Lubricants Global Market Report 2024

Description

A lubricant is a substance employed to lubricate engines or components, serving to control friction and minimize damage on surfaces engaged in relative motion. The primary function of lubricants is to reduce wear and tear on machinery, thereby extending the lifespan of the equipment.

The primary base oils used in lubricants include bio-based oil, mineral oil, and synthetic oil. Bio-based oil pertains to lubricants crafted from raw, renewable materials, distinguishing them from conventional petroleum-based alternatives. These bio-based oils exhibit characteristics such as biodegradability, renewability, and a reduced environmental footprint compared to their petroleum counterparts. Product types within the category encompass automotive oil, hydraulic oil, gear oil, compressed oil, greases, and metalworking fluids. These lubricants find applications in diverse sectors such as automotive, industrial, marine, chemical, oil and gas, aerospace, and others.

The lubricants market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides lubricants market statistics, including lubricants industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a lubricants market share, detailed lubricants market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the lubricants industry. This lubricants market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

The lubricants market size has grown steadily in recent years. It will grow from $149.76 billion in 2023 to $156.67 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6%. The growth observed in the historic period can be ascribed to various factors, including industrialization and mechanization, the expansion of the automotive industry, technological advancements in lubricant formulations, the globalization of trade and transportation, and an upsurge in demand from manufacturing sectors.

The lubricants market size is expected to see steady growth in the next few years. It will grow to $178.62 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.3%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to several factors, including the expansion of automotive fleet sizes, growth in the aviation and marine industries, an increased demand for synthetic lubricants, a heightened focus on sustainability and compliance with environmental regulations, and the development of emerging markets. Major trends expected in the forecast period encompass a shift towards bio-based and eco-friendly lubricants, the adoption of advanced lubrication technologies such as nanotechnology, the expansion of online sales channels for lubricants, an emphasis on predictive maintenance and condition monitoring, and the integration of lubricant management software to facilitate efficient maintenance scheduling.

The anticipated upswing in the automotive industry is poised to drive the growth of the lubricants market. The automotive industry encompasses activities related to the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sale of motor vehicles. Lubricants play a crucial role in automobiles by reducing friction and wear between moving parts, ensuring smooth operation, and extending the lifespan of engine components. In February 2023, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association reported a global production of 85.4 million motor vehicles in 2022, marking a 5.7% increase compared to the previous year. Furthermore, the International Energy Agency highlighted a substantial rise in electric vehicle sales, reaching 102 million units in 2022, reflecting the evolving dynamics of the automotive industry and contributing to the growth of the lubricants market.

Key players in the lubricants market are actively innovating by introducing new products tailored to emerging trends. Notably, the development of high-performance lubricant solutions for electric vehicles (EVs) has become a focal point for major companies. In March 2021, Phillips 66, a US-based petroleum refineries company, launched the e-Shield line-a suite of high-performance lubricants designed to enhance the performance and protection of electric vehicles. This product line includes system fluid, grease, and coolant, engineered with distinctive thermal and conductive properties to optimize EV performance by operating at lower temperatures and extending battery charge retention. These specialized lubricants play a vital role in safeguarding the efficiency and durability of EV components.

In March 2023, Saudi Arabian Oil Group (Saudi Aramco) executed a significant acquisition, purchasing Valvoline Inc.'s global products business for $2.65 billion. This strategic move bolsters Aramco's global presence in the lubricants industry, providing valuable expansion opportunities and strengthening its downstream portfolio. The acquisition leverages Valvoline's established brand equity, positioning Aramco as a prominent player in the integrated, branded lubricants market. Valvoline Inc., a US-based automotive services company, specializes in the manufacture and distribution of finished lubricants and automotive chemicals, making it a strategic addition to Aramco's lubricants business.

