Market Research Report
Rare Earths & Yttrium: Market outlook to 2015, 14th edition 2011
Published by
Roskill Information Services, Ltd.
Published
November 11, 2011 Product code
223949
Content info
492 pages
Price
Rare Earths & Yttrium: Market outlook to 2015, 14th edition 2011
Published: November 11, 2011
From USD 7500
492 pages
Abstract
The rare earths industry is at a turning point, as new sources of supply come
on stream, industry in China consolidates under a limited number of state
owned enterprises, and consumers re-evaluate the way in which rare earths are
used after a period of unprecedented high prices.
Measures taken to control production in China are becoming more effective,
resulting in a decline in official production of over 4%py from 2006 to 2011.
In 2011, China accounted for 94% of world production and this is expected to
fall to just over 70% by 2015. An increasing proportion of Chinese supply is
now required for its domestic industries which will account for 70% of total
demand for rare earths in 2011. New projects in the rest of the world are
forecast to contribute an additional 56,000-57,000t REO to supply by 2015.
All the growth in demand between 2005 and 2010 came from China (11%py); growth
in the rest of the world fell by almost 4%py, largely a consequence of the
global economic downturn in 2009 and a tightening of the Chinese export quota
in 2010, which restricted availability. In the years to 2015, the main demand
driver will be the use of rare earths in NdFeB magnets, which are forecast to
grow at 11-13%py as potential markets expand to include applications in
permanent magnet motors for electric vehicles and wind turbines. Magnets could
account for nearly one third of demand by 2015. Strong growth in demand is
also forecast for rare earths in NiMH batteries, phosphors, optical glass and
ceramics.
From June 2010, when the Chinese export quota fell by nearly 40%, prices for
most rare earths began to rise sharply, particularly for the lower cost LREEs
where traders limited sales in order to maximise exports of higher value
HREEs. Prices for those rare earths used in magnet alloys also rose rapidly in
response to strong demand within China. At the start of Q4 2011, prices
underwent some correction but are still at a level that has caused end users
to look at reformulation, alternative technologies and recycling.
Get accurate answers from independent experts
Where are the most prospective sources of rare earths?
What proportion of additional supply in 2015 will be based on LREE
deposits?
Which are the main companies involved in the consolidation of the Chinese
rare earths industry?
What are the main factors affecting demand for rare earths in glass and
polishing powders?
What is the outlook for the supply demand balance in the rare earth market?
What are the main factors affecting price trends to 2015?
Table of Contents 1 Summary
1.1 Supply
1.2 Demand
1.3 Review of applications
1.4 Prices
1.5 Future trends
2 Introduction
3 Occurrence and reserves
3.1 Mineral resources and reserves
3.2 Rare earth occurrences
3.2.1 Primary deposits
3.2.1.1 Carbonatites
3.2.1.2 Igneous rock
3.2.2 Secondary deposits
3.2.3 Other sources
3.3 Reserves
3.3.1 Rare earth reserves
3.3.2 Yttrium reserves
4 Mining and processing
4.1 Rare earth ores
4.1.1 Bastnaesite
4.1.2 Ion absorption clays
4.1.3 Monazite
4.1.3.1 Mining & physical separation
4.1.3.2 Alkaline processing of monazite
4.1.3.3 Acid processing of monazite
4.1.4 Xenotime
4.1.5 Eudialyte
4.1.6 Apatite
4.1.7 Loparite
4.1.8 Uranium raffinates
4.2 Solvent extraction (Liquid-liquid extraction)
4.3 Ion absorption (Liquid-solid extraction)
5 World production of rare earths
5.1 Rare earth minerals
5.2 Processed rare earths
5.3 Future supply
6 Production and processing of rare earths by country and company
6.1 Greenland
6.1 Australia
6.1.1 Reserves
6.1.2 Alkane Resources Limited (Dubbo Zirconia Project)
6.1.3 Arafura Resources Limited (Nolans Project)
6.1.4 Lynas Corporation Limited (Mount Weld Project)
6.1.4.1 Kangankunde Carbonatite Complex
6.2 South Africa
6.2 Austria
6.2.1 Treibacher Industrie AG
6.3 Belgium
6.4 Brazil
6.5 Canada
6.5.1 Avalon Rare Metals Inc.
6.5.1.1 Nechalacho REE Deposit
6.5.2 Great Western Minerals Group Ltd
6.5.2.1 Hoidas Lake REE deposit
6.5.3 Matamec Explorations Inc
6.5.4 Neo Material Technologies
6.5.5 Quest Rare Minerals Ltd
6.5.5.1 Strange Lake REE Deposit
6.5.5.2 Misery Lake REE deposit
6.6 China
6.6.1 Reserves
6.6.2 Chinese government policy for the rare earth industry
6.6.3 Government controls on rare earth mining
6.6.4 Government controls on processing of rare earths
6.6.4.1 Environmental controls
6.6.4.2 Production quotas
6.6.5 Overview of mining and processing
6.6.6 Consolidation of ownership of rare earth resources and processing
operations
6.6.7 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies in
Inner Mongolia
6.6.7.1 Inner Mongolia Baotou Steel Rare Earth (Group) Hi-Tech Co.
(Baotou Rare Earth)
