The Global Market for Bio-based Materials 2023-2033

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND FEEDSTOCKS

• 2.1. Types
• 2.2. Production capacities
• 2.3. Bio-based adipic acid
  • 2.3.1. Applications and production
• 2.4. 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
  • 2.4.1. Applications and production
• 2.5. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
  • 2.5.1. Applications and production
• 2.6. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
  • 2.6.1. Applications and production
• 2.7. Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
  • 2.7.1. Applications and production
• 2.8. Ethylene
  • 2.8.1. Applications and production
• 2.9. Furfural
  • 2.9.1. Applications and production
• 2.10. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
  • 2.10.1. Applications and production
• 2.11. 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
  • 2.11.1. Applications and production
• 2.12. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA)
  • 2.12.1. Applications and production
• 2.13. Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)
• 2.14. Isosorbide
  • 2.14.1. Applications and production
• 2.15. Itaconic acid
  • 2.15.1. Applications and production
• 2.16. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP)
  • 2.16.1. Applications and production
• 2.17. 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)
  • 2.17.1. Applications and production
• 2.18. Lactic acid (D-LA)
  • 2.18.1. Applications and production
• 2.19. Lactic acid - L-lactic acid (L-LA)
  • 2.19.1. Applications and production
• 2.20. Lactide
  • 2.20.1. Applications and production
• 2.21. Levoglucosenone
  • 2.21.1. Applications and production
• 2.22. Levulinic acid
  • 2.22.1. Applications and production
• 2.23. Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
  • 2.23.1. Applications and production
• 2.24. Monopropylene glycol (MPG)
  • 2.24.1. Applications and production
• 2.25. Muconic acid
  • 2.25.1. Applications and production
• 2.26. Bio-Naphtha
  • 2.26.1. Applications and production
  • 2.26.2. Production capacities
  • 2.26.3. Bio-naptha producers
• 2.27. Pentamethylene diisocyanate
  • 2.27.1. Applications and production
• 2.28. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
  • 2.28.1. Applications and production
• 2.29. Sebacic acid
  • 2.29.1. Applications and production
• 2.30. Succinic acid (SA)
  • 2.30.1. Applications and production

3. BIO-BASED MATERIALS, PLASTICS AND POLYMERS

• 3.1. Bio-based or renewable plastics
  • 3.1.1. Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 3.1.2. Novel bio-based plastics
• 3.2. Biodegradable and compostable plastics
  • 3.2.1. Biodegradability
  • 3.2.2. Compostability
• 3.3. Advantages and disadvantages
• 3.4. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics
• 3.5. Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types
• 3.6. Regional/country production capacities, by main types
  • 3.6.1. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.2. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.3. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.4. Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.5. Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.6. Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.7. Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.8. Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.9. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production capacities, by country
  • 3.6.10. Starch blends production capacities, by country
• 3.7. SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 3.7.1. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 3.7.1.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.1.2. Production
    • 3.7.1.3. Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 3.7.1.3.1. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 3.7.1.3.2. PLA producers and production capacities
      • 3.7.1.3.3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.2. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 3.7.2.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.2.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.2.3. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 3.7.3.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.3.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.3.3. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.4. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 3.7.4.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.4.2. Comparative properties to PET
    • 3.7.4.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 3.7.4.3.1. FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 3.7.4.3.2. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.5. Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 3.7.5.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.5.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.5.3. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.6. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 3.7.6.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.6.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.6.3. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.7. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 3.7.7.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.7.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.7.3. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.8. Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 3.7.8.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.8.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.8.3. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.7.9. Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 3.7.9.1. Market analysis
    • 3.7.9.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.7.9.3. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• 3.8. NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 3.8.1. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 3.8.1.1. Technology description
