Nanobiotechnologies- applications, markets and companies

Nanobiotechnologies- applications, markets and companies published by Jain Pharmabiotech in January, 2012. This report price starts from US $ 5000.

Introduction

Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer-length scale (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter). Nanobiotechnology, an integration of physical sciences, molecular engineering, biology, chemistry and biotechnology holds considerable promise of advances in pharmaceuticals and healthcare. The report starts with an introduction to various techniques and materials that are relevant to nanobiotechnology. It includes some of the physical forms of energy such as nanolasers. Some of the technologies are scaling down such as microfluidics to nanofluidic biochips and others are constructions from bottom up. Application in life sciences research, particularly at the cell level sets the stage for role of nanobiotechnology in healthcare in subsequent chapters.

Some of the earliest applications are in molecular diagnostics. Nanoparticles, particularly quantum dots, are playing important roles. In vitro diagnostics, does not have any of the safety concerns associated with the fate of nanoparticles introduced into the human body. Numerous nanodevices and nanosystems for sequencing single molecules of DNA are feasible. Various nanodiagnostics that have been reviewed will improve the sensitivity and extend the present limits of molecular diagnostics.

An increasing use of nanobiotechnology by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is anticipated. Nanotechnology will be applied at all stages of drug development - from formulations for optimal delivery to diagnostic applications in clinical trials. Many of the assays based on nanobiotechnology will enable high-throughput screening. Some of nanostructures such as fullerenes are themselves drug candidates as they allow precise grafting of active chemical groups in three-dimensional orientations. The most important pharmaceutical applications are in drug delivery. Apart from offering a solution to solubility problems, nanobiotechnology provides and intracellular delivery possibilities. Skin penetration is improved in transdermal drug delivery. A particularly effective application is as nonviral gene therapy vectors. Nanotechnology has the potential to provide controlled release devices with autonomous operation guided by the needs.

Nanomedicine is now within the realm of reality starting with nanodiagnostics and drug delivery facilitated by nanobiotechnology. Miniature devices such as nanorobots could carry out integrated diagnosis and therapy by refined and minimally invasive procedures, nanosurgery, as an alternative to crude surgery. Nanotechnology will markedly improve the implants and tissue engineering approaches as well.

There is some concern about the safety of nanoparticles introduced in the human body and released into the environment. Research is underway to address these issues. As yet there are no FDA directives to regulate nanobiotechnology but as products are ready to enter market, these are expected to be in place.

Future nanobiotechnology markets are calculated on the basis of the background markets in the areas of application and the share of this market by new technologies and state of development at any given year in the future. This is based on a comprehensive and thorough review of the current status of nanobiotechnology, research work in progress and anticipated progress. There is definite indication of large growth of the market but it will be uneven and cannot be plotted as a steady growth curve. Marketing estimates are given according to areas of application, technologies and geographical distribution starting with 2011. The largest expansion is expected between the years 2016 and 2021.

Profiles of 247 companies, out of over 500 involved in this area, are included in the last chapter along with their 183 collaborations.The report is supplemented with 41 Tables, 21 figures and 860 references to the literature.

0. Executive Summary

1. Basics of Nanobiotechnology

• Introduction
• Classification of nanobiotechnologies
• Top-down and bottom-up approaches
• Landmarks in the evolution of nanobiotechnology
• Relation of nanobiotechnology to healthcare

2. Technologies

• Introduction
• Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems
• BioMEMS
• Microarrays and nanoarrays
• Dip Pen Nanolithography for nanoarrays
• Protein nanoarrays
• Microfluidics and nanofluidics
• Nanotechnology on a chip
• Microfluidic chips for nanoliter volumes
• Nanogen's NanoChip
• Use of nanotechnology in microfluidics
• Construction of nanofluidic channels
• Nanoscale flow visualization
• Moving (levitation) of nanofluidic drops with physical forces
• Electrochemical nanofluid injection
• Nanofluidics on nanopatterned surfaces
• Nano-interface in a microfluidic chip
• Nanofluidic channels for study of DNA
• Visualization and manipulation on nanoscale
• 4Pi microscope
• Atomic force microscopy
• Basic AFM operation
• Advantages of AFM
• Force sensing Integrated Readout and Active Tip
• Cantilever technology
• CytoViva® Microscope System
• Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
• Magnetic resonance force microscopy and nanoscale MRI
• Multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy
• Near-field scanning optical microscopy
• Nano-sized light source for single cell endoscopy
• Nanoparticle characterization by Halo™ LM10 technology
• Nanoscale scanning electron microscopy
• Use of SEM to reconstruct 3D tissue nanostructure
• Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens
• Photoactivated localization microscopy
• Scanning probe microscopy
• Partial wave spectroscopy
• Super-resolution microscopy for in vivo cell imaging
• Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond
• Visualizing atoms with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
• Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology
• Surface plasmon resonance
• Nanoparticles
• Types of nanoparticles
• Fluorescent nanoparticles
• Gold nanoparticles
• Lipoparticles
• Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• Quantum dots
• Silica nanoparticles
• Assembly of nanoparticles into micelles
• Biomedical applications of self-assembly of nanoparticles
• Production techniques for nanoparticles
• Nanostructures
• Bacterial structures relevant to nanobiotechnology
• Bacterial spores
• Nanostructures based on bacterial cell surface layers
• Bacterial magnetic particles
• Cubosomes
• Dendrimers
• Properties
• Applications
• DNA-nanoparticle conjugates
• DNA octahedron
• Potential applications
• Fullerenes
• Nanoshells
• Nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes and DNA
• Applications of nanotubes
• NanoBuds
• Nanowires
• Nanostamping
• Nanoneedles
• Nanopores
• Nanoporous silica aerogel
• Nanostructured silicon
• Networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage
• Polymer nanofibers
• Protein-nanoparticle combination
• Nanomaterials for biolabeling
• DNA Nanotags
• Fluorescent lanthanide nanorods
• Magnetic nanotags
• Molecular computational identification
• Nanophosphor labels
• Organic nanoparticles as biolabels
• Quantum dots as labels
• SERS nanotags
• Silica nanoparticles for labeling antibodies
• Silver nanoparticle labels
• Companies providing services and products for nanobiotechnology

