This NRG Expert Report provides a global overview of Desalination. It looks at
water stress, future and current markets, rising demand for desalination,
costs, advantages, current and future technolo-gies and much more. Many parts
of the world are experiencing severe water stress with limited fresh water
supplies. In some parts of the world water use exceeds renewable water
capacity - renewable water is defined as surface and underground water
supplies that are replenished by rainwater. These regions often use
non-renewable ground water supplies, which are also further down and require
more energy to exploit, or exploit underground aquifers resulting in salt
water intrusion. Increased industrialisation and urbanisation has also lead to
ground water pollution in some regions.
Eighty countries are classified as suffering from severe water shortages,
twenty of which are classi-fied as scarcity. According to the UK approximately
1,500 m3 of freshwater per capita per year is needed for unhindered economic
development. In Europe alone two countries have considerably less water than
this - Cyprus has 74 and Malta has 979 m3 per capita per year. These and many
other countries use or are considering desalination to meet their fresh water
needs - by definition, desalina-tion is the removal of salts from water to
produce water with lower salinity.
How can NRG Expert Help?
The Global Desalination Report Ed 1 2012 describes the Desalination Market
situation in countries with more than 1% of global desalination capacity or
the potential for a significant desalination market. This report provides and
in-depth overview of the global market, covering the following areas:
Desalination Technologies
Renewable Energy-Powered Desalination
Future Technologies
Environmental Impact of Desalination
Water Stress, Surplus Users
Private and public Sector Participation.
Water Types
Current Market
Global Picture
Country overviews
Costs
Future markets
Market Value
Barriers
Desalination Companies
Other technologies
About NRGExpert
NRGExpert is an independent energy market intelligence and research company.
We specialise in energy market research reports, energy market databases and
energy market consulting as well as analysis and market forecasts. Our global
energy market research reports cover the electricity, water and waste, gas,
hydrogen, nuclear and the renewable energy markets.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1. Desalination Technologies
Thermal
Multistage Flash
Multi Effect Distillation
Vapour Compression (VC)
Membrane
Reverse Osmosis
Forward Osmosis
Electrodialysis
Cogeneration
Hybrid Systems
Membrane distillation
Intake system
Waste Management
Energy Recovery Devices
Mobile Desalination Plants
Seawater Desalination Vessels
Siting
2. Renewable Energy-Powered Desalination
Solar
Solar PV
Solar Thermal
Wind
Geothermal
Medring
Biomass/Biofuel
Ocean Technology
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Wave
Salinity Gradient
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
3. Future Technologies
Processes
Membranes
4. Environmental Impact of Desalination
5. Water Stress, Surplus and Users
Water stress and surplus
Water Users
6. Private and Public Sector Participation
7. Water Types
8. Current Market
9. Global Picture
10. Countries
11. Middle East
Israel and the Palestinian Territories
Jordan
Syria
12. Persian Gulf
Bahrain
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Research
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
13. North Africa
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Southern Sudan
Sudan
Tunisia
14. Southern Africa
Angola
Cape Verde
Chad
Equatorial New Guinea
Ghana
Kenya
Namibia
Nigeria
South Africa
Tanzania
Zambia
15. Asia Pacific
Australia
New South Wales
Queensland
Southern Australia
Victoria
Western Australia
Research
China
India
Chennai
Delhi
Mumbai
Gujarat state
Lankshadweep Islands
Orissa state
Indonesia
Japan
Research
Maldives
Pacific Islands
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Seychelles
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
16. North America
Bermuda
Canada
Mexico
USA
California
Florida
Massachusetts
New Mexico
New York
Texas
Research
17. Caribbean
American Virgin Islands
Anguilla
Aruba
Barbados
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Netherland Antilles
Puerto Rico
St Vincent
Trinidad and Tobago
US Virgin Islands
Other Countries
18. South America
Argentina
Ascension Island
Brazil
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Honduras
Peru
Venezuela
19. Europe
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Malta
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
Turkey
United Kingdom
20. CIS
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
21. Costs
Thermal versus reverse osmosis
Brackish versus seawater reverse osmosis
Seawater reverse osmosis
Costs and projections
Costly projects
22. Future Markets
23. Market Value
24. Barriers
25. Desalination Companies
Top Ten Players
Veolia
Doosan
Fisia Italimpianti
GE Water
Suez Environnement
IDE Technologies
Acciona
Befesa Agua
Hyflux
Biwater
Other Players
Cadagua
Wabag
Membranes
Dow Filmtec
Fluid Systems
Hydranautics
Osmonics
Rochem
Toray
Toyobo
Other companies
Norit
Osmoflo
Energy Recovery
Energy Recovery Inc.