    • 3.8.1.2. Types
      • 3.8.1.2.1. PHB
      • 3.8.1.2.2. PHBV
    • 3.8.1.3. Synthesis and production processes
    • 3.8.1.4. Market analysis
    • 3.8.1.5. Commercially available PHAs
    • 3.8.1.6. Markets for PHAs
      • 3.8.1.6.1. Packaging
      • 3.8.1.6.2. Cosmetics
        • 3.8.1.6.2.1. PHA microspheres
      • 3.8.1.6.3. Medical
        • 3.8.1.6.3.1. Tissue engineering
        • 3.8.1.6.3.2. Drug delivery
      • 3.8.1.6.4. Agriculture
        • 3.8.1.6.4.1. Mulch film
        • 3.8.1.6.4.2. Grow bags
    • 3.8.1.7. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.8.1.8. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
  • 3.8.2. Polysaccharides
    • 3.8.2.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 3.8.2.1.1. Market analysis
      • 3.8.2.1.2. Producers and production capacities
    • 3.8.2.2. Nanocellulose
      • 3.8.2.2.1. Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 3.8.2.2.1.1. Synthesis
        • 3.8.2.2.1.2. Properties
        • 3.8.2.2.1.3. Production
        • 3.8.2.2.1.4. Applications
        • 3.8.2.2.1.5. Market analysis
        • 3.8.2.2.1.6. Producers and production capacities
      • 3.8.2.2.2. Cellulose nanofibers
        • 3.8.2.2.2.1. Applications
        • 3.8.2.2.2.2. Market analysis
        • 3.8.2.2.2.3. Producers and production capacities
      • 3.8.2.2.3. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 3.8.2.2.3.1. Production
        • 3.8.2.2.3.2. Applications
  • 3.8.3. Protein-based bioplastics
    • 3.8.3.1. Types, applications and producers
  • 3.8.4. Algal and fungal
    • 3.8.4.1. Algal
      • 3.8.4.1.1. Advantages
      • 3.8.4.1.2. Production
      • 3.8.4.1.3. Producers
    • 3.8.4.2. Mycelium
      • 3.8.4.2.1. Properties
      • 3.8.4.2.2. Applications
      • 3.8.4.2.3. Commercialization
  • 3.8.5. Chitosan
    • 3.8.5.1. Technology description
• 3.9. PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
  • 3.9.1. North America
  • 3.9.2. Europe
  • 3.9.3. Asia-Pacific
    • 3.9.3.1. China
    • 3.9.3.2. Japan
    • 3.9.3.3. Thailand
    • 3.9.3.4. Indonesia
  • 3.9.4. Latin America
• 3.10. MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
  • 3.10.1. Packaging
    • 3.10.1.1. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 3.10.1.2. Applications
    • 3.10.1.3. Flexible packaging
      • 3.10.1.3.1. Production volumes 2019-2033
    • 3.10.1.4. Rigid packaging
      • 3.10.1.4.1. Production volumes 2019-2033
  • 3.10.2. Consumer products
    • 3.10.2.1. Applications
  • 3.10.3. Automotive
    • 3.10.3.1. Applications
    • 3.10.3.2. Production capacities
  • 3.10.4. Building & construction
    • 3.10.4.1. Applications
    • 3.10.4.2. Production capacities
  • 3.10.5. Textiles
    • 3.10.5.1. Apparel
    • 3.10.5.2. Footwear
    • 3.10.5.3. Medical textiles
    • 3.10.5.4. Production capacities
  • 3.10.6. Electronics
    • 3.10.6.1. Applications
    • 3.10.6.2. Production capacities
  • 3.10.7. Agriculture and horticulture
    • 3.10.7.1. Production capacities
• 3.11. NATURAL FIBERS
  • 3.11.1. Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
  • 3.11.2. Advantages of natural fibers
  • 3.11.3. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
  • 3.11.4. Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
  • 3.11.5. Challenges
  • 3.11.6. Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
    • 3.11.6.1. Seed fibers
      • 3.11.6.1.1. Cotton
        • 3.11.6.1.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.1.2. Kapok
        • 3.11.6.1.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.1.3. Luffa
    • 3.11.6.2. Bast fibers
      • 3.11.6.2.1. Jute
      • 3.11.6.2.2. Production volumes 2018-2033
        • 3.11.6.2.2.1. Hemp
        • 3.11.6.2.2.2. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.2.3. Flax
        • 3.11.6.2.3.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.2.4. Ramie
        • 3.11.6.2.4.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.2.5. Kenaf
        • 3.11.6.2.5.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
    • 3.11.6.3. Leaf fibers
      • 3.11.6.3.1. Sisal
        • 3.11.6.3.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.3.2. Abaca
        • 3.11.6.3.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
    • 3.11.6.4. Fruit fibers
      • 3.11.6.4.1. Coir
        • 3.11.6.4.1.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.4.2. Banana
        • 3.11.6.4.2.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.4.3. Pineapple
    • 3.11.6.5. Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
      • 3.11.6.5.1. Rice fiber
      • 3.11.6.5.2. Corn
    • 3.11.6.6. Cane, grasses and reed
      • 3.11.6.6.1. Switch grass
      • 3.11.6.6.2. Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
      • 3.11.6.6.3. Bamboo
        • 3.11.6.6.3.1. Production volumes 2018-2033
      • 3.11.6.6.4. Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
    • 3.11.6.7. Modified natural polymers
      • 3.11.6.7.1. Mycelium
      • 3.11.6.7.2. Chitosan
      • 3.11.6.7.3. Alginate
  • 3.11.7. Animal (fibrous protein)
    • 3.11.7.1. Wool
      • 3.11.7.1.1. Alternative wool materials
      • 3.11.7.1.2. Producers
    • 3.11.7.2. Silk fiber
      • 3.11.7.2.1. Alternative silk materials
        • 3.11.7.2.1.1. Producers
    • 3.11.7.3. Leather
      • 3.11.7.3.1. Alternative leather materials
        • 3.11.7.3.1.1. Producers
    • 3.11.7.4. Fur
      • 3.11.7.4.1. Producers
    • 3.11.7.5. Down
      • 3.11.7.5.1. Alternative down materials
        • 3.11.7.5.1.1. Producers
  • 3.11.8. MARKETS FOR NATURAL FIBERS
    • 3.11.8.1. Composites
    • 3.11.8.2. Applications
    • 3.11.8.3. Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
      • 3.11.8.3.1. Properties
      • 3.11.8.3.2. Applications
    • 3.11.8.4. Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
      • 3.11.8.4.1. Automotive
      • 3.11.8.4.2. Applications
    • 3.11.8.5. Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
    • 3.11.8.6. Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