3. Applications in Life Sciences

• Introduction
• Nanotechnology and biology
• NanoSystems Biology
• Nanobiology and the cell
• Biosensing of cellular responses
• Control of T cell signaling activity
• Measuring mass of single cells
• Nanostructures involved in endocytosis
• Nanotechnology-based live-cell single molecule assays
• Quantum dots for cell labeling
• Quantum dots for study of apoptosis
• Single cell injection by nanolasers
• Study of complex biological systems
• Molecular motors
• Nanomotor made of nucleic acids
• phi29 DNA packaging nanomotor
• Light-activated ion channel molecular machines
• Application of AFM for biomolecular imaging
• Future insights into biomolecular processes by AFM
• 4Pi microscopy to study DNA double-strand breaks
• Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry
• Applications of biomolecular computing in life sciences
• Molecular electronics
• Microbial nanomaterials
• Use of bacteria to construct nanomachines
• Bacteriophage nanoshells
• Natural nanocomposites
• Nanotechnology in biological research
• Nanoparticles for biological research
• Disguising quantum dots as proteins for cell entry
• Molecular biology and nanotechnology
• Structural DNA nanotechnology
• Reversibly binding of gold nanospheres to DNA strands
• RNA nanotechnology
• Genetically engineered proteins for nanobiotechnology
• Single molecule studies
• Optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence
• 3D single-molecular imaging by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
• Studying the molecular mechanisms of enzymes
• Nanochemistry
• Nanoscale pH Meter
• Nanolaser applications in life sciences
• Nanoelectroporation
• Nanomanipulation
• Nanomanipulation by combination of AFM and other devices
• Surgery on living cells using AFM with nanoneedles
• Optoelectronic tweezers
• Optical manipulation of nanoparticles
• Manipulation of DNA sequence by use of nanoparticles as laser light antennas
• Nanomanipulation of single molecule
• Fluorescence-force spectroscopy
• Nanomanipulation for study of mechanism of anticancer drugs
• Nanotechnology in genomic research
• Nanotechnology for separation of DNA fragments
• Nanostructured devices for controlled gene expression
• Nanotechnology-based DNA sequencing
• Single-molecule detection of DNA hybridization
• Role of nanobiotechnology in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms
• Nanobiotechnology for study of mitochondria
• Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria
• Study of mitochondria with nanolaser spectroscopy
• Role of nanotechnology in proteomics research
• Study of proteins by atomic force microscopy
• Single cell nanoprobe for studying gene expression of individual cells
• Nanoproteomics
• Dynamic reassembly of peptides
• High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry
• Multi Photon Detection
• Nanoflow liquid chromatography
• Nanoproteomics for study of misfolded proteins
• Nanotube electronic biosensor for proteomics
• Nanometer photomasks from bacterial protein
• Protein nanocrystallography
• QD-protein bioconjugate nanoassembly
• Proteomics at single molecule level
• Study of protein synthesis and single-molecule processes
• Protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level
• Single-molecule mass spectrometry using nanotechnology
• Biochips for nanoscale proteomics
• Protein biochips based on fluorescence planar wave guide technology
• Nanofilter array chip
• Role of nanotechnology in study of membrane proteins
• Nanoparticles for study of membrane proteins
• Study of single protein interaction with cell membrane
• Quantum dots to label cell surface proteins
• Study of single membrane proteins at subnanometer resolution
• Nanoparticle-protein interactions
• Protein engineering on nanoscale
• Nanowires for protein engineering
• A nanoscale mechanism for protein engineering
• Role of nanoparticles in self-assembly of proteins
• Role of nanotechnology in peptide engineering
• Manipulating redox systems for nanotechnology
• Self-assembling peptide scaffold technology for 3-D cell culture
• Nanobiotechnology and ion channels
• AFM for characterization of ion channels
• Aquaporin water channels
• Remote control of ion channels through magnetic-field heating of nanoparticles
• Role of nanobiotechnology in engineering ion channels
• Application of nanobiotechnology in molecular electronics
• Nanotechnology and bioinformatics
• 3D nano-map of synapse
• Companies providing nanotechnology for life sciences research