Major companies operating in the lubricants market report are China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, PetroChina Company Limited, ExxonMobil Corp., Shell plc, Total Energies, BP plc, Chevron Corp., Philips 66 Company, Petroleo Brasileiro S.A., ENEOS Corporation, Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd., Lukoil Oil Company, S-Oil Corporation, Calumet Specialty Products Partners L.P, Fuchs SE, Castrol Limited, Quaker Houghton, Valvoline Inc., Petronas Lubricant International, Gulf Oil Marine Ltd., Blaser Swisslube Inc., Amsoil Inc., Pennzoil, Zeller Gmelin Gmbh & Co. KG, Pennine Lubricants

Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the lubricants market in 2023. The regions covered in the lubricants market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the lubricants market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The lubricants market consists of sales of engine oil, grease, industrial oils, transmission fluids, lubricant dispensing systems, sealants, and aviation lubricants. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Lubricants Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on lubricants market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the coronavirus and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
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Where is the largest and fastest growing market for lubricants ? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The lubricants market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:

The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.

The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.

The continued but declining impact of covid 19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.

Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.

Scope

Markets Covered:

1) By Base Oil: Bio-based Oil; Mineral Oil; Synthetic Oil
2) By Product Type: Automotive Oil; Hydraulic Oil; Gear Oil; Compressed Oil; Greases; Metal Working Fluid
3) By End User Vertical: Automotive; Industrial; Marine; Chemical; Oil & Gas; Aerospace; Others End Users
Companies Mentioned: China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation; PetroChina Company Limited; ExxonMobil Corp.; Shell plc; Total Energies
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Product Code: r16486

1. Executive Summary

2. Lubricants Market Characteristics

3. Lubricants Market Trends And Strategies

4. Lubricants Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Lubricants Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Lubricants Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Lubricants Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Lubricants Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Lubricants Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Bio-based Oil
Mineral Oil
Synthetic Oil
6.2. Global Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Automotive Oil
Hydraulic Oil
Gear Oil
Compressed Oil
Greases
Metal Working Fluid
6.3. Global Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Automotive
Industrial
Marine
Chemical
Oil & Gas
Aerospace
Others End Users

7. Lubricants Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Lubricants Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Lubricants Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Lubricants Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Lubricants Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Lubricants Market

9.1. China Lubricants Market Overview
9.2. China Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Lubricants Market

10.1. India Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Lubricants Market

11.1. Japan Lubricants Market Overview
11.2. Japan Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Lubricants Market

12.1. Australia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Lubricants Market

13.1. Indonesia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Lubricants Market

14.1. South Korea Lubricants Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Lubricants Market

15.1. Western Europe Lubricants Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Lubricants Market

16.1. UK Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Lubricants Market

17.1. Germany Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Lubricants Market

18.1. France Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Lubricants Market

19.1. Italy Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Lubricants Market

20.1. Spain Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Lubricants Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Lubricants Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Lubricants Market

22.1. Russia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Lubricants Market

23.1. North America Lubricants Market Overview
23.2. North America Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Lubricants Market

24.1. USA Lubricants Market Overview
24.2. USA Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Lubricants Market

25.1. Canada Lubricants Market Overview
25.2. Canada Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Lubricants Market

26.1. South America Lubricants Market Overview
26.2. South America Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Lubricants Market

27.1. Brazil Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Lubricants Market

28.1. Middle East Lubricants Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Lubricants Market

29.1. Africa Lubricants Market Overview
29.2. Africa Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Base Oil, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Lubricants Market, Segmentation By Product Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Lubricants Market, Segmentation By End User Vertical, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Lubricants Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Lubricants Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Lubricants Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. PetroChina Company Limited
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. ExxonMobil Corp.
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Shell plc
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Total Energies
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Lubricants Market Other Major And Innovative Companies

31.1. BP plc
31.2. Chevron Corp.
31.3. Philips 66 Company
31.4. Petroleo Brasileiro S.A.
31.5. ENEOS Corporation
31.6. Idemitsu Kosan Co. Ltd.
31.7. Lukoil Oil Company
31.8. S-Oil Corporation
31.9. Calumet Specialty Products Partners L.P
31.10. Fuchs SE
31.11. Castrol Limited
31.12. Quaker Houghton
31.13. Valvoline Inc.
31.14. Petronas Lubricant International
31.15. Gulf Oil Marine Ltd.

32. Global Lubricants Market Competitive Benchmarking

33. Global Lubricants Market Competitive Dashboard

34. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Lubricants Market

35. Lubricants Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

35.1 Lubricants Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
35.2 Lubricants Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
35.3 Lubricants Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 35.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 35.3.2 Competitor Strategies

36. Appendix

36.1. Abbreviations
36.2. Currencies
36.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
36.4. Research Inquiries
36.5. The Business Research Company
36.6. Copyright And Disclaimer