    • 3.11.8.7. Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
      • 3.11.8.7.1. Flax
      • 3.11.8.7.2. Kenaf
    • 3.11.8.8. Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
    • 3.11.8.9. Aerospace
      • 3.11.8.9.1. Market overview
    • 3.11.8.10. Automotive
      • 3.11.8.10.1. Market overview
      • 3.11.8.10.2. Applications of natural fibers
    • 3.11.8.11. Building/construction
      • 3.11.8.11.1. Market overview
      • 3.11.8.11.2. Applications of natural fibers
    • 3.11.8.12. Sports and leisure
      • 3.11.8.12.1. Market overview
    • 3.11.8.13. Textiles
      • 3.11.8.13.1. Market overview
      • 3.11.8.13.2. Consumer apparel
      • 3.11.8.13.3. Geotextiles
    • 3.11.8.14. Packaging
      • 3.11.8.14.1. Market overview
  • 3.11.9. NATURAL FIBERS GLOBAL PRODUCTION
    • 3.11.9.1. Overall global fibers market
    • 3.11.9.2. Plant-based fiber production
    • 3.11.9.3. Animal-based natural fiber production
• 3.12. LIGNIN
  • 3.12.1. INTRODUCTION
    • 3.12.1.1. What is lignin?
      • 3.12.1.1.1. Lignin structure
    • 3.12.1.2. Types of lignin
      • 3.12.1.2.1. Sulfur containing lignin
      • 3.12.1.2.2. Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
    • 3.12.1.3. Properties
    • 3.12.1.4. The lignocellulose biorefinery
    • 3.12.1.5. Markets and applications
    • 3.12.1.6. Challenges for using lignin
  • 3.12.2. LIGNIN PRODUCTON PROCESSES
    • 3.12.2.1. Lignosulphonates
    • 3.12.2.2. Kraft Lignin
      • 3.12.2.2.1. LignoBoost process
      • 3.12.2.2.2. LignoForce method
      • 3.12.2.2.3. Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
      • 3.12.2.2.4. A-Recovery+
    • 3.12.2.3. Soda lignin
    • 3.12.2.4. Biorefinery lignin
      • 3.12.2.4.1. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
    • 3.12.2.5. Organosolv lignins
    • 3.12.2.6. Hydrolytic lignin
  • 3.12.3. MARKETS FOR LIGNIN
    • 3.12.3.1. Market drivers and trends for lignin
    • 3.12.3.2. Production capacities
      • 3.12.3.2.1. Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
      • 3.12.3.2.2. Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
    • 3.12.3.3. Estimated consumption of lignin
    • 3.12.3.4. Prices
    • 3.12.3.5. Heat and power energy
    • 3.12.3.6. Pyrolysis and syngas
    • 3.12.3.7. Aromatic compounds
      • 3.12.3.7.1. Benzene, toluene and xylene
      • 3.12.3.7.2. Phenol and phenolic resins
      • 3.12.3.7.3. Vanillin
    • 3.12.3.8. Plastics and polymers
    • 3.12.3.9. Hydrogels
    • 3.12.3.10. Carbon materials
      • 3.12.3.10.1. Carbon black
      • 3.12.3.10.2. Activated carbons
      • 3.12.3.10.3. Carbon fiber
    • 3.12.3.11. Concrete
    • 3.12.3.12. Rubber
    • 3.12.3.13. Biofuels
    • 3.12.3.14. Bitumen and Asphalt
    • 3.12.3.15. Oil and gas
    • 3.12.3.16. Energy storage
      • 3.12.3.16.1. Supercapacitors
      • 3.12.3.16.2. Anodes for lithium-ion batteries
      • 3.12.3.16.3. Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries
      • 3.12.3.16.4. Binders for lithium-ion batteries
      • 3.12.3.16.5. Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
      • 3.12.3.16.6. Sodium-ion batteries
    • 3.12.3.17. Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
    • 3.12.3.18. Chelating agents
    • 3.12.3.19. Ceramics
    • 3.12.3.20. Automotive interiors
    • 3.12.3.21. Fire retardants
    • 3.12.3.22. Antioxidants
    • 3.12.3.23. Lubricants
    • 3.12.3.24. Dust control
• 3.13. BIO-BASED MATERIALS, PLASTICS AND POLYMERS COMPANY PROFILES(492 company profiles)

4. BIO-BASED FUELS

• 4.1. BIO-FUELS
  • 4.1.1. The biofuels market
  • 4.1.2. Types
    • 4.1.2.1. Solid Biofuels
    • 4.1.2.2. Liquid Biofuels
    • 4.1.2.3. Gaseous Biofuels
    • 4.1.2.4. Conventional Biofuels
    • 4.1.2.5. Advanced Biofuels
  • 4.1.3. Feedstocks
    • 4.1.3.1. First-Generation Feedstocks
    • 4.1.3.2. Second-Generation Feedstocks
      • 4.1.3.2.1. Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
      • 4.1.3.2.2. Biorefinery lignin
    • 4.1.3.3. Third-Generation Feedstocks
      • 4.1.3.3.1. Algal biofuels
    • 4.1.3.4. Fourth-Generation Feedstocks
      • 4.1.3.4.1. Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
    • 4.1.3.5. Market demand
  • 4.1.4. Bioethanol
  • 4.1.5. Bio-jet (bio-aviation) fuels
    • 4.1.5.1. Description
    • 4.1.5.2. Global market
    • 4.1.5.3. Production pathways
    • 4.1.5.4. Costs
    • 4.1.5.5. Biojet fuel production capacities
    • 4.1.5.6. Challenges
  • 4.1.6. Biomass-based diesel
    • 4.1.6.1. Biodiesel
      • 4.1.6.1.1. Production
      • 4.1.6.1.2. Global market
    • 4.1.6.2. Renewable diesel
      • 4.1.6.2.1. Production
      • 4.1.6.2.2. Global market
  • 4.1.7. Syngas
  • 4.1.8. Biogas and biomethane
    • 4.1.8.1. Feedstocks
  • 4.1.9. Biobutanol
    • 4.1.9.1. Production
• 4.2. ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
  • 4.2.1. Introduction
    • 4.2.1.1. Benefits of e-fuels
  • 4.2.2. Feedstocks
    • 4.2.2.1. Hydrogen electrolysis
    • 4.2.2.2. CO2 capture
  • 4.2.3. Production
  • 4.2.4. Electrolysers
    • 4.2.4.1. Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
    • 4.2.4.2. PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
    • 4.2.4.3. High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
  • 4.2.5. Direct Air Capture (DAC)
    • 4.2.5.1. Technologies
    • 4.2.5.2. Markets for DAC
    • 4.2.5.3. Costs
    • 4.2.5.4. Challenges
    • 4.2.5.5. Companies and production
    • 4.2.5.6. CO2 capture from point sources
  • 4.2.6. Costs
  • 4.2.7. Market challenges
  • 4.2.8. Companies
• 4.3. GREEN AMMONIA
  • 4.3.1. Production
    • 4.3.1.1. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
    • 4.3.1.2. Green ammonia projects
  • 4.3.2. Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 4.3.2.1. Haber-Bosch process
    • 4.3.2.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 4.3.2.3. Electrochemical production
    • 4.3.2.4. Chemical looping processes
  • 4.3.3. Blue ammonia