4. Nanomolecular Diagnostics

• Introduction
• Nanodiagnostics
• Rationale of nanotechnology for molecular diagnostics
• Nanoarrays for molecular diagnostics
• NanoPro™ System
• Nanofluidic/nanoarray devices to detect a single molecule of DNA
• Self-assembling protein nanoarrays
• Fullerene photodetectors for chemiluminescence detection on microfluidic chip
• Protein microarray for detection of molecules with nanoparticles
• Protein nanobiochip
• AFM for molecular diagnostics
• Nanofountain AFM probe
• AFM for immobilization of biomolecules in high-density microarrays
• AFM for nanodissection of chromosomes
• Nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics
• Gold nanoparticles
• Quantum dots for molecular diagnostics
• Quantum dots for detection of pathogenic microorganisms
• Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers
• Imaging of living tissue with QDs
• Use of nanocrystals in immunohistochemistry
• Magnetic nanoparticles
• Magnetic nanoparticles for bioscreening
• Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo
• Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking
• Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for calcium sensing
• Magnetic nanoparticles for labeling molecules
• Super conducting quantum interference device
• Study of living cells by superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• Imaging applications of nanoparticles
• Dendritic nanoprobes for imaging of angiogenesis
• Gadolinium-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles for tumor-specific MRI
• Gadonanotubes for MRI
• Gold nanorods and nanoparticles as imaging agents
• In vivo imaging using nanoparticles
• Manganese oxide nanoparticles as contrast agent for brain MRI
• Nanoparticles vs microparticles for cellular imaging
• Nanoparticles as contrast agent for MRI
• Optical molecular imaging using targeted magnetic nanoprobes
• QDs for biological imaging
• Superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles combined with MRI
• Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanoparticles for imaging
• Applications of nanopore technology for molecular diagnostics
• Nanopore technology for detection of single DNA molecules
• Nanocytometry
• Simultaneous detection of DNA and proteins
• DNA-protein and -nanoparticle conjugates
• Resonance Light Scattering technology
• DNA nanomachines for molecular diagnostics
• Nanobarcodes technology
• Nanobarcode particle technology for SNP genotyping
• Qdot nanobarcode for multiplexed gene expression profiling
• Biobarcode assay for proteins
• Single-molecule barcoding system for DNA analysis
• Nanoparticle-based colorimetric DNA detection method
• SNP genotyping with gold nanoparticle probes
• Nanoparticle-based Up-converting Phosphor Technology
• Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy
• Near-infrared (NIR)-emissive polymersomes
• Nanobiotechnology for detection of proteins
• Captamers with proximity extension assay for proteins
• Nanobiosensors
• Cantilevers as biosensors for molecular diagnostics
• Advantages of cantilever technology for molecular recognition
• Antibody-coated nanocantilevers for detection of microorganisms
• Cantilevers for direct detection of active genes
• Portable nanocantilever system for diagnosis
• Carbon nanotube biosensors
• Carbon nanotube sensors coated with ssDNA and electronic readout
• Carbon nanotubes sensors wrapped with DNA and optical detection
• FRET-based DNA nanosensor
• Ion Channel Switch biosensor technology
• Electronic nanobiosensors
• Electrochemical nanobiosensor
• Metallic nanobiosensors
• Quartz nanobalance biosensor
• Viral nanosensor
• PEBBLE nanosensors
• Detection of cocaine molecules by nanoparticle-labeled aptasensors
• Nanosensors for glucose monitoring
• Microneedle-mounted biosensor
• Optical biosensors
• Laser nanosensors
• Nanoshell biosensors
• Plasmonics and SERS nanoprobes
• Novel optical mRNA biosensor
• Optonanogen biosensor
• Surface plasmon resonance technology
• Surface Enhanced Micro-optical Fluidic Systems
• Nanoparticle-enhanced sensitivity of fluorescence-based biosensors
• Nanowire biosensors
• Nanowire biosensors for detection of single viruses
• Nanowires for detection of genetic disorders
• Nanowires biosensor for detecting biowarfare agents
• Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanowire biosensors
• Nanoscale erasable biodetectors
• Future issues in the development of nanobiosensors
• Applications of nanodiagnostics
• Nanotechnology for detection of biomarkers
• Nanotechnology for genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
• Nanoparticles for detecting SNPs
• Nanopores for detecting SNPs
• Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection
• Protease-activated quantum dot probes
• Labeling of MSCs with QDs
• Nanotechnology for detection of cancer
• Dendrimers for sensing cancer cell apoptosis
• Detection of circulating cancer cells
• Differentiation between normal and cancer cells by nanosensors
• Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis
• Gold nanorods for detection of metastatic tumor cells
• Implanted magnetic sensing for cancer
• Nanoatomic tubes for detection of cancer proteins
• Nanobiochip sensor technique for analysis of oral cancer biomarkers
• Nanodots for tracking apoptosis in cancer
• Nanolaser spectroscopy for detection of cancer in single cells
• Nanoparticles designed for dual-mode imaging of cancer
• Nanotechnology-based single molecule assays for cancer
• QDs for detection of tumors
• QD-based test for DNA methylation
• Nanotechnology for point-of-care diagnostics
• Nanotechnology-based biochips for POC diagnosis
• Nanoprobes for POC diagnosis
• Carbon nanotube transistors for genetic screening
• POC monitoring of vital signs with nanobiosensors
• Detection of viruses
• Cantilever beams for detection of single virus particles
• Carbon nanotubes as biosensors for viruses
• Electric fields for accelerating detection of viruses
• QD fluorescent probes for detection of respiratory viral infections
• Verigene SP Respiratory Virus Assay
• Surface enhanced Raman scattering for detection of viruses
• Detection of bacteria
• QDs for detection of bacterial infections
• SEnsing of Phage-Triggered Ion Cascade for detection of bacteria
• Nanodiagnostics for the battle field and biodefense
• An integrated nanobiosensor
• Nanodiagnostics for integrating diagnostics with therapeutics
• Companies involved in nanomolecular diagnostics
• Concluding remarks about nanodiagnostics
• Future prospects of nanodiagnostics

5. Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery & Development

• Introduction
• Nanobiotechnology for drug discovery
• Nanofluidic devices for drug discovery
• Gold nanoparticles for drug discovery
• Tracking drug molecules in cells
• SPR with colloidal gold particles
• Use of quantum dots for drug discovery
• Advantages of the use of QDs for drug discovery
• Drawbacks of the use of QDs for drug discovery
• Quantum dots for imaging drug receptors in the brain
• Lipoparticles for drug discovery
• Biosensor for drug discovery with Lipoparticles
• Magnetic nanoparticles assays
• Micelles for drug discovery
• Nanolasers for drug discovery
• Analysis of small molecule-protein interactions by nanowire biosensors
• Cells targeting by nanoparticles with attached small molecules
• Role of AFM for study of biomolecular interactions for drug discovery
• Nanoscale devices for drug discovery
• Nanotechnology enables drug design at cellular level
• Nanobiotechnology-based drug development
• Dendrimers as drugs
• Fullerenes as drug candidates
• Nanobodies
• Role of nanobiotechnology in the future of drug discovery
• Companies using nanobiotechnology for drug discovery

6. Nanobiotechnology in Drug Delivery

• Introduction
• Ideal properties of material for drug delivery
• Improved absorption of drugs in nanoparticulate form
• Interaction of nanoparticles with human blood
• Micronization versus nanonization for drug delivery
• Nanoscale devices delivery of therapeutics
• Nanobiotechnology solutions to the problems of drug delivery
• Nanosuspension formulations
• Nanotechnology for solubilization of water-insoluble drugs
• Self-assembled nanostructures with hydrogels for drug delivery
• Nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies used for drug delivery
• Viruses as nanomaterials for drug delivery
• Bacteria-mediated delivery of nanoparticles and drugs into cells
• Cell-penetrating peptides
• Nanoparticle-based drug delivery
• Calcium phosphate nanoparticles
• Cationic nanoparticles
• Ceramic nanoparticles
• Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for drug delivery
• Dendrimers for drug delivery
• DNA-assembled dendrimers for drug delivery
• Fulleres for drug delivery
• Amphiphilic fullerene derivatives
• Fullerene conjugate for intracellular delivery of peptides
• Gold nanoparticles as drug carriers
• Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles
• Nanocomposite membranes for magnetically triggered drug delivery
• Nanocrystals
• Nanocrystalline silver
• Elan's NanoCrystal technology
• Eurand's Biorise system
• Nanodiamonds
• Polymer nanoparticles
• Biodegradable PEG nanoparticles for penetrating the mucus barrier
• PLGA-based nanodelivery technologies
• Polymeric micelles
• Chitosan nanoparticles
• QDs for drug delivery
• Special procedures in nanoparticle-based drug delivery
• Coated nanoparticles for penetrating cell membranes without damage
• Combinatorial synthesis of nanoparticles for intracellular delivery
• Drug delivery using "Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates"
• Encapsulating water-insoluble drugs in nanoparticles
• Filomicelles vs spherical nanoparticles for drug delivery
• Flash NanoPrecipitation
• Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery
• Nanoparticles bound together in spherical shapes
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for imaging and targeted drug-delivery
• Prolonging circulation of nanoparticles by attachment to RBCs
• Self-assembling nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery
• Trojan nanoparticles
• Therapeutic protein delivery from nanoparticle-protein complexes
• Triggered release of drugs from nanoparticles
• Liposomes
• Basics of liposomes
• Stabilization of phospholipid liposomes using nanoparticles
• Lipid nanoparticles
• Applications of lipid nanoparticles
• Polymerized Liposomal Nanoparticle
• Solid lipid nanoparticles
• Lipid nanocapsules
• Lipid emulsions with nanoparticles
• Nanostructured organogels
• Limitations of liposomes for drug delivery
• Liposomes incorporating fullerenes
• Arsonoliposomes
• Liposome-nanoparticle hybrids
• Nanogels
• Nanogel-liposome combination
• Nanospheres
• Nanosphere protein cages
• Nanovesicle technology for delivery of peptides
• Nanotubes
• Carbon nanotubes for drug delivery
• Lipid-protein nanotubes for drug delivery
• Halloysite nanotubes for drug delivery
• Nanocochleates
• Nanobiotechnology and drug delivery devices
• Coating of implants by ultrafine layers of polymers
• Nano-encapsulation
• Polymer nanocontainers
• Nanotechnology-based device for insulin delivery
• Mirocontainer delivery systems for cell therapy
• Nanoporous materials for drug delivery devices
• Nanopore membrane in implantable titanium drug delivery device
• Measuring the permeability of nanomembranes
• Nanovalves for drug delivery
• Nanochips for drug delivery
• Nanobiotechnology for vaccine delivery
• Bacterial spores for delivery of vaccines
• Nanoparticles for DNA vaccines
• Nanospheres for controlled release of viral antigens
• Proteosomes™ as vaccine delivery vehicles
• Targeted Synthetic Vaccine Particle (tSVP™) technology
• Nanobiotechnology for gene therapy
• Nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy
• Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as nonviral vectors
• Carbonate apatite nanoparticles for gene delivery
• Gelatin nanoparticles for gene delivery
• Immunolipoplex for delivery of p53 gene
• Lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of nucleic acids
• Nanoparticles for imaging and intracellular delivery of nucleic acids
• Nanoparticles linked to viral vectors for photothermal therapy
• Nanoparticles for p53 gene therapy of cancer
• Nanoparticles with virus-like function as gene therapy vectors
• Nanobiolistics for nucleic acid delivery
• Silica nanoparticles for gene delivery
• Targeted nanoparticle-DNA delivery to the cardiovascular system
• Dendrimers for gene transfer
• DNA-PEG complexes as nanoparticles
• Compacted DNA nanoparticles
• Cochleate-mediated DNA delivery
• Nanorod gene therapy
• Nanodel™ gene vector
• Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy
• NanoNeedles for delivery of genetic material into cells
• Nanomachines for gene delivery
• Application of pulsed magnetic field and superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• Nanocomposites for gene therapy
• Nonionic polymeric micelles for oral gene delivery
• Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of anticancer drugs and DNA
• Nanobiotechnology for antisense drug delivery
• Antisense nanoparticles
• Dendrimers for antisense drug delivery
• Polymer nanoparticles for antisense delivery system
• Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery
• Chitosan-coated nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• Delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex to dopaminergic neurons
• Polymer-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• Polyethylenimine nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• siRNA-PEG nanoparticle-based delivery