6.6.7.2 Baotou Xinyuan Rare Earths Co.
6.6.7.3 Baotou Rhodia Rare Earth
6.6.7.4 Baotou Jinmeng Rare Earth Co.
6.6.7.5 Baotou Damao Rare Earths Co
6.6.7.6 Baotou Santoku Battery Material Company
6.6.7.7 Baotou Showa Rare Earth Hi-Tech New Material Co.
6.6.7.8 Other privately held processors
6.6.8 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies in
Shandong
6.6.8.1 Weishan Lake Rare Earth Co.
6.6.8.2 Zibo Lingzhi Rare Earth Hi-Tech Co
6.6.8.3 Zibo Jiahua AMR New Material
6.6.9 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies in
Sichuan
6.6.9.1 Sichuan Jiangxi Copper Rare Earths Co. (SJCRE)
6.6.9.2 Leshan Shenge Rare Earth Science and Technology
6.6.10 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies
in Jiangxi
6.6.10.1 China Minmetals Rare Earth (Ganzhou) Shareholding Co.
6.6.10.2 Chinalco
6.6.10.3 Ganzhou Qiandong Industrial Group (GQD)
6.6.10.4 Ganzhou Chenguang Rare Earths New Material Co
6.6.10.5 Ganzhou Dayou Rare Earths Hi-Tech Co
6.6.10.6 Jiangxi Golden Century Advanced Materials Co. (JGC)
6.6.10.7 Ganzhou Xinci Advanced Material Co
6.6.10.8 Ganzhou Zhaori Rare Earth New Materials Co
6.6.11 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies
in Guangdong
6.6.11.1 Guangdong Rising Non-Ferrous Metals Group Co. (GDRNM)
6.6.11.2 China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry?s Foreign Engineering and
Construction Co. (NFC)