    • 4.3.3.1. Blue ammonia projects
  • 4.3.4. Markets and applications
    • 4.3.4.1. Chemical energy storage
      • 4.3.4.1.1. Ammonia fuel cells
    • 4.3.4.2. Marine fuel
  • 4.3.5. Costs
  • 4.3.6. Estimated market demand
  • 4.3.7. Companies and projects
• 4.4. BIO-BASED FUELS COMPANY PROFILES. 794 (114 company profiles)

5. BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS

• 5.1. The global paints and coatings market
• 5.2. Bio-based paints and coatings
• 5.3. Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
• 5.4. Types of bio-based coatings and materials
  • 5.4.1. Alkyd coatings
    • 5.4.1.1. Alkyd resin properties
    • 5.4.1.2. Biobased alkyd coatings
    • 5.4.1.3. Products
  • 5.4.2. Polyurethane coatings
    • 5.4.2.1. Properties
    • 5.4.2.2. Biobased polyurethane coatings
    • 5.4.2.3. Products
  • 5.4.3. Epoxy coatings
    • 5.4.3.1. Properties
    • 5.4.3.2. Biobased epoxy coatings
    • 5.4.3.3. Products
  • 5.4.4. Acrylate resins
    • 5.4.4.1. Properties
    • 5.4.4.2. Biobased acrylates
    • 5.4.4.3. Products
  • 5.4.5. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 5.4.5.1. Properties
    • 5.4.5.2. Bio-PLA coatings and films
  • 5.4.6. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 5.4.6.1. Properties
    • 5.4.6.2. PHA coatings
    • 5.4.6.3. Commercially available PHAs
  • 5.4.7. Cellulose
    • 5.4.7.1. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 5.4.7.1.1. Properties
      • 5.4.7.1.2. Applications in paints and coatings
    • 5.4.7.2. Cellulose nanofibers
      • 5.4.7.2.1. Properties
      • 5.4.7.2.2. Product developers
    • 5.4.7.3. Cellulose nanocrystals
    • 5.4.7.4. Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • 5.4.8. Rosins
  • 5.4.9. Biobased carbon black
    • 5.4.9.1. Lignin-based
    • 5.4.9.2. Algae-based
  • 5.4.10. Lignin
    • 5.4.10.1. Application in coatings
  • 5.4.11. Edible coatings
  • 5.4.12. Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    • 5.4.12.1. Plant derived proteins
    • 5.4.12.2. Animal origin proteins
  • 5.4.13. Alginate
• 5.5. Market for bio-based paints and coatings
  • 5.5.1. Global market revenues to 2033, total
  • 5.5.2. Global market revenues to 2033, by market
• 5.6. BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS COMPANY PROFILES (130 company profiles)

6. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. List of Bio-based chemicals
• Table 2. Lactide applications
• Table 3. Biobased MEG producers capacities
• Table 4. Bio-naphtha market value chain
• Table 5. Bio-naptha producers and production capacities
• Table 6. Type of biodegradation
• Table 7. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics
• Table 8. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
• Table 9. Market leader by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
• Table 10. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Table 11. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 12. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
• Table 13. PLA producers and production capacities
• Table 14. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
• Table 15. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 16. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
• Table 17. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 18. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
• Table 19. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 20. PEF vs. PET
• Table 21. FDCA and PEF producers
• Table 22. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 23. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
• Table 24. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 25. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
• Table 26. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 27. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
• Table 28. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 29. Leading Bio-PE producers
• Table 30. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 31. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
• Table 32.Types of PHAs and properties
• Table 33. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
• Table 34. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
• Table 35. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
• Table 36. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 37. Markets and applications for PHAs
• Table 38. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
• Table 39. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
• Table 40. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
• Table 41. Leading MFC producers and capacities
• Table 42. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
• Table 43. CNC sources, size and yield
• Table 44. CNC properties
• Table 45. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
• Table 46. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
• Table 47. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
• Table 48: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
• Table 49. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
• Table 50. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
• Table 51. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 52. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
• Table 53. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 54. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
• Table 55. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 56. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
• Table 57. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 58. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
• Table 59. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 60. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2033, by region, tons
• Table 61. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America
• Table 62. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
• Table 63. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