• Polycation-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
• Calando's technology for targeted delivery of anticancer siRNA
• Delivery of siRNA by nanosize liposomes
• Quantum dots to monitor RNAi delivery
• Nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery in cancer
• Nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery in cancer
• Anticancer drug particles incorporated in liposomes
• Cerasomes
• Encapsulating drugs in hydrogel nanoparticles
• Exosomes
• Folate-linked nanoparticles
• Iron oxide nanoparticles
• Lipid based nanocarriers
• Micelles for drug delivery in cancer
• Minicells for targeted delivery of nanoscale anticancer therapeutics
• Nanoconjugates for subcutaneous delivery of anticancer drugs
• Nanomaterials for delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drugs
• Nanoparticle formulation for enhancing anticancer efficacy of cisplatin
• Nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel
• Nanoparticles containing albumin and antisense oligonucleotides
• Non-aggregating nanoparticles
• Pegylated nanoliposomal formulation
• Peptide-linked nanoparticle delivery
• Poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate nanoparticles
• Polypeptide-doxorubicin conjugated nanoparticles
• Protosphere nanoparticle technology
• Zinc oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer
• Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics
• Antiangiogenic therapy using nanoparticles
• Canine parvovirus as a nanocontainer for targeted drug delivery
• Carbon magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells
• Cyclosert system for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics
• DNA aptamer-micelle for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• DNA aptamer-micelle for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Fullerenes for enhancing tumor targeting by antibodies
• Gold nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Lipoprotein nanoparticles targeted to cancer-associated receptors
• Magnetic nanoparticles for remote-controlled drug delivery to tumors
• Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
• Nanobees for targeted delivery of cytolytic peptide melittin
• Nanovehicles for targeted delivery of paclitaxel
• Nanocell for targeted drug delivery to tumor
• Nanodiamonds for local delivery of chemotherapy at site of cancer
• Nanoimmunoliposome-based system for targeted delivery of siRNA
• Nanoparticle-mediated targeting of MAPK signaling pathway
• Nanoparticles for targeted antisense therapy of cancer
• Nanoparticles for delivery of suicide DNA to prostate tumors
• Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of concurrent chemoradiation
• Nanostructured hyaluronic acid for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Polymer nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Polymersomes for targeted cancer drug delivery
• Quantum dots and quantum rods for targeted drug delivery in cancer
• Remote controlled drug delivery from magnetic nanocrystals
• Targeted delivery of nanoparticulate drugs into lymphatic system
• Targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates
• Dendrimers for anticancer drug delivery
• Application of dendrimers in boron neutron capture therapy
• Application of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy
• Dendrimer-based synthetic vector for targeted cancer gene therapy
• Poly-L-lysine dendrimer as antiangiogenetic agent
• Devices for nanotechnology-based cancer therapy
• Convection-enhanced delivery with nanoliposomal CPT-11
• Nanocomposite devices
• Nanoengineered silicon for brachytherapy
• Nanoparticles combined with physical agents for tumor ablation
• Boron neutron capture therapy using nanoparticles
• Laser-induced cancer destruction using nanoparticles
• Thermal ablation using nanoparticles
• Thermosensitive affibody-conjugated liposomes
• Ultrasound radiation of tumors combined with nanoparticles
• RNA nanotechnology for delivery of cancer therapeutics
• Delivery of siRNAs for cancer
• Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of multiple anticancer agents
• Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to the CNS
• Nanoencapsulation for delivery of vitamin E for CNS disorders
• Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across BBB
• Delivery across BBB using Nanodel™ technology
• NanoMed technology to mask BBB-limiting characteristics of drugs
• Nanovesicles for transport across BBB
• Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to brain tumors
• Multifunctional nanoparticles for treating brain tumors
• Nanoparticles for delivery of drugs to brain tumors across BBB
• Nanoparticle delivery across the BBB for imaging and therapy of brain tumors
• Intravenous gene delivery with nanoparticles into brain tumors
• PLA nanoparticles for controlled delivery of BCNU to brain tumors
• Nanoparticles as nonviral vectors for CNS gene therapy
• Silica nanoparticles for CNS gene therapy
• Cationic lipids for CNS gene therapy
• Polyethylenimine-based nanoparticles for CNS gene therapy
• Dendrimers for CNS gene therapy
• Carbon nanotubes for CNS gene therapy
• Nanotechnology-based devices and implants for CNS
• Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to the inner ear
• Nanobiotechnology in cardiovascular drug delivery
• Liposomal nanodevices for targeted cardiovascular drug delivery
• Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles
• Controlled delivery of nanoparticles to injured vasculature
• Nanotechnology-based drug-eluting stents
• Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles
• Magnetic nanoparticle-coated DES
• Nanopores to enhance compatibility of drug-eluting stents
• Paclitaxel-encapsulated targeted lipid-polymeric nanoparticles
• Low molecular weight heparin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles
• Injectable peptide nanofibers for myocardial ischemia
• Nanotechnology approach to the vulnerable plaque as cause of cardiac arrest
• Nanobiotechnology-based transdermal drug delivery
• Delivery of nanostructured drugs from transdermal patches
• Ethosomes for transdermal drug delivery
• NanoCyte transdermal drug delivery system
• Nanoparticles for targeted therapeutic delivery to the liver
• Nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery
• Systemic drug delivery via pulmonary route
• Nanoparticle drug delivery for effects on the respiratory system
• Fate and toxicology of nanoparticles delivered to the lungs
• Nanoparticle drug formulations for spray inhalation
• Inhalation of glucose-sensitive nanoparticle for regulated release of insulin
• Pulmonary drug delivery by surface acoustic wave technology
• In vivo lung gene transfer using compacted DNA nanoparticles
• Nasal drug delivery using nanoparticles
• Mucosal drug delivery with nanoparticles
• Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery
• Future prospects of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
• Nanomolecular valves for controlled drug release
• Nanosponge for drug delivery
• Nanomotors for drug delivery