Fedco
Flowserve
26. Other Technologies
Pros and cons of desalination
Dams
River Basin Transfers
Water Conservation and Demand Management
Water Reuse
Water Imports
Long-Distance Water Piping/Transport
Tables
Table 1-1: Comparison of membrane materials
Table 1-2: Comparison of cellulose, composite polyamide and thin film
materials
Table 1-3: Energy consumption by desalination technology
Table 1-4: Project cost comparison for a 190,000 m3 per day seawater
reverse osmosis plant
Table 1-5: Comparison of different filtration and membrane systems
Table 1-6: Comparison of the different desalination technologies
Table 1-7: Benefits of different hybrid configurations
Table 1-8: Capacity, size and weight of containerised mobile desalination
units
Table 2-1: Comparison of different renewable sources for desalination
Table 2-2: Development stages of the main renewable energy desalination
technologies
Table 2-3: Possible combinations of renewable energy with desalination
technologies
Table 2-4: Examples of pilot solar desalination projects
Table 2-5: Pilot wind desalination projects and hybrids
Table 3-1: Recent desalination innovations
Table 3-2: Desalination needs and opportunities
Table 5-1: Water scarce countries
Table 6-1: Types of public and private sector participation in the
desalination industry
Table 6-2: Desalination contracts
Table 6-3: Typical desalination contracts in major markets
Table 6-4: Key decision makers for desalination plant applications in
countries with a significant potentially significant desalination market
Table 8-1: Drivers and restraints on desalination growth
Table 8-2: Summary of factors facilitating seawater desalination
Table 12-1: Cumulative investment in water desalination in selected MENA
countries, using 2004 prices as a baseline, USD billion
Table 15-1: Large and medium-sized current and proposed desalination
plants in Australia
Table 21-1: Factors that affect desalinated water costs
Table 21-2: Distribution of cost factors in desalination
Table 25-1: Top desalination companies in terms of total capacity
Table 25-2: Overview of suppliers of RO membranes
Figures
Figure 1-1: Summary of water desalination processes
Figure 1-2: Diagram of Multistage Flash distillation plant
Figure 1-3: Diagram of Multi Effect Distillation plant
Figure 1-4: Diagram of Vapour Compression desalination plant
Figure 1-5: Diagram demonstrating the principles of osmosis
Figure 1-6: Diagram demonstrating the principles of reverse osmosis
Figure 1-7: Flow diagram of a reverse osmosis system
Figure 1-8: Diagram of a cross-flow membrane compared to a conventional
membrane
Figure 1-9: Application Ranges of Separation Membranes
Figure 1-10: Cumulative installed seawater reverse osmosis capacity with
ultra filtration pre-treatment, m3 per day
Figure 1-11: Diagram demonstrating the principles of forward osmosis
Figure 1-12: FO/RO Hybrid
Figure 1-13: Diagram of Electrodialysis desalination
Figure 1-14: Typical hybrid plant set up
Figure 1-15: Membrane distillation process flow
Figure 1-16: Shipboard Desalination
Figure 2-1: Support for renewable energy-powered desalination
Figure 2-2: Development stage and capacity range of the main renewable
energy-desalination technologies
Figure 2-3: Solar thermal power plant configuration for (a) electricity
generation and for (b) the combined generation of power and water with backup
fuel and energy storage
Figure 2-4: Wind powered desalination potential in water scarce countries
Figure 2-5: Global hotspots for geothermal activity
Figure 2-6: The Medring
Figure 2-7: Potential sites for OTEC desalination plants: Caribbean,
China, India, Northern Australia, South Western American States and Countries
in the Persian Gulf
Figure 2-8: Wave-powered desalination models
Figure 3-1: Conceptual drawing of Thin Film Nanocomposite (TFN) reverse
osmosis membranes
Figure 4-1: Carbon emissions of water produced in cogeneration plants, kg
CO2 per m3 of water produced
Figure 5-1: Percentage of population facing severe water stress, 2007 and
2030
Figure 5-2: Proportion of renewable water resources withdrawn (MDG water
indicator): surface water and groundwater withdrawal as percentage of total
actual renewable water resources, 2001
Figure 5-3: Global water needs including potential climate
change/pollution-driven change, 2005 to 2030, km3
Figure 5-4: Aggregated global gap between existing accessible, reliable
supply (1) and 2030 water withdrawals, assuming no efficiency gains, 1,000
billion m3
Figure 5-5: Water footprint for different energy sources
Figure 8-1: Growth in contracted and commissioned desalination capacity by
period, %
Figure 8-2: Annual growth in new contracted and commissioned desalination
capacity by year, 2000 to 2010, %
Figure 9-1: Total desalination capacity by country, m3 per day
Figure 11-1: Government targets for annual desalination production
capacity, million m3 per year
Figure 11-2: Seawater desalination in each desalination facility in Israel
in 2010 and 2014, million m3 per year
Figure 11-3: Planned seawater desalination capacity from 2004 to 2020, m3
per day
Figure 11-4: Cost comparison of large-scale seawater reverse osmosis
desalination plants built between 1997 and 2010, USD per m3
Figure 12-1: Share of combined water and power in power-generation
capacity additions in selected MENA countries, 2004 to 2030, GW
Figure 12-2: Water demand in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the UAE, Qatar, Algeria
and Libya (not including agricultural), million m3
Figure 12-3: SWCC desalination plants and status
Figure 12-4: Growth in annual water and electricity production, 1980 to
2009, million m3 and million MWh
Figure 15-1: Rainfall percentages, January to May 2010
Figure 15-2: Desalination capacity in different states and territories,
2008 and 2013
Figure 15-3: Australian desalination sites, outlook to year 2013
Figure 15-4: Cost of recent desalination projects, m3 per day
Figure 16-1: Location and extent of saline aquifers
Figure 16-2: US drought monitor, December 2008
Figure 19-1: Simulated land average maximum number of consecutive dry days
for different European regions: 1860 to 2100
Figure 21-1: Estimated seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant
construction costs as a function of capacity, USD million per million gallons
per day capacity
Figure 21-2: Typical costs for a very large salt water thermal
desalination plant
Figure 21-3: Costs of water production for a 100,000 m3 per day seawater
RO desalination plant
Figure 21-4: Present and project costs for desalinated water from seawater
reverse osmosis plants, USD per m3
Figure 21-5: Cost of water by source, USD per m3
Figure 22-1: Predicted growth in desalination capacity, billion m3 per day
Figure 22-2: Worldwide installed desalination capacity, million m3 per day
Figure 23-1: Global market forecast for seawater and brackish water
desalination plants, 2005 to 2015, USD billion
NRG Expert Global Desalination Report Ed 1 2012 published by NRG Expert in July 23, 2012. This report consists of 255 Pages and the price starts from US $ 1785.