• Table 64. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
• Table 65. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
• Table 66. Comparison of bioplastics' (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
• Table 67. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
• Table 68. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
• Table 69. Types of next-gen natural fibers
• Table 70. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers
• Table 71. Typical properties of natural fibers
• Table 72. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
• Table 73. Market drivers for natural fibers
• Table 74. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 75. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 76. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 77. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 78. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 79. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 80. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 81. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 82. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 83. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 84. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 85. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 86. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 87. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 88. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 89. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications
• Table 90. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size
• Table 91. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 92. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 93. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 94. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 95. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
• Table 96. Alternative wool materials producers
• Table 97. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 98. Alternative silk materials producers
• Table 99. Alternative leather materials producers
• Table 100. Next-gen fur producers
• Table 101. Alternative down materials producers
• Table 102. Applications of natural fiber composites
• Table 103. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites
• Table 104. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites
• Table 105. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites
• Table 106. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds
• Table 107. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats
• Table 108. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 109. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market
• Table 110. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 111. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry
• Table 112. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 113. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector
• Table 114. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 115. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 116. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
• Table 117. Technical lignin types and applications
• Table 118. Classification of technical lignins
• Table 119. Lignin content of selected biomass
• Table 120. Properties of lignins and their applications
• Table 121. Example markets and applications for lignin
• Table 122. Processes for lignin production
• Table 123. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 124. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
• Table 125. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 126. Market drivers and trends for lignin
• Table 127. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
• Table 128. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
• Table 129. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT)
• Table 130. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
• Table 131. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers
• Table 132. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries
• Table 133. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
• Table 134. Lactips plastic pellets
• Table 135. Oji Holdings CNF products
• Table 136. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
• Table 137. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
• Table 138. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 139. Feedstock conversion pathways
• Table 140. First-Generation Feedstocks
• Table 141. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
• Table 142. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
• Table 143. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 144. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
• Table 145. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
• Table 146. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
• Table 147. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
• Table 148. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
• Table 149. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
• Table 150. Current and announced biojet fuel facilities and capacities
• Table 151, Biodiesel production techniques
• Table 152. Biodiesel by generation
• Table 153. Biogas feedstocks
• Table 154. Applications of e-fuels, by type
• Table 155. Overview of e-fuels
• Table 156. Benefits of e-fuels
• Table 157. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
• Table 158. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
• Table 159. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 160. Markets for DAC
• Table 161. Cost estimates of DAC
• Table 162. Challenges for DAC technology
• Table 163. DAC technology developers and production
• Table 164. Market challenges for e-fuels
• Table 165. E-fuels companies
• Table 166. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
• Table 167. Blue ammonia projects
• Table 168. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