6.6.11.3 Guangzhou Jianfeng Rare Earths Co.
6.6.12 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies
in Fujian
6.6.12.1 Fujian Changting Rare Earth Co
6.6.12.2 Xiamen Tungsten Changting Jinlong Rare Earth Co. (JLRE)
6.6.13 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies
in Hunan
6.6.13.1 Hunan Yiyang Hongyuan Rare Earth Shareholding Co
6.6.13.2 Taojiang Rare Earth Metals Smelting Plant
6.6.13.3 Hunan Yongzhou Xiangjing Rare Earth Co
6.6.13.4 Yongzhou Haozhi Rare Earth Co
6.6.14 Profiles of the main rare earth mining and processing companies
in Guangxi
6.6.14.1 Guangxi Hezhou Jinyuan Rare Earth Functional Materials Co
6.6.14.2 Guangxi Qinzhou Jiahua Mining Industry Co
6.6.15 Profiles of the main rare earth processing companies in Jiangsu
6.6.15.1 China Rare Earth Holdings (CRE)
6.6.15.2 Liyang Rhodia Founder Rare Earth New Material Co
6.6.15.3 Jiangyin Jiahua AMR Co. (JAMR)
6.6.15.4 Yixing Changjiang Rare Earth Smelting Co
6.6.15.5 Jiangsu Guosheng Rare Earth Co
6.6.15.6 Funing Rare Earth Industry Co
6.6.15.7 Jiangsu Geoquin Nano Rare Earth Co
6.6.15.8 Changsu Shengchang Rare Earth Smelting Plant
6.6.15.9 Lianyungang Ligang Rare Earth Industry Co
6.6.16 Profiles of the main rare earth processing companies in Gansu
6.6.16.1 Gansu Rare Earth New Materials Co. (GSRE)
6.6.16.2 Gansu Advanced Materials Company
6.6.17 Profile of the main rare earth processing companies in Sha?anxi
6.6.17.1 Xi?an Xijun New Materials Co
6.6.18 Profiles of the main rare earth processing companies in Beijing
6.6.18.1 GRIREM Advanced Materials Ltd
6.6.18.2 Beijing Sanjili New Material Shareholding Co
6.6.19 Domestic market for rare earths
6.6.20 Factors affecting Chinese exports of rare earths
6.6.20.1 Export taxes
6.6.20.2 Export quotas
6.6.21 Foreign trade
6.6.21.1 Imports
6.6.21.2 Exports
6.6.22 Building rare earth stockpiles in China
6.7 Estonia
6.8 France
6.9 Germany
6.9.1 International trade
6.9.2 Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co KG
6.9.3 Siemens AG
6.9.4 BASF
6.9.5 W.R. Grace & Co. (Grace Davison)
6.9.6 MS Schramberg GmbH & Co KG
6.10.1 Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd
6.10.2 Hudson Resources Inc
6.10.3 Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S
6.11 India
6.11.1 Reserves
6.11.2 Production and trade
6.11.3 Indian Rare Earths Ltd
6.11.4 Kerala Minerals and Metals
6.11.5 Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd
6.12 Japan
6.12.1 Downstream rare earth processors
6.12.1.1 Anan Kasei Co Ltd
6.12.1.2 Hitachi Metals Ltd
6.12.1.3 Showa Denko K.K.
6.12.1.4 Sojitz Corporation
6.12.1.5 Aichi Steel Corporation
6.12.1.6 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co Ltd
6.12.1.7 Toyota Tsusho Corporation
6.12.1.8 Sumitomo Corporation
6.12.1.9 Santoku Corporation
6.12.1.10 Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co Ltd (Mitsui Kinzoku)
6.12.1.11 Nippon Yttrium Co Ltd
6.12.1.12 AGC Seimi Chemical Co Ltd
6.12.1.13 JGC Catalysts and Chemicals
6.12.1.14 Sumikin Molycorp Inc
6.13 Kazakhstan
6.13.1 Reserves
6.13.2 Summit Atom Rare Earth Company
6.13.3 Irtysh Rare Earth Company Ltd
6.14 Kyrgyz Republic
6.14.1 Reserves
6.14.2 Stans Energy Corporation
6.15 Malawi
6.16 Malaysia
6.17 The Netherlands
6.18 North Korea (Democratic People?s Republic of Korea)
6.19 Russia
6.19.1 Reserves
6.19.2 Tomtor Deposit
6.19.3 OJSC Uralkali (Karnasurt & Umbozero Mines)
6.19.4 Minor producers
6.19.5 Russian rare earth trade
6.20.1 Reserves
6.20.2 Frontier Rare Earths Ltd
6.20.3 Great Western Minerals Group Ltd
6.21 South Korea (Republic of Korea)
6.22 Sweden
6.23 Tanzania
6.24 Thailand
6.25 Sri Lanka
6.26 UK
6.26.1 Less Common Metals Ltd
6.26.2 Optical Surface Technologies
6.26.3 Johnson Matthey
6.26.4 Magnesium Elektron
6.26.5 MEL Chemicals Inc
6.27 USA
6.27.1 Reserves
6.27.2 Production
6.27.3 Trade
6.27.4 Molycorp Minerals
6.27.5 Rare Element Resources Ltd
6.27.6 Ucore Rare Metals Inc
6.27.7 Great Western Technologies Inc
6.27.8 W.R. Grace & Co
6.27.9 Albemarle Corporation
6.27.10 Blue Line Corporation
6.27.11 Palm International Inc
6.28 Vietnam
6.28.1 Showa Denko Rare Earth Vietnam Co Ltd
6.28.2 Vinacomin Group
7 World consumption
7.1 Rare earths classification
7.2 Global consumption
7.3 Rare earth consumption by market-sector
7.3.1 Permanent magnets
7.3.2 Metallurgical applications
7.3.3 Catalysts
7.3.4 Polishing
7.3.5 Glass additives
7.3.6 Phosphors and pigments
7.3.7 Ceramics
7.3.8 Other applications
7.4 Major geographical markets
7.4.1 China
7.4.2 Japan and other Asia
7.4.3 USA
7.5 Future consumption of rare earths
8 Consumption by end-use
8.1 Holmium
8.1 Lanthanum
8.2 Cerium
8.3 Praseodymium
8.4 Neodymium
8.5 Samarium
8.6 Europium
8.7 Gadolinium
8.8 Terbium
8.9 Dysprosium
8.11 Erbium
8.12 Thulium
8.13 Ytterbium
8.14 Lutetium
8.15 Yttrium
9 Permanent magnets
9.1 NdFeB magnets
9.2 SmCo magnets
9.3 Manufacturing process of rare earth permanent magnets
9.3.1 Manufacture of magnet alloys
9.3.2 Manufacture of magnets
9.3.3 Intellectual property rights
9.3.4 Recycling of rare earth magnets
9.4 Global production of permanent magnets
9.4.1 China
9.4.2 Japan
9.4.2.1 Demand for rare earth metals in the manufacture of rare earth
permanent magnets
9.4.2.2 Sintered NdFeB magnets
9.4.2.3 Bonded magnets
9.4.3 Other countries
9.5 Producers of rare earth permanent magnets and magnetic materials
9.5.1 Chinese integrated producers of rare earth permanent magnet alloys
and permanent magnets
9.5.1.1 Baotou Rare Earth
9.5.1.2 China Minmetals
9.5.2 Chinese producers of rare earth permanent magnet alloys
9.5.2.1 Beijing Sanjili New Materials
9.5.2.2 Ganzhou Qiandong Rare Earth Co.
9.5.2.3 GRIREM Advanced Material
9.5.2.4 Xiamen Tungsten Changting Jinlong Rare Earth(JLRE)
9.5.2.5 Other producers of magnet alloy
9.5.3 Chinese producers of NdFeB magnets
9.5.3.1 Beijing Zhongke San Huan High-Tech
9.5.3.2 Beijing Advanced Technology & Materials
