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PUBLISHER: The Business Research Company | PRODUCT CODE: 1392622

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PUBLISHER: The Business Research Company | PRODUCT CODE: 1392622

District Cooling Global Market Report 2024

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PAGES: 200 Pages
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“District Cooling Global Market Report 2024 ” from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on district cooling market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

  • Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
  • Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
  • Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
  • Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
  • Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
  • Identify growth segments for investment.
  • Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
  • Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
  • Benchmark performance against key competitors.
  • Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
  • Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
  • All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.

Where is the largest and fastest growing market for district cooling? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? “The district cooling market global report ” from The Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

Scope

Markets Covered:

  • 1) By Production Technique: Free Cooling; Absorption Cooling; Electric Chillers; Other Production Techniques
  • 2) By Function: Stationary Cooling; Transport Cooling
  • 3) By Application: Commercial; Residential; Industrial
  • Companies Mentioned: Ramboll Group A/S; Fortum Corporation; Emirates District Cooling LLC; Engie SA; National Central Cooling Company PJSC
  • Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
  • Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
  • Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
  • Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
  • Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
  • Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
  • Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Executive Summary

A district cooling system (DCS) refers to a system that distributes cooling capacity in the form of chilled water or another medium from a central source to many buildings via a network of subterranean pipes used to provide chilled water for indoor cooling purposes for industrial, commercial, and residential buildings.

The main types of district cooling are free cooling, absorption cooling, electric chillers, and others. Free district cooling is used to ensure that the cooling supply is secure. The system is frequently supplemented by a heat pump or an electric chiller. The functions involved stationary cooling and transport cooling. The various applications include commercial, residential, and industrial.

The district cooling market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides district cooling market statistics, including district cooling industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a district cooling market share, detailed district cooling market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the district cooling industry. This district cooling market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

The district cooling market size has grown rapidly in recent years. It will grow from $16. 14 billion in 2023 to $18. 12 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12. 2%. The growth in the historic period can be attributed to increased demand for cooling systems in regions with high temperature, growing urbanization, rising disposable income, development of large-scale residential and commercial structures, increasing demand for energy-efficient cooling solutions.

The district cooling market size is expected to see rapid growth in the next few years. It will grow to $28. 4 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11. 9%. The growth in the forecast period can be attributed to growing need for efficient cooling systems, rapid construction activities, surging investments by developing nations for infrastructure development, increasing global population and urbanization, growing emphasis on sustainability. Major trends in the forecast period include use of advanced data analytics for optimizing cooling system efficiency, emergence of district cooling as a service (dcaas) models, adoption of smart grid technologies in district cooling networks, growing adoption of innovative technologies, increasing focus on cold energy recovery and utilization in district cooling.

The rising focus on the adoption of sustainable energy is expected to propel the growth of the district cooling market. Sustainable energy refers to a type of energy that cannot be depleted and can remain viable forever, it does not need to be renewed or replenished. Sustainable district cooling provides sustainable cooling and improves the local environment by reducing noise and increasing the security of the energy supply. For instance, in June 2023, according to the International Energy Agency, a France-based intergovernmental organization, global renewable capacity additions are set to soar by 107 gigawatts (GW)-the largest absolute increase ever-to more than 440 GW. Therefore, the rising focus on the adoption of sustainable energy is driving the growth of the district cooling market.

The increase in urbanization is expected to propel the growth of the district cooling market. Urbanization is the ongoing process of cities' growth and expansion, typically involving the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization drives the demand for district cooling systems, as densely populated urban areas require efficient cooling solutions to combat heat and energy demands, reducing the environmental impact and enhancing the sustainability of urban development. For instance, in April 2022, according to the World Economic Forum, a Switzerland-based independent international organization, more than 4. 3 billion people, or 55% of the global population, resided in urban environments, with projections indicating this figure is set to reach 80% by 2050. Therefore, increasing urbanization is driving the district cooling market.

