Picture

Questions?

+1-866-353-3335

SEARCH
What are you looking for?
Need help finding what you are looking for? Contact Us
Compare

PUBLISHER: Mind Commerce | PRODUCT CODE: 1207781

Cover Image

PUBLISHER: Mind Commerce | PRODUCT CODE: 1207781

Distributed Antenna System Market by Technology, Type (Active, Passive, Hybrid), Coverage (Outdoor and Indoor), Operator (Carrier, Enterprise, Neutral Host) and Industry Vertical 2023 - 2028

PUBLISHED:
PAGES: 141 Pages
DELIVERY TIME: 1-2 business days
SELECT AN OPTION
PDF (Single User License)
USD 2500
PDF (2 - 5 User License)
USD 3000
PDF (Enterprise Site License)
USD 4500
PDF (Global Enterprise License)
USD 5000

Add to Cart

Overview:

This report assesses the Distributed Antenna System (DAS) ecosystem and its impact on wireless network infrastructure deployment and operations including outdoor and indoor environments.

It also analyzes the relationship between DAS and various supporting technologies such as self-organizing networks, artificial intelligence, and 5G smart antenna techniques. The report provides forecasts for DAS equipment, applications, services and system deployment from 2023 to 2028.

The report evaluates the market by coverage (outdoor and indoor), DAS type (active, passive, and hybrid), operator type (carriers, enterprise, and neutral hosts), and industry vertical use cases and related market opportunities.

Use cases include consumer devices, factory automation, connected vehicles and various IoT-enabled services (People to People, People to Machine, and Machine to Machine). The report takes into consideration many optimization issues such as coverage, capacity, and spectrum management.

Select Report Findings:

  • Global DAS market will reach $14.5B USD by 2028, growing at 14.2% CAGR
  • DAS market associated with 5G smart antennas will reach $7.8B USD by 2028
  • Indoor DAS has growth potential of seven times that of outdoor implementation
  • Active DAS deployments will lead the market followed by hybrid and passive DAS
  • North America will lead the overall market in terms of DAS deployments and revenue
  • 5G smart antenna systems depend upon DAS and are therefore complementary markets
  • Leading ownership and control of DAS will be carriers, enterprise and neutral hosts respectively

DAS represents a network of spatially separated antenna nodes, connected to a common source via a transport medium that provides wireless service within a geographic area or structure. DAS leverages Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology, which allows networks to take advantage of multiple signals as a means of optimizing wireless communications.

A DAS installation includes antennas, control boxes, and fiber optics connected to a hub. These Nodes include small antennas that unobtrusively blend into their environment. Often deployed at existing public infrastructure (such as utility poles, light posts, and traffic signals), DAS networks rely upon the ability to seamlessly blend into their environment, which may be outdoor or indoors.

Fifth generation wireless is becoming a major catalyst for growth in advanced antenna systems. 5G antennas will be found virtually everywhere in metropolitan areas, but it will not be enough. While dramatically increased coverage will surely support many early 5G applications, such as fixed wireless (ISP alternative, back-haul, and front haul), it will not be enough to support continuous 5G mobility coverage.

This will be vitally important for certain applications such as self-driving cars and connected vehicle services. MIMO and DAS will play a critical role in supporting the RF environment necessary to support related applications.

Select Companies in Report:

  • Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise
  • American Tower Corporation
  • Andrew
  • AT&T's Antenna Solutions Group
  • Axell
  • Boingo Wireless
  • China Mobile
  • Comba Telecom Systems Holding
  • CommScope
  • Corning
  • Crown Castle
  • Dali Wireless
  • DAS Simplified
  • Essentia
  • FoxCom
  • iBwave
  • InSite Wireless
  • iWireless
  • Legrand
  • Microlab, FX
  • Optical Telecom
  • SOLiD
  • TCS
  • TE Connectivity
  • Tyco (TE Connectivity)
  • Westell