9.5.3.3 Ningbo Yunsheng High-Tech Magnetics
9.5.3.4 Beijing Jingci Magnetism Technology (BJMT)
9.5.3.5 Magnequench
9.5.3.6 Shanghai Roco Magnetic
9.5.3.7 Shanxi Huiqiang Magnets
9.5.3.8 Zhejiang Innuovo Magnetics
9.5.3.9 Shanxi Innuovo Magnetic
9.5.3.10 Ningbo Zhao Bao Magnet Co. Ltd.
9.5.3.11 Ningbo Ketian Magnet Co. Ltd.
9.5.3.12 Jingyu Magnetic Corporation
9.5.3.13 Shanxi Jinshan Magnetic Material Co., Ltd
9.5.3.14 Daido Electronics
9.5.3.15 Fujian Ningdu Xingyu S & T
9.5.3.16 Baosteel Magnetic (Jiangsu)
9.5.3.17 Tianhe (Baotou) Advanced Tech Magnet
9.5.3.18 Jiangxi Yingguang Magnets
9.5.3.19 Other magnet projects
9.5.3.20 Other NdFeB magnet producers
9.5.4 Chinese producers of SmCo magnets
9.5.5 Japanese producers of rare earth permanent magnet alloys and
permanent magnets
9.5.5.1 Shin Etsu Chemical
9.5.5.2 Showa Denko
9.5.5.3 Santoku
9.5.5.4 Hitachi Metals
9.5.5.5 Chuden Rare Earth
9.5.5.6 Daido Electronics
9.5.6 North American producers of permanent magnet metal alloys and
permanent magnets
9.5.6.1 Great Western Minerals Group (GWMG)
9.5.6.2 Electron Energy (EEC)
9.5.6.3 Arnold Magnetic Technologies
9.5.6.4 Molycorp Minerals
9.5.6.5 Materials and Electrochemical Research
9.5.7 European producers of rare earth permanent magnet alloys and
permanent magnets
9.5.7.1 Vacuumschmelze (VAC)
9.5.7.2 Less Common Metals (LCM)
9.5.8 Other producers of rare earth permanent magnet alloys and permanent magnets
9.6 Rare earth permanent magnet applications
9.6.1 Automotive related industries
9.6.1.1 Standard automotive applications
9.6.1.2 Hybrid and electric automotive applications
9.6.2 Electronics related industries
9.6.3 Electric bicycles
9.6.4 Railroad related industries
9.6.5 Air conditioning units and condensers
9.6.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
9.6.7 Wind turbines
9.6.8 Other
9.7 Future consumption of rare earths in permanent magnets
9.8 Alternative technologies
10 Metallurgical applications
10.1 Fuel cells
10.1 Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries
10.1.1 Production of NiMH batteries
10.1.2 Producers of NiMH battery alloy
10.1.2.1 China
10.1.2.2 Japan
10.1.2.3 USA
10.1.3 Use of NiMH batteries in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
10.1.3.1 HEV manufacturers
10.1.3.2 Competition from Li-ions in automobiles
10.1.4 Use of NiMH batteries in electronic devices
10.2 Lanthanum-nickel alloys for hydrogen storage
10.2.1 Production of lanthanum-nickel alloys
10.3 Steel
10.3.1 High strength, low alloy steels
10.3.2 Stainless steel
10.3.3 Other steels
10.4 Cast iron
10.4.1 The use of rare earths in ductile cast iron
10.4.2 Ferro silicon magnesium
10.5 Magnesium alloys
10.6 Aluminium alloys
10.7 Galfan
10.8 Superalloys
10.8.1 Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys
10.9 Lighter flints
10.11 Production of mischmetal for use as an alloy
10.12 Future consumption of rare earths for metallurgical applications
11 Catalysts 28
11.1 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts
11.1.1 FCCs in petroleum refining
11.1.2 Structure of the FCC industry
11.1.3 Producers of FCC catalysts
11.1.3.1 Grace Davison
11.1.3.2 BASF
11.1.3.3 Albemarle
11.1.3.4 JGC Catalysts & Chemicals
11.1.3.5 Sinopec Catalysts (SCC)
11.1.3.6 Johnson Matthey
11.1.4 Future consumption of rare earths in FCCs
11.2 Autocatalysts
11.2.1 Types of autocatalyst
11.2.2 Role of oxygen sensors in autocatalysts
11.2.3 Recycling of autocatalysts
11.2.4 Diesel particulate filters and fuel additives
11.2.5 Structure of the autocatalyst industry
11.2.6 Producers of rare earth materials for autocatalysts
11.2.6.1 Rhodia Group
11.2.6.2 Neo Material Technologies
11.2.6.3 MEL Chemicals
11.2.7 Producers of autocatalysts
11.2.7.1 Johnson Matthey
11.2.7.2 BASF
11.2.7.3 Umicore
11.2.7.4 Cataler
11.2.7.5 Wuxi Weifu Lida (leader) Catalytic Convertor
11.2.7.6 Chongqing Pruiting Environmental Protection Technology
11.2.7.7 Taizhou Three-Way Catalytic Convertor
11.2.8 Production of automobiles
11.2.9 Development of emissions standards
11.2.10 Future consumption of rare earths in autocatalysts
11.3 Other catalytic applications
11.3.1 Synthetic rubber
11.3.2 Ammoxidation catalysts
11.3.3 Minor catalytic applications
11.4 Future consumption of rare earths in catalysts
12 Polishing
12.1 Production of polishing compounds
12.2 The polishing process
12.3 Polishing by application
12.3.1 Flat glass polishing
12.3.1.1 Producers of flat glass
12.3.2 Optical glass polishing
12.3.2.1 Producers of optical glass
12.3.3 Display panel polishing
12.3.3.1 Producers of LCD glass
12.3.4 Electronic component polishing
12.3.4.1 Glass hard disc (GHD) drives
12.3.4.2 Semiconductors and integrated circuits
12.3.4.3 Lithographic photomasks
12.3.5 Other polishing applications
12.4 Leading producers of rare earth polishing powders
12.4.1 China
12.4.1.1 Baotou Rare Earth
12.4.1.2 Baotou Hailiang Science and Technology
12.4.1.3 Baotou Xinyuan Rare Earth High and New Material
12.4.1.4 China Rare Earth Holdings
12.4.1.5 Hao Zhi Group
12.4.1.6 Metall Rare Earth
12.4.1.7 Lanzhou Debo Chemical
12.4.1.8 Others
12.4.2 Japan
12.4.2.1 Seimi Chemical
12.4.2.2 Showa Denko
12.4.2.3 Mitsui Mining and Smelting
12.4.3 Europe
12.4.3.1 Rhodia Electronics and Catalysis
12.4.3.2 Treibacher Industrie
12.4.3.3 Silmet
12.4.3.4 Optical Surface Technologies
12.4.3.5 Chepetsky Mechanical Plant
12.4.3.6 Cerium Group
12.4.3.7 OCI Materials
12.4.4 USA
12.4.4.1 Ferro Corporation
12.4.4.2 Grace Davison
12.5 Future consumption of rare earths in polishing
13 Glass additives
13.1 Glass stabilisation
13.1.1 Browning
13.1.2 Solarisation
13.2 Glass decolourising
13.3 Glass colourising
13.4 Other applications for rare earths in glass
13.4.1 Optical glass
13.4.2 Fluorescence
13.4.3 Glass coating
13.4.4 Speciality glass applications
13.5 Trends in display panel production
13.6 Future consumption of rare earths by the glass industry