7. Clinical Applications of Nanobiotechnology

• Introduction
• Nanomedicine
• Clinical nanodiagnostics
• Nano-endoscopy
• Application of nanotechnology in radiology
• High-resolution ultrasound imaging using nanoparticles
• Nanobiotechnology in tissue engineering
• Nanoscale surfaces for stem cell culture
• 3D nanofilament-based scaffolds
• Electrospinning technology for bionanofabrication
• Nanomaterials for tissue engineering
• Carbon nanotubes for artificial muscles
• Nanofibers for tissue engineering of skeletal muscle
• Nanobiotechnology combined with stem cell-based therapies
• Nanomaterials for combining tissue engineering and drug delivery
• Nanobiotechnology for organ replacement and assisted function
• Exosomes for drug-free organ transplants
• Nanobiotechnology and organ-assisting devices
• Nanotechnology-based human nephron filter for renal failure
• Blood-compatible membranes for renal dialysis
• Nanosurgery
• Miniaturization in surgery
• Nanotechnology for hemostasis during surgery
• Minimally invasive surgery using catheters
• Nanorobotics
• Nanoscale laser surgery
• Nanooncology
• Nanobiotechnology for early detection of cancer to improve treatment
• Impact of nanotechnology-based imaging in management of cancer
• Cornell dots for cancer imaging
• Nanoparticle-MRI for tracking dendritic cells in cancer therapy
• Nanoparticle-CT scan
• QDs aid lymph node mapping in cancer
• Nanosensor device as an aid to cancer surgery
• Role of nanoparticle-based imaging in oncology clinical trials
• Nanoparticle-based anticancer drug delivery to overcome MDR
• Cytotoxic effects of cancer nanoparticles
• Nanoparticle-based management of cancer metastases
• Nanoshell-based cancer therapy
• Nanoshells for thermal ablation of cancer
• Nanobody-based cancer therapy
• Nanoparticles for targeting tumors
• Nanocarriers with TGF-β inhibitors for targeting cancer
• Nanobombs for cancer
• Combination of diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer
• Aptamer conjugated magnetic nanoparticles
• Biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to tumors
• Dendrimer nanoparticles for targeting and imaging tumors
• Gold nanoparticle plus bombesin for imaging and therapy of cancer
• Gold nanorods for diagnosis plus photothermal therapy of cancer
• Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging as well as therapy of cancer
• Nanobialys for combining MRI with delivery of anticancer agents
• Nanoparticles, MRI and thermal ablation of tumors
• pHLIP nanotechnology for detection and targeted therapy of cancer
• QD conjugates combine cancer imaging, therapy and sensing
• Radiolabeled carbon nanotubes for tumor imaging and targeting
• Ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy by nanobubbles
• A cancer killing device based on nanotechnology
• Bacterial nanorobots for targeting cancer
• Nanoparticles for protection against adverse effects of radiation therapy
• Fullerenes for protection against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity
• Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
• Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanooncology
• Nanoneurology
• Nanobiotechnology for study of the nervous system
• Nanowires for monitoring brain activity
• Gold nanoparticles for in vivo study of neural function
• Nanoparticles and MRI for macrophage tracking in the CNS
• Nanoparticles for tracking stem cells for therapy of CNS disorders
• Nanobiotechnology for neurotherapeutics
• Nanowire neuroprosthetics with functional membrane proteins
• Nanoparticles for neuroprotection
• Nanotube-neuron electronic interface
• Nanofibers as an aid to CNS regeneration by neural progenitor cells
• Nanoparticles for repair of spinal cord injury
• Peptide nanostructures for repair of the CNS
• Repair of SCI by nanoscale micelles
• Nanobiotechnology-based devices for restoration of neural function
• Nanobiotechnology-based artificial retina
• Nanoneurosurgery
• Femtolaser neurosurgery
• Nanofiber brain implants
• Nanoparticles as an aid to neurosurgery
• Nanoscaffold for CNS repair
• Electrospun nanofiber tubes for regeneration of peripheral nerves
• PEBBLEs for brain tumor therapy
• Bucky balls for brain cancer
• Application of nanotechnology to pain therapeutics
• Nanotechnology-based management of diabetes
• Nanocardiology
• Nanotechnology-based diagnosis and treatment
• Cardiac monitoring in sleep apnea
• Use of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in cardiovascular disorders
• Nanolipoblockers for atherosclerotic arterial plaques
• IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for myocardial infarction
• Tissue engineering and regeneration of the cardiovascular system
• Restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty
• Nanotechnology-based personalized medicine for cardiovascular disorders
• Monitoring for disorders of blood coagulation
• Nanoorthopedics
• Application of nanotechnology for bone research
• Reducing reaction to orthopedic implants
• Enhancing the activity of bone cells on the surface of orthopedic implants
• Nanobone implants
• Synthetic nanomaterials as bone implants
• Carbon nanotubes as scaffolds for bone growth
• Aligning nanotubes to improve artificial joints
• Cartilage disorders of knee joint
• Role of nanotechnology in engineering of a replacement for cartilage
• Nanotechnology as an aid to arthroscopy
• Scanning force arthroscope
• Nanodentistry
• Bonding materials
• Dental caries
• Nanospheres for dental hypersensitivity
• Nanomaterials for dental filling
• Nanomaterials for dental implants
• Nanoophthalmology
• Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery
• Nanoparticle-based topical drug application to the eye
• Chitosan nanoparticles for topical drug application to the eye
• Polylactide nanoparticles for topical drug application to the eye
• Ophthalmic drug delivery through nanoparticles in contact lenses
• Nanoparticles for intraocular drug delivery
• DNA nanoparticles for nonviral gene transfer to the eye
• Nanotechnology for treatment for age-related macular degeneration
• Nanotechnology-based therapeutics for eye disorders
• Nano-engineered cornea
• Use of dendrimers in ophthalmology
• Nanotechnology for prevention of neovascularization
• Regeneration of the optic nerve
• DNA nanoparticles for gene therapy of retinal degenerative disorders
• Nanobiotechnology for treatment of glaucoma
• Nanomicrobiology
• Nanobiotechnology and virology
• Study of interaction of nanoparticles with viruses
• Study of pathomechanism of viral diseases
• Transdermal nanoparticles for immune enhancement in HIV
• Nanofiltration to remove viruses from plasma transfusion products
• Role of nanobacteria in human diseases
• Nature of nanobacteria
• Nanobacteria and kidney stone formation
• Nanobacteria in cardiovascular disease
• Nanotechnology-based microbicidal agents
• Nanoscale bactericidal powders
• Nanotubes for detection and destruction of bacteria
• Carbon nanotubes as antimicrobial agents
• Nanoemulsions as microbicidal agents
• Silver nanoparticle coating as prophylaxis against infection
• Nanotechnology-based antiviral agents
• Silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents
• Fullerenes as antiviral agents
• Gold nanorod-based delivery of RNA antiviral therapeutics
• Nanocoating for antiviral effect
• Nanoviricides
• Nanotechnology-based vaccines
• Nanoparticles to combat biological warfare agents
• Companies developing antiinfective agents
• Nanoimmunology
• Nanotechnology for wound healing
• Nanotechnology-based products for skin disorders
• Cubosomes for treating skin disorders of premature infants
• Nanoparticles for improving targeted topical therapy of skin
• Nanoparticle-based sun screens
• Nanoengineered bionic skin
• Topical nanocreams for inflammatory disorders of the skin
• Nanobiotechnology for disorders of aging
• Personal care products based on nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology for hair care
• Nanomedical aspects of oxidative stress
• Nanoparticle antioxidants
• Fullerene-based antioxidants
• Ceria nanoparticles as neuroprotective antioxidants
• Antioxidant nanoparticles for treating diseases due to oxidative stress
• Nanoparticles as antidotes for poisons
• Nanoparticles for chemo-radioprotection
• Role of nanobiotechnology in biodefense
• Nanosuspension formulations for treating bioweapon-mediated diseases
• Use of antidotes as nanoparticulate formulations
• Removal of toxins from blood
• Blood substitutes
• Artificial red cells
• Companies using nanotechnology for healthcare
• Nanobiotechnology for public health
• Nanobiotechnology and nutrition
• Nanobiotechnology and food industry
• Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized nutrition
• Nanobiotechnology research in the academic centers
• Future potential of nanomedicine
• US Federal funding for nanobiotechnology
• Nanomedicine initiative of NIH
• NIH Nanomedicine Center for Nucleoprotein Machines
• NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer
• Research in cancer nanotechnology sponsored by the NCI
• Global Enterprise for Micro-Mechanics and Molecular Medicine