Technological innovations are the key trend gaining popularity in the district cooling systems market. Major companies operating in the district cooling sector are focused on introducing technological innovations to reinforce their position. For instance, in August 2021, Keppel Corporation, a Singapore-based district cooling systems manufacturing company, launched Keppel DHCS based on thermal energy storage technology. It helps in the reduction of the district energy plant space and improves energy efficiency and energy-carrying capacity. These new district cooling systems have a cooling capacity of 14,000 refrigeration tons.

Major companies operating in the district cooling market are increasing their focus on introducing campaigns to gain a competitive edge in the market. A Sustainability Initiatives campaign is a coordinated effort aimed at promoting and implementing practices, policies, and actions that prioritize environmental and social responsibility to ensure the long-term well-being of the planet and its inhabitants. For instance, in June 2022, Emirates Central Cooling Systems Corporation (Empower), a UAE-based company, launched Set & Save 24°C, its annual summer campaign to reduce district cooling energy consumption. The campaign aims to encourage customers to rationalize their district cooling consumption by setting the air conditioner thermostat at 24°C, which will reduce consumption bills, protect the environment, save energy, and preserve resources for a green future.

In August 2021, Empower, a Dubai-based district cooling provider, acquired Nakheel's district cooling for a deal amount of USD 234 million. The acquisition helps to diversify Empower's portfolio, which includes The Gardens, Nakheel Mall, Dragon Mart, and Jumeirah Islands. Nakheel's District Cooling is a Dubai-based district cooling plant manufacturing company.

Major companies operating in the in the district cooling market report are Ramboll Group A/S, Fortum Corporation, Emirates District Cooling LLC, Engie SA, National Central Cooling Company PJSC, Veolia Environnement SA, Empower India Ltd., Qatar District Cooling Company, Keppel DHCS Pte Ltd., ADC Energy Systems LLC, Stellar Energy Systems Inc., Shinryo Corporation, Cetetherm AB, Logstor AS, Alfa Laval AB, Wien Energie Vertrieb GmbH & Co. KG, Danfoss Group, Marafeq Qatar, Engie Energy SA, Vivendi Environnement SA, Emirates Central Cooling Systems Corp., Fortum Oyj, DC PRO Engineering, Johnson Controls International plc, Siemens AG, Trane Technologies plc, Carrier Global Corporation, Hitachi Ltd., LG Electronics Inc., Seeley International Pty Ltd., Addison-HVAC Systems Inc., Daikin Industries Ltd., GEA Group AG

Middle East was the largest region in the district cooling market share in 2023. The regions covered in the district cooling market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa

The countries covered in the district cooling market report are: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Italy, Canada, Spain.

The district cooling market consists of sales of single-effect absorption chillers, double-effect absorption chillers, and direct-fired absorption chillers. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified)).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Product Code: r10310

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. District Cooling Market Characteristics

3. District Cooling Market Trends And Strategies

4. District Cooling Market - Macro Economic Scenario

  • 4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
  • 4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
  • 4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global District Cooling Market Size and Growth

  • 5.1. Global District Cooling Market Drivers and Restraints
    • 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
    • 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
  • 5.2. Global District Cooling Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
  • 5.3. Global District Cooling Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. District Cooling Market Segmentation

  • 6.1. Global District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • Free Cooling
  • Absorption Cooling
  • Electric Chillers
  • Other Production Techniques
  • 6.2. Global District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • Stationary Cooling
  • Transport Cooling
  • 6.3. Global District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • Commercial
  • Residential
  • Industrial

7. District Cooling Market Regional And Country Analysis

  • 7.1. Global District Cooling Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 7.2. Global District Cooling Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific District Cooling Market

  • 8.1. Asia-Pacific District Cooling Market Overview
  • Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
  • 8.2. Asia-Pacific District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 8.3. Asia-Pacific District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 8. 4. Asia-Pacific District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China District Cooling Market

  • 9.1. China District Cooling Market Overview
  • 9.2. China District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
  • 9.3. China District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
  • 9. 4. China District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India District Cooling Market

  • 10.1. India District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 10.2. India District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 10.3. India District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan District Cooling Market

  • 11.1. Japan District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 11.2. Japan District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 11.3. Japan District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia District Cooling Market