14 Phosphors and pigments
14.1 Phosphors
14.1.1 Production of rare earth phosphors
14.1.2 Consumption of rare earths in phosphor production
14.1.3 Consumption of rare earth phosphors
14.1.4 Producers of rare earth phosphors
14.1.4.1 China
14.1.4.2 Japan
14.1.4.3 Europe
14.1.4.4 USA
14.1.5 Lighting applications for rare earth phosphors
14.1.5.1 Fluorescent lighting
14.1.5.2 LED lighting
14.1.5.3 Use of fluorescent and LED lamps in general lighting
applications
14.1.5.4 Use of fluorescent and LED lamps in LCD backlighting
14.1.5.5 Mercury-vapour lamps
14.1.5.6 Oil and gas lamp mantles
14.1.5.7 Carbon arc lamps
14.1.5.8 High-pressure sodium lamps
14.1.6 Display tube and panel applications for rare earth phosphors
14.1.6.1 Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
14.1.6.2 Flat panel displays (FPDs)
14.1.7 Medical radiography applications for rare earth phosphors
14.1.8 Signage applications for rare earth phosphors
14.1.9 Other applications for rare earth phosphors
14.1.10 Future consumption of rare earths in phosphors
14.2 Pigments
14.2.1 Ceramic stains
14.2.2 Opacification
14.2.3 Producers of specialist rare earth pigments
14.2.4 Consumption of rare earth pigments in ceramic tiles
14.2.4.1 Producers of ceramic tiles
14.2.5 Future consumption of rare earths in pigments
15 Advanced ceramics
15.1 Refractories
15.2 Electrical and electronic ceramics
15.2.1 Ceramic capacitors
15.2.1.1 Producers of ceramic capacitors
15.2.2 Solid oxide fuel cells
15.2.3 Humidity sensors
15.2.4 Collision sensors
15.2.5 Hydrogen production
15.2.6 Electro-optic ceramics
15.3 Engineering ceramics
15.3.1 Yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ)
15.3.1.1 Production of PSZ ceramics
15.3.1.2 Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP)
15.4 SiAlONs
15.5 Silicon nitride
15.5.1.1 Hot pressed silicon nitride
15.5.1.2 Sintered silicon nitride
15.5.1.3 Ceramic hybrid bearing applications for silicon nitride
15.6 Producers of rare earth advanced ceramics
15.6.1 Ferro
15.6.2 Tosoh
15.6.3 MEL Chemicals
15.6.4 CeramTec
15.6.5 Others
15.7 Future consumption of rare earths by the ceramics industry
16 Other applications
16.1 Microwave applications
16.1 Defence applications
16.2 Algae control
16.2 Fertilisers
16.3 Lasers
16.3.1 Rare earth-doped lasers
16.3.2 Industrial materials processing applications for rare earth-doped
lasers
16.3.3 Medical applications for rare earth-doped lasers
16.3.4 Fusion reactor applications for rare earth-doped lasers
16.3.5 Other applications for rare earth-doped lasers
16.4 Optical fibres
16.5 Nuclear uses
16.5.1 Neutron absorbers in nuclear reactors
16.5.1.1 Neutron poisons
16.5.1.2 Control rods
16.5.1.3 Neutron absorbing coatings
16.5.1.4 Neutron radiography
16.5.1.5 Measurement of ground stress
16.6 Superconductors
16.7 Magnetostrictive alloys
16.8 Jewellery
16.9 Electron microscopes
16.11 Self-cleaning ovens
16.12 Water purification technology
16.13 Medical uses
16.14 Textiles
16.15 Cement additive
16.16 Propulsion jets
16.17 Geology
16.18 Paints/coating additives
16.19 Solar energy systems
16.21 Potential new commercial applications for rare earths
16.21.1 Magnetic refrigeration
16.21.2 Other
16.22 Future demand for rare earths in other applications
17 International trade in rare earths
17.1 Trade in rare earth mineral concentrates
17.2 Trade in cerium compounds
17.3 Trade in rare earth compounds (excluding cerium)
17.4 Trade in rare earth metals and alloys
18 Forecast supply and demand
19 Rare earth prices
19.1 Rare earth oxides
19.2 Ores and concentrates
19.3 Intermediate compounds
19.4 Rare earth metals
19.5 Outlook for rare earth prices
Tables Listing
1 Properties of the rare earth elements and yttrium
2 Formulae of major minerals containing rare earths
3 Rare earth content of major source minerals
4 World reserves of rare earths (excluding yttrium) 2011
5 World reserves of yttrium, 2011
6 Dubbo Zirconia Project: Proposed output
7 Arafura Resources: Total resources for the Nolans Project
8 Arafura Resources: Distribution of REOs in the Nolans rare earth project
9 Lynas Corporation Limited: Mineral resource at the Central Lanthanide
Deposit and the Duncan Deposit at 2.5% REO cut-off
10 Lynas Corporation Limited: IAEA recommendation from June 2011 study of
Lynas Advanced Minerals Plant necessary for a pre-operation licence
11 Austria: Inferred export statistics of rare earth compounds as reported
by importing countries, 2005-2010
12 Austria: Treibacher Industrie: Sales, capital cost and export figures,
2006-2010
13 Belgium: Exports of rare earth metals to trade partners, 2001-2010
14 Avalon Rare Metals Inc.: Mineral resource at the Nechalacho rare
element deposit, Thor Lake
15 Great Western Minerals Group: Summary of exploration projects
16 Matamec Exploration Inc.: REE scenario mineral resource at Kipawa
REE-Zr deposit, Quebec
17 Matamec Exploration Inc.: Zr scenario mineral resource at Kipawa REE-Zr
deposit, Quebec
18 Neo Material Technologies: Separated rare earth products from the ZAMR
facility
19 Neo Material Technologies: Trade and sales data for 2006-2010
20 Quest Rare Minerals: Mineral Resource at Strangle Lake Rare Earth
Deposit, Canada
21 China: Growth of the rare earths industry
22 China: Rare earth distribution for major ores
23 China: Mining Quota issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources,
2006-2011
24 China: Production quota, 2007-2011
25 China: Production quotas by province, 2010 & 2011
26 China: Comparison of mining and production quotas and reported
production, 2007-2010
27 China: Mine production of rare earths, 2010
28 China: Leading rare earth processing companies
29 China; Summary of activities designed to consolidate control of mining
and processing
30 Baotou Rare Earth: Processing capacity
31 Baotou Rare Earth: Details of main operations
