PUBLISHER: DelveInsight | PRODUCT CODE: 1126012
PUBLISHER: DelveInsight | PRODUCT CODE: 1126012
DelveInsight's "Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS)- Epidemiology Forecast-2032" report delivers an in-depth understanding of the cytokine release syndrome, historical and forecasted epidemiology as well as the cytokine release syndrome trends in the United States, the EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom), and Japan.
Study Period: 2019-2032.
The DelveInsight's cytokine release syndrome epidemiology report gives a thorough understanding of cytokine release syndrome. Cytokine release syndrome is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by various factors such as infections and certain drugs causing pathologic over-activation of T cells, leading to hypersecretion of cytokines by T cells and other immune cell types. CRS can also occur after certain types of immunotherapy, such as CAR T-cell therapy, and is sometimes called cytokine storm or cytokine-associated toxicity.
Symptoms of CRS are caused by a widespread immune response affecting different organ systems in the body. The symptoms range from mild, flu-like symptoms to severe life-threatening manifestations of the overshooting inflammatory response. Mild symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, rash, arthralgia, and myalgia. Severe symptoms include hypotension as well as high fever and can progress to an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response with vasopressor-requiring circulatory shock, vascular leakage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi-organ system failure.
The pathophysiology of CRS is incompletely understood. CRS usually occurs due to on-target effects induced by binding of the bispecific antibody or CAR T-cell receptor to its antigen and subsequent activation of bystander immune cells and non-immune cells, such as endothelial cells. Activation of the bystander cells results in the massive release of a range of cytokines. The initial activation of CAR T cells results in the distortion of the cytokine network driving the inflammatory process in CRS is unknown (Shimabukuro-Vornhagen et al., 2018).
Currently, no established diagnostic criteria for the CRS are available. An accurate approach included three key findings: compatible clinical symptoms, elevated biomarkers, and recent treatment with any biological agent. Clinically, CRS patients present with unspecific syndromes making the diagnosis challenging. It is important to distinguish CRS from other inflammatory disorders that present with similar clinical signs and symptoms but require different treatment.
There is very little evidence-based data regarding the management of CRS. Currently, no guidelines are available for the standard treatment and it is solely based on the experience of a small group of individuals.
Tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1k antibody that binds to soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors thereby inhibiting IL-6 signaling, is the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of severe or life-threatening CRS (Varadarajan et al., 2020).
Depending on the clinical center both tocilizumab (IL-6R targeting monoclonal antibody) and siltuximab (chimeric anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody) have been used to control CRS. Considering approval of tocilizumab for CRS management by both the US FDA and EMA, there have been concerns about the possible elevation of IL-6 due to blockade of the receptor that subsequently leads to accumulation of this effector cytokine in the CNS. Therefore, the prospect of siltuximab being included to intervene in CRS is probable based on the rationale that it can lead to a favorable outcome in cases of passive diffusion of IL-6 into the CNS. Currently, the greater effectiveness of siltuximab over tocilizumab is highly debatable, and these concerns highlight the need for direct comparative studies that elucidate the efficacy of tocilizumab and siltuximab.
The epidemiology section provides insights about the historical and current cytokine release syndrome patient pool and forecasted trends for individual seven major countries. It helps to recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies and views of key opinion leaders. This part of the report also provides the diagnosed patient pool and their trends along with assumptions undertaken.
The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides a historical as well as forecasted cytokine release syndrome epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, the EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032.
In the year 2021, the total incident cases of cytokine release syndrome were 43,853 in the 7MM which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2019-2032.
The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted cytokine release syndrome epidemiology (segmented as Total Incident Cases of Cytokine Release Syndrome, Grade-specific cases of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS), Cytokine Release Syndrome Cases by CAR-T Therapies, Cytokine Release Syndrome Cases by Bispecific Antibodies, and Cytokine Release Syndrome Cases by Allogenic Transplant in the 7MM covering the United States, the EU5 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032.
The epidemiology segment also provides the cytokine release syndrome epidemiology data and findings across the United States, the EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom), and Japan.
According to the DelveInsight, in the year 2021, the total incident cases of cytokine release syndrome were 11,559 in the United States which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2019-2032.
The highest number of total incident cases of cytokine release syndrome was observed in Germany among the EU5 countries with 8,222 cases in 2021 which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2019-2032.
In the year 2021, the total incident cases of cytokine release syndrome were 3,792 in Japan which are expected to grow during the study period, i.e., 2019-2032.
To keep up with the current cytokine release syndrome patient pool and forecasted trend, we take KOLs and SMEs ' opinions working in the cytokine release syndrome domain through primary research to fill the data gaps and validate our secondary research. Their opinion helps to understand and validate the patient pool and forecasted trend.