8. Ethical, Safety and Regulatory issues

• Introduction
• Ethical and social implications of nanobiotechnology
• Nanoethics
• Nanotechnology patents
• Quantum dot patents relevant to healthcare applications
• Challenges and future prospects of nanobiotechnology patents
• Legal aspects of nanobiotechnology
• Nanotechnology standards
• Preclinical testing of nanometerials for biological applications
• Safety concerns about nanobiotechnology
• Environmental safety of aerosols released from nanoparticle manufacture
• Toxicity of nanoparticles
• Testing for toxicity of nanoparticles
• In vitro testing of nanoparticle toxicity
• Variations in safety issues of different nanoparticles
• Carbon nanotube safety
• Fullerene toxicity
• Gold nanoparticle toxicity
• Quantum dot safety issues
• Fate of nanoparticles in the human body
• Pulmonary effects of nanoparticles
• Effect of nanoparticles on the heart
• Blood compatibility of nanoparticles
• Carbon nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation
• Compatibility of lipid-based nanoparticles with blood and blood cells
• Transfer of nanoparticles from mother to fetus
• Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles
• Indirect DNA damage caused by nanoparticles across cellular barriers
• Neuronanotoxicology
• Nanoparticle deposits in the brain
• Nanoparticles and neurodegeneration
• Measures to reduce toxicity of nanoparticles
• Reducing toxicity of carbon nanotubes
• A screening strategy for the hazard identification of nanomaterials
• Concluding remarks on safety issues of nanoparticles
• Research into environmental effects of nanoparticles
• Role of US government agencies in research on safety of nanoparticles
• Work at NanoSafety Laboratories Inc UCLA
• Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology
• European NEST project for risk assessment of exposure to nanoparticles
• Efforts by nanotechnology companies to establish safety of nanoparticles
• Public perceptions of the safety of nanotechnology
• Evaluation of consumer exposure to nanoscale materials
• Safety of nanoparticle-based cosmetics
• Regulations in the European Union
• Nanotechnology-based sunscreens
• Cosmetic industry's white paper on nanoparticles in personal care
• Skin penetration of nanoparticles used in sunscreens
• EPA safety requirements for silver nanoparticles
• FDA regulation of nanobiotechnology products
• FDA and nanotechnology-based medical devices
• FDA's Nanotechnology Task Force
• FDA collaboration with agencies/organizations relevant to nanotechnology
• Regulation of nanotechnology in the European Union
• UK government policy on safety of nanoparticles
• Safety recommendations of the Royal Society of UK
• European Commission and safety of nanocosmetics