32 China: Production of added-value downstream rare earth products,
2006-2010
33 China: Consumption of rare earth oxides in all rare earth products,
2006-2010
34 China: Exports taxes on rare earth products effective 2010, 2011,
changes highlighted
35 China: Total annual rare earth export quota granted to Chinese and
foreign invested companies, 2005 to 2011
36 China: Rare earth export quota granted to Chinese companies, 2011
37 China Imports of rare earth ores, intermixtures, oxides, salts and
metals, 2006-2010
38 Chinese exports of rare earth compounds and metals 2006-2011
39 Value of Chinese rare earth exports, 2006-2010
40 Unit value of Chinese rare earth exports, 2006-2010
41 Chinese exports of rare earth compounds and metals 2006-2010
42 Value of Chinese rare earth exports, 2006-2010
43 Unit value of Chinese rare earth exports, 2006-2010
44 Destination of Chinese rare earth exports, 2001-2010
45 Estonia: Exports of rare earth compounds to partner countries, 2000-2010
46 Molycorp Silmet: Production of rare earth products in Estonia
47 France: Chinese exports of rare earth compounds to France, 2002-2010
48 France: Chinese export quota for foreign invested companies, 2007-2011
49 Germany: German imports of rare earth compounds and metals, 2005-2010
50 BASF catalyst division manufacturing facilities
51 Greenland Minerals and Energy: Mineral Resource at Kvanefjeld Deposit
52 Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S: Reported grades for Tanbreez
multi-element deposit
53 India: Exports of rare earth products, 2002-2010
54 India: Indian imports of rare earth products, 2002-2010
55 Indian Rare Earths: Annual production of individual minerals
56 Japan: Imbalance between Japanese-Chinese imports and exports of rare
earth oxides, 2001-2010
57 Japan: Demand for rare earths by industry, 2007-2011
58 Japan: Production of end products containing rare earths, 2008-2010
59 Nippon Yttrium: Co-precipitate rare earth products
60 Summit Atom Rare Earth Company: Projected rare earth oxide distribution
in LREO and HREO concentrates
61 Kyrgyz Republic: Kutessay II: Measured and indicated resource estimation
62 Russia: List of major rare earth element deposits
63 Russia: Shareholder structure of Uralkali on 24th May 2011 after
Silvinit merger
64 Russia: Minor producers and past producers of rare earth products in
Russia
65 Frontier Rare Earths: Mineral resource at Zandkopsdrift rare earth
project
66 Frontier Rare Earths: Separated mineral resources for ZC1-A, ZC1-B and
ZC1-C, Zandkopsdrift
67 Great Western Minerals Group: Steenkampskraal resource estimation
68 Great Western Minerals Group: Projected distribution of Steenkampskraal
processing output
69 Tasman Metals: Norra Krr project resource estimation, Nov 2010
70 UK: Imports of rare earth compounds, 2004-2010
71 UK: Exports of rare earth compounds and metal, 2004-2010
72 Magnesium Elektron, UK: Rare earth bearing magnesium alloy products,
their characteristics and uses
73 USA: Imports of rare earth products, 2006-2010
74 USA: Exports of rare earth products, 2006-2010,
75 Molycorp Minerals LLC: Mineral Resource at the Mountain Pass deposit
76 Molycorp Minerals LLC: Production of REO at Molycorp facilities for
Q1-Q2 2011 and forecast production for Q3-Q4 2011
77 Molycorp Minerals: Major customers for Mountain Pass production,
2009-2010
78 Rare Element Resources: Mineral Resource at Bear Lodge REE deposit in
Wyoming
79 Ucore Rare Metals Inc.: Dotson Ridge resource estimation, March 2011
80 Vietnam: Identified deposits of rare earth deposits
81 World: Estimated demand for rare earths in China and ROW, 2000 and 2005
to 2010
82 World: Rare earths markets by region, estimated for 2010
83 China: Growth of Chinese demand within a global context, 2006 to 2010
84 China: Consumption of rare earths by end use, 2007-2010
85 Japan: Demand for rare earths by end-use, 2007-2011
86 World: Estimated demand for rare earths in China and ROW, 2006 to 2010
and 2015
87 World: Forecast demand for rare earths, 2010 and 2015
88 Consumption of rare earths by application
89 Main applications for NdFeB magnets
90 Comparison of permanent magnet types
91 Expiration date of patents for major NdFeB compositions
92 World: Estimated output of NdFeB magnets, 2006, 2008 and 2010
93 World: Production of sintered NdFeB magnets 2000-2006
94 China: Production of rare earth magnets by type, 1996-2010
95 China: Exports of rare earth permanent magnets to major destinations,
2010
96 Japan: Demand for rare earth metals in sintered NdFeB magnets, 2008-2011
97 Japan: Production of NdFeB alloys and sintered NdFeB magnets, 2008-2011
98 Japan: Sales and prices of sintered NdFeB magnets, 2000-2006
99 Japan: Estimated NdFeB sintered magnet production by application,
2001-2006
100 Japanese production of bonded magnets by type, 2005-2010
101 Japanese companies: Production of bonded rare earth permanent magnets
both domestically and overseas, 2005-2010
102 Baotou Rare Earth: Plants producing rare earth metals, alloys and
magnetic materials
103 China: Typical suppliers of NdFeB magnets by major application, 2010
104 Japan: Major producers of permanent magnet alloys and permanent magnets
105 Applications for rare earth permanent magnets
106 Typical weight of NdFeB magnets by application
107 Standard automotive applications using large NdFeB magnets, 2005
108 Magnet consumption per standard vehicle, 2005 & 2008
109 Consumption of NdFeB magnets in hybrid and electric vehicle motor 2008
110 New models offered by major wind turbines manufacturers, 2010
111 Japan: Demand for rare earth metals in metallurgical applications,
2008-2010
112 Japan: Production of major alloy, iron, and steel end-products
containing rare earth metals, 2008-2010
113 Typical properties of secondary battery systems
114 Japan: Production of small secondary batteries, 2005-2010
115 China: Production of La-NiMH batteries, 2000-2005