Table of Contents

1.0. Executive Summary

2.0. Introduction to Distributed Antenna Systems

  • 2.1. DAS Role in Wireless Network Infrastructure
    • 2.1.1. DAS Benefits to Mobile Network Operators
      • 2.1.1.1. Improved Coverage and Quality of Service
      • 2.1.1.2. Increased Capacity
      • 2.1.1.3. Capital Cost Reduction
      • 2.1.1.4. Speed to Market
    • 2.1.2. DAS Deployment and Operational Challenges
  • 2.2. DAS Technology
    • 2.2.1. DAS Operations
      • 2.2.1.1. Active, Passive, and Hybrid DAS
      • 2.2.1.2. DAS Signal Controllers
      • 2.2.1.3. Multi-Signal Combiner Systems
    • 2.2.2. DAS and Small Cell Technology
      • 2.2.2.1. Microcell Solutions
      • 2.2.2.2. Pico/Metrocell Solutions
      • 2.2.2.3. Femtocell Solutions
      • 2.2.2.4. WiFi
      • 2.2.2.5. Small Cell Capacity
      • 2.2.2.6. Small Cell Cost vs. DAS
    • 2.2.3. DAS and Self Organizing Networks
      • 2.2.3.1. DAS and SON Coordinated Coverage and Quality
      • 2.2.3.2. Beyond SON and DAS for Optimized Networks

3.0. DAS Ecosystem

  • 3.1. DAS Ecosystem
    • 3.1.1. DAS OEMs
      • 3.1.1.1. Key Players
        • 3.1.1.1.1. SOLiD
          • 3.1.1.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.1.1.1.2. Services
        • 3.1.1.1.2. Microlab, FX
          • 3.1.1.1.2.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.1.1.2.2. Services
        • 3.1.1.1.3. Andrew
        • 3.1.1.1.4. Tyco (TE Connectivity)
        • 3.1.1.1.5. Corning
          • 3.1.1.1.5.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.1.1.5.2. Services
        • 3.1.1.1.6. Dali Wireless
          • 3.1.1.1.6.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.1.1.6.2. Services
    • 3.1.2. Wireless Service Providers
      • 3.1.2.1. Key Players
        • 3.1.2.1.1. Boingo Wireless
          • 3.1.2.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.2.1.1.2. Services
        • 3.1.2.1.2. China Mobile
          • 3.1.2.1.2.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.2.1.2.2. Services
    • 3.1.3. Distribution
    • 3.1.4. Cable Contractors
      • 3.1.4.1. Key Players
        • 3.1.4.1.1. DAS Simplified
          • 3.1.4.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.4.1.1.2. Services
    • 3.1.5. DAS Integrator
      • 3.1.5.1. Key Players
        • 3.1.5.1.1. AT&T's Antenna Solutions Group
          • 3.1.5.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.5.1.1.2. Services
        • 3.1.5.1.2. American Tower Corporation
          • 3.1.5.1.2.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.5.1.2.2. Services
        • 3.1.5.1.3. Axell
          • 3.1.5.1.3.1. Business Overview
          • 3.1.5.1.3.2. Services
    • 3.1.6. End-User Customers
  • 3.2. DAS Deployment and Operational Challenges
    • 3.2.1. Regulatory Issues
      • 3.2.1.1. DAS Regulations
      • 3.2.1.2. Vagueness of Current Legislation
    • 3.2.2. Deployment Issues
    • 3.2.3. Technical Issues
      • 3.2.3.1. DAS Multiple Service Offerings
      • 3.2.3.2. Supporting Future Requirements
  • 3.3. DAS Market Dynamics
    • 3.3.1. Drivers
      • 3.3.1.1. High Data Traffic
      • 3.3.1.2. High Proliferation of Connected Devices in Internet of Things (IoT)
      • 3.3.1.3. Growth for Public Safety Connectivity
    • 3.3.2. Challenges
      • 3.3.2.1. High Complexity
      • 3.3.2.2. High Cost
    • 3.3.3. Key DAS Case Studies
      • 3.3.3.1. VicTrack Rolled Out P25 Digital Distributed Antenna System
        • 3.3.3.1.1. Background
        • 3.3.3.1.2. Solution
      • 3.3.3.2. Digital Distributed Antenna System in Hospital
      • 3.3.3.3. Cellular Distributed Antenna Systems for Skanska USA Building
      • 3.3.3.4. Distributed Antenna System at the Minnesota State Fair
      • 3.3.3.5. Torre Diamante Building Case Study
      • 3.3.3.6. Tottenham Hotspur Case Study
      • 3.3.3.7. Axel Towers Case Study
      • 3.3.3.8. W New York Times Square, NYC Case Study
    • 3.3.4. 5G and DAS
      • 3.3.4.1. Passive DAS
      • 3.3.4.2. Active DAS
      • 3.3.4.3. Small Cell
      • 3.3.4.4. Adaptive Beamforming