• Table 169. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
• Table 170. Summary of marine alternative fuels
• Table 171. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
• Table 172. Main players in green ammonia
• Table 173. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
• Table 174. Types of alkyd resins and properties
• Table 175. Market summary for biobased alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers
• Table 176. Biobased alkyd coating products
• Table 177. Types of polyols
• Table 178. Polyol producers
• Table 179. Biobased polyurethane coating products
• Table 180. Market summary for biobased epoxy resins
• Table 181. Biobased polyurethane coating products
• Table 182. Biobased acrylate resin products
• Table 183. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
• Table 184. PLA producers and production capacities
• Table 185. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
• Table 186.Types of PHAs and properties
• Table 187. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
• Table 188. Commercially available PHAs
• Table 189. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type
• Table 190. Types of nanocellulose
• Table 191: MFC production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 192. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
• Table 193. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings
• Table 194. CNC properties
• Table 195: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
• Table 196. Edible coatings market summary
• Table 197. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
• Table 198. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
• Table 199. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD)
• Table 200. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), conservative estimate
• Table 201. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high estimate
• Table 202. Oji Holdings CNF products

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Bio-based chemicals and feedstocks production capacities, 2018-2033
• Figure 2. Overview of Toray process. Overview of process
• Figure 3. Production capacities for 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
• Figure 4. 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 5. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 6. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 7. Ethylene production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 8. Potential industrial uses of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid
• Figure 9. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 10. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 11. Bio-MEG production capacities, 2018-2033
• Figure 12. Bio-MPG production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 13. Biobased naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 14. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 15. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
• Figure 16. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®
• Figure 17. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
• Figure 18. Bioplastics regional production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 19. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE), 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 20. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 21. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 22. Bio-based Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 23. Bio-based Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 24. Bio-based Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 25. Bio-based Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 26. Bio-based Polylactic acid (PLA) production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 27. PHA production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 28. Starch blends production capacities, 1,000 tons, 2019-2033
• Figure 29. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 30. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 31. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 32. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
• Figure 33. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 34. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 35. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 36. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 37. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 38. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 39. PHA family
• Figure 40. PHA production capacities 2019-2033 (1,000 tons)
• Figure 41. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
• Figure 42. CNC preparation
• Figure 43. Extracting CNC from trees
• Figure 44. CNC slurry
• Figure 45. CNF gel
• Figure 46. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
• Figure 47. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 48. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 49. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 50. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2020
• Figure 51. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2025
• Figure 52. Global production capacities for biobased and sustainable plastics by end user market 2019-2033, 1,000 tons
• Figure 53. PHA bioplastics products
• Figure 54. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 55. Bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 ('000 tonnes)
• Figure 56. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 57. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 58. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 59. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
• Figure 60. Reebok's [REE]GROW running shoes
• Figure 61. Camper Runner K21
• Figure 62. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 63. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 64. Biodegradable mulch films
• Figure 65. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2033, in 1,000 tons
• Figure 66. Types of natural fibers