116 Types of hybrid vehicle
117 Nominal energy density of energy sources for use in automobiles
118 World: Current and planned HEV models, 2009
119 Comparison of storage parameters for several methods of hydrogen
storage
120 China: Production of LaNi5 alloys, 2000 to 2009
121 World production of crude steel by region and country 2006-2011
122 Leading producers of iron castings 2005-2009
123 World: Forecast sales of HEVs, Evs and PHEVs 2010-2016
124 Major FCC manufacturers, 2010
125 The function of rare earths in autocatalysts
126 Rhodia: Catalyst products
127 Johnson Matthey: Catalyst technologies for vehicle, engine and
stationary source emissions
128 BASF: Catalyst technologies
129 World: Production of cars and light commercial vehicles 2005 to 2010
130 EU: Emission standards for passenger vehicles
131 Rhodia: Structure of polishing powder for different glass applications
132 World: Manufacturers and processors of bevelled and wired glass
products
133 World: Manufacturers of optical glass
134 World: Manufacturers of photovoltaic glass
135 Typical lanthanum oxide concentrations of selected optical glasses
136 World: Penetration of LCD televisions by region, 2008 to 2010
137 China: Output of CRT and LCD display panels and televisions, 2000 to
2008
138 Use of rare earth phosphors in electronic applications
139 World: Fluorescent phosphor market, 2002 to 2011
140 China: Estimated consumption of rare earth phosphors, 2003 to 2010
141 Nichia Chemical: Phosphor products
142 Mitsubishi Chemical: Phosphor products
143 China: Output of tri-colour phosphors for fluorescent lamps, 1999 to
2009
144 China: Output of CFLs, 1996 to 2008
145 LED phosphors
146 Selected Asian markets for white LEDs by value, 2008 to 2012
147 World: White LED lighting market value, 2004 to 2014
148 Approximate comparisons of incandescent, fluorescent and LED lighting,
2011
149 Lifespan and efficiency of major indoor lighting types, 2011
150 CRI of major lamp types
151 Backlight installations in LCD televisions by major manufacturer, Q4
2010
152 World: Shipments of television and monitor displays, 2004 to 2010
153 Specifications of phosphors for colour CRTs
154 China: Output of phosphors for CRTs, CRT monitors, and CRT
televisions, 1998 to 2008
155 China: Output of PDP televisions, 2005-2008
156 PDP unit share by major manufacturer, 2009 and 2010
157 World: Production of mobile phones with 3 or larger screens
158 Forecast value of the global lighting market by type, 2008 to 2015
159 Forecast improvement in LED design, 2010-2015
160 Typical rare earth oxide content of ceramic colour stains
161 World: Production of ceramic tiles by leading country, 2006 to 2010
162 China: Production, exports and consumption of ceramic tiles, 2006 to
2010
163 World: Major manufacturers of ceramic tiles, 2008
164 Selected applications for rare earths in the advanced ceramics industry
165 Selected physical properties of engineering ceramics and some
competing materials, typical values
166 Properties of zirconia ceramics
167 World: Selected producers of zirconia ceramics containing rare earth
oxides
168 Properties of an yttria stabilised oxygen sensor electrolyte
169 USA: Use of rare earth elements in the defence/military sector
170 China: Imports of thorium ores (monazite), 2000-2010
171 World: Recorded exports of cerium compounds divided by country of
origin, 2010
172 France: Inferred exports of cerium compounds as reported by partner
countries 2001-2010
173 Global exports of cerium compounds, 2001-2010
174 Discrepancy between Japanese and Chinese trade figure for cerium
compounds, 2005-2010
175 World: Recorded imports of cerium compounds divided by country of
origin, 2010
176 Global imports of cerium compounds, 2001-2010
177 World: Recorded exports of rare earth compounds (excluding cerium)
divided by country of origin 2010
178 World: Exports of rare earth compounds (excluding cerium) 2001-2010
179 Estonia: Imports of rare earth compounds (excluding cerium) from
Russia and the USA, 2008-2011e
180 Leading imports of rare earth compounds excluding cerium by value,
2004-2010
181 World: Recorded imports of rare earth compounds (excluding cerium)
divided by country of origin, 2010
182 Global imports of rare earth compounds (excluding cerium), 2001-2010
183 Global exports of rare earth metals, scandium and yttrium 2001 to 2010
184 World: Recorded exports of rare earth metals divided by country of
origin, 2010
185 Global imports of rare earth metals, scandium and yttrium, 2001 to 2010
186 World: Recorded imports of rare earth metals divided by country of
origin, 2010
187 China: Annual average fob price of rare earth oxides, 2001 to 2011
188 China: Annual average internal price of rare earth oxides, 2005 to 2011
189 World: Significant events that have affected rare earth prices
190 China: Trends in domestic and export prices for selected rare earth
oxides, 2007-2011 Jan-Sept
191 China: Monthly exports of selected rare earth oxides, Jan-Sept 2011
192 Price of Y-medium and Eu-enriched minerals
193 China: Annual average internal price of mischmetal, 2007 to 2011
194 China: Annual average fob price of mischmetal, 2001 to 2011
195 China: Annual average internal price of rare earth metals, 2005 to 2011
196 China: Annual average fob price of rare earth metals, 2001 to 2011
197 China: Annual average internal price of rare earth alloys, 2009 to 2011
Figures Listing
1 Global supply of rare earths 1985-2011
2 Estimated year-on-year growth in global consumption of rare earths,
2000-2010
3 World: Projected supply of rare earths 2010-2015
4 World: Forecast supply demand balance to 2015
5 Typical composition of bastnaesite ore
6 Typical composition of Mt Weld weathered monazite ore
7 Typical composition of Longnan (high-Y) ion-adsorption clay
8 Typical composition of Guangdong (high-Eu) ion-adsorption clay