4.0. DAS Companies and Solutions

  • 4.1. Enterprise Connectivity
    • 4.1.1. Key Players
      • 4.1.1.1. iBwave
        • 4.1.1.1.1. Business Overview
        • 4.1.1.1.2. Services
        • 4.1.1.1.3. Recent Developments
      • 4.1.1.2. TCS
        • 4.1.1.2.1. Business Overview
        • 4.1.1.2.2. Services
        • 4.1.1.2.3. Recent Developments
  • 4.2. Public Safety
    • 4.2.1. Key Players
      • 4.2.1.1. Crown Castle
        • 4.2.1.1.1. Business Overview
        • 4.2.1.1.2. Services
        • 4.2.1.1.3. Recent Developments
  • 4.3. Healthcare
    • 4.3.1. Key Players
      • 4.3.1.1. Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise
        • 4.3.1.1.1. Business Overview
        • 4.3.1.1.2. Services
        • 4.3.1.1.3. Recent Developments
      • 4.3.1.2. Legrand
        • 4.3.1.2.1. Business Overview
        • 4.3.1.2.2. Services
  • 4.4. Transportation
    • 4.4.1. Railways
      • 4.4.1.1. Key Players
        • 4.4.1.1.1. CommScope
          • 4.4.1.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 4.4.1.1.1.2. Services
          • 4.4.1.1.1.3. Recent Developments
        • 4.4.1.1.2. InSite Wireless
          • 4.4.1.1.2.1. Business Overview
          • 4.4.1.1.2.2. Services
          • 4.4.1.1.2.3. Recent Developments
    • 4.4.2. Airports
      • 4.4.2.1. Key Players
        • 4.4.2.1.1. TE Connectivity
          • 4.4.2.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 4.4.2.1.1.2. Services
          • 4.4.2.1.1.3. Recent Developments
    • 4.4.3. Street Stations
      • 4.4.3.1. Key Players
        • 4.4.3.1.1. iWireless
          • 4.4.3.1.1.1. Business Overview
          • 4.4.3.1.1.2. Services
  • 4.5. Sports
    • 4.5.1. Key Players
      • 4.5.1.1. Essentia
        • 4.5.1.1.1. Business Overview
        • 4.5.1.1.2. Services
      • 4.5.1.2. Optical Telecom
        • 4.5.1.2.1. Business Overview
        • 4.5.1.2.2. Services
        • 4.5.1.2.3. Recent Developments
      • 4.5.1.3. FoxCom
        • 4.5.1.3.1. Business Overview
        • 4.5.1.3.2. Services
      • 4.5.1.4. Westell
        • 4.5.1.4.1. Business Overview
        • 4.5.1.4.2. Services
      • 4.5.1.5. Comba Telecom Systems Holding
        • 4.5.1.5.1. Business Overview
        • 4.5.1.5.2. Services
        • 4.5.1.5.3. Recent Developments
  • 4.6. Entertainment
    • 4.6.1. Key Players
      • 4.6.1.1. Crown Castle
        • 4.6.1.1.1. Business Overview
        • 4.6.1.1.2. Services
        • 4.6.1.1.3. Recent Developments

