• 3.10. Electronic apparel - sports bra with diagnostic electronics and animated t-shirt displaying music
• 3.11. Wireless body area network
• 3.12. Disposable digital plaster
• 3.13. Sensium system
• 3.14. Flexible battery made of nanotube ink
• 3.15. Microbattery built with viruses
• 3.16. Biomimetic energy storage
• 4.1. E-labels with capacitor and no battery.
• 4.2. Examples of small aluminum electrolytic capacitors
• 4.3. Simplest common modeling circuit for an electrolytic capacitor
• 5.1. Where supercapacitors fit in
• 5.2. Energy density vs power density for storage devices
• 5.3. Small carbon aerogel supercapacitors
• 5.4. Bikudo supercapacitor
• 5.5. Laminar supercapacitor one millimetre thick
• 5.6. Mobile phone modified to give much brighter flash thanks to supercapacitor outlined in red
• 5.7. Perpetuum energy harvester with its supercapacitors
• 5.8. Citizen Eco-DriveTM solar powered wristwatch with rechargeable battery
• 5.9. Symmetric supercapacitor construction
• 5.10. Symmetric compared to asymmetric supercapacitor construction
• 5.11. Single sheets of graphene
• 5.12. Graphene supercapacitor cross section
• 6.1. MIT Biomimetic fuel cell
• 6.2. Freeplay wind up radio in Africa
• 7.1. Blue Spark laminar battery
• 7.2. Celxpert notebook battery pack
• 7.3. Interchangeable notebook battery pack
• 7.4. The Cymbet EnerChip
• 7.5. Duracell NiOx batteries
• 7.6. Enfucell SoftBattery
• 7.7. Thin-film solid-state batteries by Excellatron
• 7.8. Solar-powered Lifeline radio
• 7.9. The world' s thinnest self standing rechargeable battery claims FET
• 7.10. Light in Africa
• 7.11. LiTESTAR
• 7.12. Comparison of an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor and an EDLC
• 7.13. Comparison of an EDLC with an asymmetric supercapacitor sometimes painfully called a bacitor or supercabattery
• 7.14. Researchers from Planar Energy -Devices, Inc., insert a sample into the vacuum chamber of the company' s thin-film deposition system
• 7.15. Planar Energy Devices has advanced the solid-state lithium battery from NREL' s crude prototype (below) to a miniaturized, integrated device (bottom)
• 7.16. Flexible battery that charges in one minute
• 7.17. Nippon Chemi-Con ELDCs - supercapacitors
• 7.18. New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery
• 7.19. Power Paper' s battery technology
• 7.20. Prelonic printed batteries
• 7.21. Prelonic Display Modules
• 7.22. Renata Batteries
• 7.23. Flexion
• 7.24. Surveillance bat
• 7.25. Sensor head on COM-BAT
• 7.26. Waseda founder
• 8.1. Pie charts of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2009
• 8.2. Pie charts of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2019
• 8.3. Split of small device battery market in 2019 by total value

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