9 Baiyun Obo simplified rare earth processing sheet for bastnaesite ore
10 Pond and pile method flowsheet for South Chinese ion absorption clay
11 Generalised flowsheet for monazite recovery from heavy mineral sands
12 Ion absorption: Simplified diagram of the displacement chromatography
method
13 Global supply of rare earths 1985-2011
14 World: trends in output of rare earths, 2000-2011
15 World: Production of rare earth minerals by type, 2010
16 World: Projected supply of rare earths 2010-2015
17 Review of current future supply and demand for rare earths by element,
2010 and 2015
18 Canada: Reported imports and exports of rare earth compounds, 2000-2010
19 China: Trends in mine output and domestic consumption 2000-2010
20 Baotou Rare Earth: Corporate structure 2011
21 China: Year-on-Year change in demand for rare earth oxides by
application
22 China: Imports of thorium ores (monazite) 2000-2010
23 Chinese exports of rare earth compounds and metals, 2000-2011
24 China: Unit value of exports of rare earths, 2006-2011 January-August
25 China: Impact of export quotas on exports of rare earth metals,
2004-2010
26 China: Value of exports of rare earth compounds and metals by
destination, 2001-2010
27 France: Inferred exports of rare earth compounds including cerium,
2005-2010
28 Japan: Imports of rare earth compounds and metals, 1994-2010
29 Kazakhstan: Summit Atom Rare Earth Company initial processing flowsheet
30 Kyrgyz Republic: Distribution of rare earth elements in Kutassay II ore
31 Russia: Production of loparite concentrate by OJSC Uralkali contained
REO, 1997-2010
32 Russia: Exports of rare earth compounds including yttrium and scandium,
2005-2010
33 Thailand: Chinese imports of thorium ores and concentrates, 1995-2010
34 Ucore Rare Metals: Distribution of rare earth elements at Dotson Ridge
35 Estimated year-on-year growth in global consumption of rare earths,
2001-2010
36 World: Estimated rare earths consumption by end-use, 2010
37 World: Division of rare earth consumption by major end use, selected
years, 2000-2015
38 China: Proportion of rare earths used in each end-use sector in 2007
and 2010
39 China: Increasing rare earth consumption relative to Japan and other
Asia expressed as a percentage of global demand in 2006 and 2010
40 Japan: Breakdown of rare earths consumption 2010
41 Japan and other Asia: Breakdown of rare earths consumption 2010
42 USA: Estimated rare earths consumption by end-use, 2010
43 China and ROW: Forecast growth in GDP and demand for rare earths, 2010
to 2015
44 World: Forecast demand for rare earths by region, 2015
45 Types of permanent magnet
46 Development of permanent magnet strength
47 Price/performance for NdFeB
48 Process from rare earth ore to NdFeB Magnet
49 Typical NdFeB component alloy mix
50 Production of rare earth alloys for use in magnets
51 Manufacture process for sintered NdFeB/SmCo rare earth magnets from
magnet alloy
52 Magnequench: US patent expiration timeline for NdFeB magnets
53 Recycling methods for NdFeB magnets
54 Application of NdFeB Magnets in the Chinese Domestic Market, 2008
55 Japan: Average number of motors per vehicles, 2008 and 2014
56 World: Installed wind power capacity, 1996 to 2009
57 Comparison of secondary battery energy densities
58 World: Forecast sales of HEVs, Evs and PHEVs, 2008-2016
59 Production of FCC catalysts
60 World: Crude oil refining capacity, 1970-2009
61 Use of FCCs in the petroleum supply chain
62 Manufacture of autocatalysts
63 Market share of diesel vehicles in selected European countries, 1990 to
2008
64 USA (California): Emissions standards for light duty vehicles
65 Elements of the glass slurry polishing process
66 Polishing efficiency for different types of glass
67 Structure of LCD FPDs
68 World: Major producers of TFT-LCD glass substrates, end 2009
69 World: Shipments of LCD by application, 2004 to 2010
70 Japan: Production of LCD televisions, 1999 to 2009
71 Comparison of standard and advanced production of LAP green phosphors
for lamps
72 World: Estimated consumption of rare earths in phosphors by end-use,
2010
73 LED systems used to produce white light
74 World: Forecast output of LCD backlights, 2010-2015
75 Structure and raw materials used in a flat plate solid oxide fuel cell
76 China: Value of rare earth exports, 1995-2010
77 China: Trends in the value and quantity of exports of rare earth
compounds and metals, 1995-2010
78 USA: Imports of rare earth compounds and metals, 2001-2011
79 Japan: Imports of rare earth compounds and metals, 2001-2011
80 China: Exports of cerium products by destination, 2010
81 Japan: Imports of cerium compounds 2000-2010
82 China: Exports of RE compounds (excluding cerium) by destination, 2010
83 Major importing countries: Unit value of rare earth compounds excluding
cerium, 2001-2011e
84 China: Exports of RE metals by destination, 2010
85 World: Forecast supply/demand balance to 2015
86 Supply demand balance in China and the ROW, 2010-2015
87 China: Prices of cerium oxide, July 2009-October 2011
88 China: Prices of lanthanum oxide, July 2009-October 2011
89 China: Prices of praseodymium oxide, July 2009-October 2011
90 China: Prices of neodymium oxide, July 2009-October 2011
91 China: Prices of europium oxide, July 2009-October 2011
92 China: Prices of dysprosium oxide, July 2009-October 2011
93 China: Prices of terbium oxide, July 2009-October 2011
94 China: Prices of rare earth carbonate, January 2007-October 2011,
compared with export trends
95 China: Monthly prices for rare earth chlorides in 2011
96 Comparison of export price trends for dysprosium and neodymium metals
and oxides, 2009-2011
Rare Earths & Yttrium: Market outlook to 2015, 14th edition 2011 published by Roskill Information Services, Ltd. in November 11, 2011. This report consists of 492 pages and the price starts from US $ 7500.
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