5.0. DAS Market Analysis and Forecasts 2023-2028

  • 5.1. Combined DAS Market 2023-2028
    • 5.1.1. Combined DAS Market Revenue
    • 5.1.2. DAS Market by Equipment, Applications, and Services
    • 5.1.3. DAS Revenue by Indoor and Outdoor Environments
    • 5.1.4. DAS Revenue by Indoor DAS Type
    • 5.1.5. DAS Revenue by Ownership
    • 5.1.6. DAS Revenue by Industry Verticals
    • 5.1.7. DAS Revenue by Technology
    • 5.1.8. DAS Revenue by Region
      • 5.1.8.1. Revenue by North America Country
      • 5.1.8.2. Revenue by Asia Pacific Country
      • 5.1.8.3. Revenue by Europe Country
      • 5.1.8.4. Revenue by Middle East & Africa Country
      • 5.1.8.5. Revenue by Latin America Country
  • 5.2. DAS Equipment Market 2023-2028
    • 5.2.1. DAS Equipment Market by Indoor and Outdoor Environments
    • 5.2.2. DAS Indoor Equipment Market
    • 5.2.3. DAS Equipment Market by Carrier, Enterprise and Neutral Host Deployment
    • 5.2.4. DAS Equipment Market by Industry Verticals
    • 5.2.5. DAS Equipment Market by Technology
    • 5.2.6. DAS Equipment Market by Region
      • 5.2.6.1. DAS Market by North America Country
      • 5.2.6.2. DAS Market by Asia Pacific Country
      • 5.2.6.3. DAS Market by Europe Country
      • 5.2.6.4. DAS Market by Middle East & Africa Country
      • 5.2.6.5. DAS Market by Latin America Country
  • 5.3. DAS Application Market 2023-2028
    • 5.3.1. DAS Application Market by Indoor and Outdoor Environments
    • 5.3.2. Indoor DAS Deployment by Active, Passive and Hybrid
    • 5.3.3. DAS Application Market by Carrier, Enterprise, and Neutral Host Deployment
    • 5.3.4. DAS Application Market by Industry Verticals
    • 5.3.5. DAS Application Market by Technology
    • 5.3.6. DAS Application Market by Region
      • 5.3.6.1. DAS Market by North America Country
      • 5.3.6.2. DAS Market by Asia Pacific Country
      • 5.3.6.3. DAS Market by Europe Country
      • 5.3.6.4. DAS Market by Middle East & Africa Country
      • 5.3.6.5. DAS Market by Latin America Country
  • 5.4. DAS Service Market 2023-2028
    • 5.4.1. DAS Market by Indoor and Outdoor Environments
    • 5.4.2. Indoor DAS Service Market
    • 5.4.3. DAS Service Market by Carrier, Enterprise, and Neutral Host Environments
    • 5.4.4. DAS Service Market by Vertical Industry
    • 5.4.5. DAS Service Market by Technology
    • 5.4.6. DAS Service Market by Region
      • 5.4.6.1. DAS Market by North America Country
      • 5.4.6.2. DAS Market by Asia Pacific Country
      • 5.4.6.3. Market by Europe Country
      • 5.4.6.4. Market by Middle East & Africa Country
      • 5.4.6.5. Market by Latin America Country
  • 5.5. DAS System Deployment 2023-2028
    • 5.5.1. DAS System Deployment Unit
    • 5.5.2. DAS Units by Indoor and Outdoor Environments
    • 5.5.3. Indoor DAS Unit Deployments
    • 5.5.4. DAS Units by Carrier, Enterprise and Neutral Host Deployment
    • 5.5.5. DAS Units by Industry Verticals
    • 5.5.6. DAS Units by Technology
    • 5.5.7. DAS Units by Region
      • 5.5.7.1. Unit by North America Country
      • 5.5.7.2. Unit by Asia Pacific Country
      • 5.5.7.3. Unit by Europe Country
      • 5.5.7.4. Unit by Middle East & Africa Country
      • 5.5.7.5. Unit by Latin America Country
  • 5.6. Global 5G Smart Antennas DAS Market 2023-2028
    • 5.6.1. Global 5G DAS (Smart Antenna) Market
    • 5.6.2. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Type
    • 5.6.3. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Technology
    • 5.6.4. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Connectivity
    • 5.6.5. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Frequency
    • 5.6.6. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Application
    • 5.6.7. Global AI Embedded 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market
      • 5.6.7.1. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by AI Technology
    • 5.6.8. 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Region
      • 5.6.8.1. North America Market by Country
      • 5.6.8.2. Asia Pacific Market by Country
      • 5.6.8.3. Europe Market by Country
      • 5.6.8.4. Middle East & Africa Market by Country
      • 5.6.8.5. Latin America Market by Country
  • 5.7. Distributed Antenna System Structure
  • 5.8. Distributed Antenna System Deployment Costs
  • 5.9. Distributed Antenna System Life Cycle
  • 5.10. Distributed Antenna System Quality Metrics
    • 5.10.1. Distributed Antenna System Deployment Challenges
    • 5.10.2. Distributed Antenna System Deployment Barriers
    • 5.10.3. Distributed Antenna System Proposal Metrics

6.0. Conclusions and Recommendations

Figures

  • Figure 1: In-Building Coverage with DAS
  • Figure 2: Outdoor DAS Coverage
  • Figure 3: DAS Signal Controllers
  • Figure 4: DAS Network Topology
  • Figure 5: CPRI Connected Small Cells
  • Figure 6: Micro Cell Coverage
  • Figure 7: Femto/Pico Cell Architecture
  • Figure 8: DAS vs. Small Cells in Different Buildings
  • Figure 9: SON Capabilities
  • Figure 10: SON Business Drivers
  • Figure 11: SON Architecture
  • Figure 12: DAS Drivers and Challenges
  • Figure 13: Adaptive Beamforming System
  • Figure 14: Global DAS Market 2023 - 2028
  • Figure 15: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market 2023 - 2028
  • Figure 16: Global AI Embedded 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market 2023 - 2028