  • 12.1. Australia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 12.2. Australia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 12.3. Australia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia District Cooling Market

  • 13.1. Indonesia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 13.2. Indonesia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 13.3. Indonesia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea District Cooling Market

  • 14.1. South Korea District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 14.2. South Korea District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 14.3. South Korea District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe District Cooling Market

  • 15.1. Western Europe District Cooling Market Overview
  • 15.2. Western Europe District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 15.3. Western Europe District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 15. 4. Western Europe District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK District Cooling Market

  • 16.1. UK District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 16.2. UK District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 16.3. UK District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany District Cooling Market

  • 17.1. Germany District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 17.2. Germany District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 17.3. Germany District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France District Cooling Market

  • 18. 5. France District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 18. 6. France District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 18. 7. France District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy District Cooling Market

  • 19. 9. Italy District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 19.10. Italy District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 19.11. Italy District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain District Cooling Market

  • 20.13. Spain District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 20.14. Spain District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 20.15. Spain District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe District Cooling Market

  • 21.1. Eastern Europe District Cooling Market Overview
  • 21.2. Eastern Europe District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 21.3. Eastern Europe District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 21. 4. Eastern Europe District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia District Cooling Market

  • 22.1. Russia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 22.2. Russia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 22.3. Russia District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America District Cooling Market

  • 23.1. North America District Cooling Market Overview
  • 23.2. North America District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 23.3. North America District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 23. 4. North America District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA District Cooling Market

  • 24.1. USA District Cooling Market Overview
  • 24.2. USA District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 24.3. USA District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 24. 4. USA District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada District Cooling Market

  • 25.1. Canada District Cooling Market Overview
  • 25.2. Canada District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 25.3. Canada District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 25. 4. Canada District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America District Cooling Market

  • 26.1. South America District Cooling Market Overview
  • 26.2. South America District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 26.3. South America District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 26. 4. South America District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil District Cooling Market

  • 27.1. Brazil District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 27.2. Brazil District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 27.3. Brazil District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East District Cooling Market

  • 28.1. Middle East District Cooling Market Overview
  • 28.2. Middle East District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 28.3. Middle East District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 28. 4. Middle East District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa District Cooling Market

  • 29.1. Africa District Cooling Market Overview
  • 29.2. Africa District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Production Technique, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 29.3. Africa District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Functioning, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
  • 29. 4. Africa District Cooling Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. District Cooling Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

  • 30.1. District Cooling Market Competitive Landscape
  • 30.2. District Cooling Market Company Profiles
    • 30.2.1. Ramboll Group A/S
      • 30.2.1.1. Overview
      • 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
      • 30.2.1.3. Strategy
      • 30.2.1. 4. Financial Performance
    • 30.2.2. Fortum Corporation
      • 30.2.2.1. Overview
      • 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
      • 30.2.2.3. Strategy
      • 30.2.2. 4. Financial Performance
    • 30.2.3. Emirates District Cooling LLC
      • 30.2.3.1. Overview
      • 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
      • 30.2.3.3. Strategy
      • 30.2.3. 4. Financial Performance
    • 30.2. 4. Engie SA
      • 30.2. 4.1. Overview
      • 30.2. 4.2. Products and Services
      • 30.2. 4.3. Strategy
      • 30.2. 4. 4. Financial Performance
    • 30.2. 5. National Central Cooling Company PJSC
      • 30.2. 5.1. Overview
      • 30.2. 5.2. Products and Services
      • 30.2. 5.3. Strategy
      • 30.2. 5. 4. Financial Performance

31. Global District Cooling Market Competitive Benchmarking

32. Global District Cooling Market Competitive Dashboard

33. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The District Cooling Market

34. District Cooling Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

  • 34.1 District Cooling Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
  • 34.2 District Cooling Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
  • 34. 3 District Cooling Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
    • 34.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
    • 34.3.2 Competitor Strategies

35. Appendix

  • 35.1. Abbreviations
  • 35.2. Currencies
  • 35.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
  • 35. 4. Research Inquiries
  • 35. 5. The Business Research Company
  • 35. 6. Copyright And Disclaimer
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