• Figure 67. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap
• Figure 68. Adidas algae-ink tees
• Figure 69. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle
• Figure 70. Miratex watch bands
• Figure 71. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22
• Figure 72. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
• Figure 73. Cotton production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT)
• Figure 74. Kapok production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 75. Luffa cylindrica fiber
• Figure 76. Jute production volume 2018-2033 (Million MT)
• Figure 77. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2033 ( MT)
• Figure 78. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 79. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 80. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 81. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 82. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 83. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT)
• Figure 84. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MT)
• Figure 85. Pineapple fiber
• Figure 86. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019
• Figure 87. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2033 (MILLION MT)
• Figure 88. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
• Figure 89. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
• Figure 90. Frayme Mylo™
• Figure 91. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 92. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
• Figure 93. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel
• Figure 94. Car door produced from Hemp fiber
• Figure 95. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers
• Figure 96. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
• Figure 97. Coir mats for erosion control
• Figure 98. Global fiber production in 2021, by fiber type, million MT and %
• Figure 99. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2033
• Figure 100. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, MT
• Figure 101. Animal based fiber production 2018-2033, by fiber type, million MT
• Figure 102. High purity lignin
• Figure 103. Lignocellulose architecture
• Figure 104. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins
• Figure 105. The lignocellulose biorefinery
• Figure 106. LignoBoost process
• Figure 107. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor
• Figure 108. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system
• Figure 109. A-Recovery+ chemical recovery concept
• Figure 110. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
• Figure 111. Organosolv lignin
• Figure 112. Hydrolytic lignin powder
• Figure 113. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2033 (000 MT)
• Figure 114. Schematic of WISA plywood home
• Figure 115. Lignin based activated carbon
• Figure 116. Lignin/celluose precursor
• Figure 117. Pluumo
• Figure 118. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
• Figure 119. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
• Figure 120. MEDICELLU™
• Figure 121. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
• Figure 122. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
• Figure 123. CNF nonwoven fabric
• Figure 124. Roof frame made of natural fiber
• Figure 125. Beyond Leather Materials product
• Figure 126. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
• Figure 127. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
• Figure 128. Fiber-based screw cap
• Figure 129. formicobio™ technology
• Figure 130. nanoforest-S
• Figure 131. nanoforest-PDP
• Figure 132. nanoforest-MB
• Figure 133. sunliquid® production process
• Figure 134. CuanSave film
• Figure 135. Celish
• Figure 136. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
• Figure 137. ELLEX products
• Figure 138. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
• Figure 139. Kirekira! toilet wipes
• Figure 140. Color CNF
• Figure 141. Rheocrysta spray
• Figure 142. DKS CNF products
• Figure 143. Domsjö process
• Figure 144. Mushroom leather
• Figure 145. CNF based on citrus peel
• Figure 146. Citrus cellulose nanofiber
• Figure 147. Filler Bank CNC products
• Figure 148. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing
• Figure 149. TMP-Bio Process
• Figure 150. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna
• Figure 151. Water-repellent cellulose
• Figure 152. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
• Figure 153. PHA production process
• Figure 154. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
• Figure 155. AVAPTM process
• Figure 156. GreenPower+™ process
• Figure 157. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
• Figure 158. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
• Figure 159. CNF gel
• Figure 160. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 161. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 162. Marine leather products
• Figure 163. Inner Mettle Milk products
• Figure 164. Kami Shoji CNF products
• Figure 165. Dual Graft System
• Figure 166. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
• Figure 167. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
• Figure 168. Kel Labs yarn
• Figure 169. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)
• Figure 170. BioFlex process
• Figure 171. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee
• Figure 172. LX Process
• Figure 173. Made of Air's HexChar panels
• Figure 174. TransLeather
• Figure 175. Chitin nanofiber product
• Figure 176. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
• Figure 177. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder
• Figure 178. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology
• Figure 179. IPA synthesis method
• Figure 180. MOGU-Wave panels
• Figure 181. CNF slurries
• Figure 182. Range of CNF products
• Figure 183. Reishi
• Figure 184. Compostable water pod
• Figure 185. Leather made from leaves
• Figure 186. Nike shoe with beLEAF™
• Figure 187. CNF clear sheets