9. Nanobiotechnology Markets

• Introduction
• Markets according to areas of applications
• Markets for nanomedicine
• Markets for nanodiagnostics
• Imaging agents
• Pharmaceuticals
• Role of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery market
• Nanobiotechnology in life sciences research market
• Markets according to technologies
• Markets for nanomaterials
• Markets for biomedical nanodevices
• Markets for nanosensors
• Markets for nanotools
• Geographical distribution of markets
• Nanobiotechnology in the US
• Nanobiotechnology in the European Union
• Nano2Life
• European Technology Platform on NanoMedicine
• Nanobiotechnology in Australia
• Nanobiotechnology in Asia
• Japan
• South Korea
• China
• Taiwan
• India
• Nanobiotechnology in Russia
• Nanobiotechnology in the developing world
• Venture capital investment in nanotechnology
• Big pharma and nanotechnology
• Impact of nanobiotechnology on markets for current pharmaceuticals
• Unmet needs in nanobiotechnology
• Drivers for the development of nanobiotechnology markets
• Strategies for developing markets for nanobiotechnology
• Collaborations of industry with academic research centers
• Collaborations of pharmaceutical and nanotechnology companies
• Collaboration of chemical industry and the government
• Cost-benefit of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
• Education of healthcare professionals
• Education of the public

10. References

• Table 1-1: Dimensions of various objects in nanoscale
• Table 1-2: Classification of basic nanobiotechnologies
• Table 1-3: Historical landmarks in the evolution of nanotechnology
• Table 2-1: Companies with nanoarray and nanofluidic technologies
• Table 2-2: Applications of cantilever technology
• Table 2-3: Applications of optical nanoscopy
• Table 2-4: Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology
• Table 2-5: Nanobiotechnological applications of S-layers
• Table 2-6: Potential applications of dendrimers in nanobiotechnology
• Table 2-7: Nanomaterials for biolabeling
• Table 2-8: Companies providing services and products for nanobiotechnology industry
• Table 3-1: Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria
• Table 3-2: Companies that provide nanotechnologies for life sciences research
• Table 4-1: Nanotechnologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics
• Table 4-2: Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection
• Table 4-3: Companies developing nanomolecular diagnostics
• Table 5-1: Basic nanobiotechnologies relevant to drug discovery
• Table 5-2: Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug discovery and development
• Table 6-1: Comparison of features of drug delivery by micronization vs nanonization
• Table 6-2: Nanomaterials used for drug delivery
• Table 6-3: Liposome-nanoparticle hybrid systems
• Table 6-4: Examples of application of nanoparticles for gene therapy
• Table 6-5: Classification of nanobiotechnology approaches to drug delivery in cancer
• Table 6-6: Approved anticancer drugs using nanocarriers
• Table 6-7: Clinical trials of anticancer drugs using nanocarriers
• Table 6-8: Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery
• Table 7-1: Nanomedicine in the 21st century
• Table 7-2: Applications of nanobiotechnology for neurological disorders
• Table 7-3: Nanoparticles used for drug delivery in ophthalmology
• Table 7-4: Companies using nanotechnology-based antiinfective agents
• Table 7-5: Companies using nanotechnology for healthcare and therapeutics
• Table 7-6: Applications of nanotechnologies in food and nutrition sciences
• Table 7-7: Non-commercial institutes/laboratories involved in nanobiotechnology
• Table 8-1: FDA-approved nanotechnology based drugs
• Table 9-1: Nanobiotechnology markets according to areas of application 2011-2021
• Table 9-2: Markets for nanobiotechnology according to technologies 2011-2021
• Table 9-3: Geographical distribution of nanobiotechnology markets 2011-2021
• Table 9-4: Drivers for the development of nanobiotechnology markets
• Table 9-5: Strategies for developing markets for nanobiotechnology
• Table 9-6: Cost-benefit of nanotechnology-based drug delivery

• Figure 1-1: Top-down and bottom-up approaches
• Figure 1-2: Relationship of nanobiotechnology to healthcare and related technologies
• Figure 2-1: Schematic representation of Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN)
• Figure 2-2: The core, branching and surface molecules of dendrimers
• Figure 4-1: Scheme of bio-barcode assay
• Figure 4-2: Scheme of a novel optical mRNA biosensor
• Figure 4-3: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology
• Figure 4-4: Concept of nanopore-based sequencing
• Figure 5-1: Application of nanobiotechnology at various stages of drug discovery
• Figure 6-1: Bacteria plus nanoparticles for drug delivery into cells
• Figure 6-2: A lipid nanoparticle
• Figure 6-3: Lipid-protein nanotubes for drug delivery
• Figure 6-4: Nanocochleate-mediated drug delivery
• Figure 6-5: Nanodel™ gene vector
• Figure 6-6: Use of micelles for drug delivery
• Figure 7-1: Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
• Figure 9-1: Components of the $1 trillion market for nanotechnologies in the year 2015
• Figure 9-2: Nanobiotechnology markets according to applications 2011-2021
• Figure 9-3: Geographical distribution of nanobiotechnology markets 2011-2021
• Figure 9-4: Unmet needs in nanobiotechnology applications

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