Tables

  • Table 1: iBwave Partnership
  • Table 2: TCS Partnership
  • Table 3: Crowne Castle Partnership
  • Table 4: Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise Partnership
  • Table 5: CommScopePartnership
  • Table 6: InSite Wireless Partnership
  • Table 7: TE ConnectivityPartnership
  • Table 8: Optical TelecomPartnership
  • Table 9: Comba TelecomPartnership
  • Table 10: Global DAS Market by Equipment, Applications and Services 2023 - 2028
  • Table 11: Global DAS Revenue by Coverage Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 12: Global Indoor DAS Revenue by Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 13: Global DAS Revenue by Ownership Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 14: Global DAS Revenue by Vertical Industry 2023 - 2028
  • Table 15: Global DAS Revenue by Supporting Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 16: Global DAS Revenue by Region 2023 - 2028
  • Table 17: North America DAS Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 18: Asia Pacific DAS Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 19: Europe DAS Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 20: Middle East & Africa DAS Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 21: Latin America DAS Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 22: Global DAS Equipment Revenue by Coverage Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 23: Global Indoor DAS Equipment by Revenue Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 24: Global DAS Equipment Revenue by Ownership Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 25: Global DAS Equipment Revenue by Vertical Industry 2023 - 2028
  • Table 26: Global DAS Equipment Revenue by Supporting Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 27: Global DAS Equipment Revenue by Region 2023 - 2028
  • Table 28: North America DAS Equipment Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 29: Asia Pacific DAS Equipment Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 30: Europe DAS Equipment Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 31: Middle East & Africa DAS Equipment Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 32: Latin America DAS Equipment Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 33: Global DAS Application Revenue by Indoor and Outdoor Environments 2023 - 2028
  • Table 34: Global Indoor DAS by Active, Passive and Hybrid 2023 - 2028
  • Table 35: Global DAS by Carrier vs. Enterprise vs. Neutral Hosts 2023 - 2028
  • Table 36: Global DAS Application Revenue by Vertical Industry 2023 - 2028
  • Table 37: Global DAS Application Revenue by Supporting Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 38: Global DAS Application Revenue by Region 2023 - 2028
  • Table 39: North America DAS Application Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 40: Asia Pacific DAS Application Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 41: Europe DAS Application Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 42: Middle East & Africa DAS Application Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 43: Latin America DAS Application Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 44: Global DAS Service Revenue by Coverage Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 45: Global Indoor DAS Service Revenue by Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 46: Global DAS Service Revenue by Ownership Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 47: Global DAS Service Revenue by Vertical Industry 2023 - 2028
  • Table 48: Global DAS Service Revenue by Supporting Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 49: Global DAS Service Revenue by Region 2023 - 2028
  • Table 50: North America DAS Service Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 51: Asia Pacific DAS Service Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 52: Europe DAS Service Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 53: Middle East & Africa DAS Service Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 54: Latin America DAS Service Revenue by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 55: Global DAS System Deployment by Coverage Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 56: Global Indoor DAS System Deployment by Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 57: Global DAS System Deployment by Ownership Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 58: Global DAS System Deployment by Vertical Industry 2023 - 2028
  • Table 59: Global DAS System Deployment by Supporting Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 60: Global DAS System Deployment by Region 2023 - 2028
  • Table 61: North America DAS System Deployment Unit by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 62: Asia Pacific DAS System Deployment by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 63: Europe DAS System Deployment by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 64: Middle East & Africa DAS System Deployment by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 65: Latin America DAS System Deployment by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 66: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Type 2023 - 2028
  • Table 67: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 68: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Connectivity 2023 - 2028
  • Table 69: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Frequency 2023 - 2028
  • Table 70: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Application 2023 - 2028
  • Table 71: Global AI Embedded 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by AI Technology 2023 - 2028
  • Table 72: Global 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Region 2023 - 2028
  • Table 73: North America 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 74: Asia Pacific 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 75: Europe 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 76: Middle East & Africa 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 77: Latin America 5G Smart Antenna DAS Market by Country 2023 - 2028
  • Table 78: Indoor vs. Outdoor DAS Structure
  • Table 79: Deployment Costs of DAS System
  • Table 80: DAS System Deployment Life Cycle
  • Table 81: DAS System Deployment Challenges by Users
  • Table 82: DAS System Deployment Barriers by Users
  • Table 83: DAS System Proposal Metrics by Users
Have a question?
Picture

Jeroen Van Heghe

Manager - EMEA

+32-2-535-7543

Picture

Christine Sirois

Manager - Americas

+1-860-674-8796

Questions? Please give us a call or visit the contact form.
Hi, how can we help?
Contact us!