• Figure 188. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
• Figure 189. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 190. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
• Figure 191. XCNF
• Figure 192: Plantrose process
• Figure 193. LOVR hemp leather
• Figure 194. CNF insulation flat plates
• Figure 195. Hansa lignin
• Figure 196. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 197. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
• Figure 198. 3D printed cellulose shoe
• Figure 199. Lyocell process
• Figure 200. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
• Figure 201. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
• Figure 202. Spider silk production
• Figure 203. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
• Figure 204. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
• Figure 205. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
• Figure 206. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
• Figure 207. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
• Figure 208. Sulapac cosmetics containers
• Figure 209. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
• Figure 210. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
• Figure 211. Corbion FDCA production process
• Figure 212. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
• Figure 213. CNF resin products
• Figure 214. UPM biorefinery process
• Figure 215. Vegea production process
• Figure 216. The Proesa® Process
• Figure 217. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 218. Visolis' Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process
• Figure 219. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 220. Worn Again products
• Figure 221. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process
• Figure 222. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
• Figure 223. Hydrolytic lignin powder
• Figure 224. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021
• Figure 225. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2021
• Figure 226. Ethanol consumption 2010-2027 (million litres)
• Figure 227. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2010-2027 (M litres/year)
• Figure 228. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year)
• Figure 229. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2027 (M litres/year)
• Figure 230. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021
• Figure 231. Biogas and biomethane pathways
• Figure 232. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
• Figure 233. Biobutanol production route
• Figure 234. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
• Figure 235. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
• Figure 236. Production process for green hydrogen
• Figure 237. E-liquids production routes
• Figure 238. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
• Figure 239. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
• Figure 240. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
• Figure 241. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
• Figure 242. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
• Figure 243. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
• Figure 244. Green ammonia production and use
• Figure 245. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
• Figure 246. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
• Figure 247. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
• Figure 248. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons
• Figure 249. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
• Figure 250. FBPO process
• Figure 251. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 252. CRI process
• Figure 253. Domsjö process
• Figure 254. FuelPositive system
• Figure 255. Infinitree swing method
• Figure 256. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
• Figure 257: Plantrose process
• Figure 258. The Velocys process
• Figure 259. Goldilocks process and applications
• Figure 260. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2019-2020
• Figure 261. PHA family
• Figure 262: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit
• Figure 263: Scale of cellulose materials
• Figure 264. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials
• Figure 265: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses
• Figure 266. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 267: CNC slurry
• Figure 268. High purity lignin
• Figure 269. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
• Figure 270. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD)
• Figure 271. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), conservative estimate
• Figure 272. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2033 (billions USD), high
• Figure 273. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Biobased
• Figure 274: NCCTM Process
• Figure 275: CNC produced at Tech Futures' pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:
• Figure 276. Cellugy materials
• Figure 277. EcoLine® 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right)
• Figure 278. Rheocrysta spray
• Figure 279. DKS CNF products
• Figure 280. Domsjö process
• Figure 281. CNF gel
• Figure 282. Block nanocellulose material
• Figure 283. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
• Figure 284. BioFlex process
• Figure 285. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
• Figure 286: Fluorene cellulose ® powder
• Figure 287. XCNF
• Figure 288. Spider silk production
• Figure 289. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite
• Figure 290. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
• Figure 291. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
• Figure 292. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
• Figure 293. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
• Figure 294. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
• Figure 295. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film
• Figure 296. Bioalkyd products