EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America - 3rd Edition

Table of Contents

• Table of Contents
• List of Figures
• Executive Summary

1. EV Charging in Europe and North America

• 1.1. EV charging infrastructure in Europe
• 1.2. EV charging infrastructure in North America
• 1.3. The electric vehicle market
  • 1.3.1. Vehicle types
  • 1.3.2. The electric vehicle market in Europe
  • 1.3.3. The electric vehicle market in North America
• 1.4. Market players
  • 1.4.1. Charge point operators (CPOs)
  • 1.4.2. Mobility service providers (MSPs)
  • 1.4.3. Hardware and software providers

2. Charging Technologies and Standards

• 2.1. Electric vehicle charging
  • 2.1.1. AC and DC
  • 2.1.2. Charging modes and levels
  • 2.1.3. Battery capacity and charging time
• 2.2. Connector Standards
  • 2.2.1. Type 1/SAE J1772
  • 2.2.2. Type 2
  • 2.2.3. Combined charging system (CCS)
  • 2.2.4. CHAdeMO
  • 2.2.5. North American Charging Standard (Tesla)
  • 2.2.6. GB/T
• 2.3. Connectivity and management software
  • 2.3.1. Cellular IoT gateways, routers and modems
  • 2.3.2. The open charge point protocol (OCPP)
  • 2.3.3. Charging station management software
• 2.4. Payment solutions
  • 2.4.1. Mobile payments and RFID tags
  • 2.4.2. ISO 15118
  • 2.4.3. Autocharge
  • 2.4.4. Payment terminals

3. Charge Point Operators

• 3.1. Europe
  • 3.1.1. Allego
  • 3.1.2. Atlante
  • 3.1.3. Be Charge
  • 3.1.4. Bouygues Energies and Services (Bouygues Construction)
  • 3.1.5. BP Pulse
  • 3.1.6. CEZ Group
  • 3.1.7. E.ON Group
  • 3.1.8. EnBW
  • 3.1.9. Eneco eMobility
  • 3.1.10. Enel X (Enel Group)
  • 3.1.11. ESB Group
  • 3.1.12. Fastned
  • 3.1.13. Freshmile
  • 3.1.14. Iberdrola Group
  • 3.1.15. InstaVolt
  • 3.1.16. Ionity
  • 3.1.17. Izivia (EDF)
  • 3.1.18. Jolt Energy
  • 3.1.19. Mer (Statkraft)
  • 3.1.20. Power Dot
  • 3.1.21. Recharge
  • 3.1.22. Shell Recharge Solutions
  • 3.1.23. TotalEnergies
  • 3.1.24. Vattenfall Group
• 3.2. North America
  • 3.2.1. Blink Charging
  • 3.2.2. Electrify America
  • 3.2.3. Electrify Canada
  • 3.2.4. EVgo
  • 3.2.5. Francis Energy
  • 3.2.6. Hydro-Québec
  • 3.2.7. Tesla
  • 3.2.8. Volta Charging

4. Hardware and Software Providers

• 4.1. Europe
  • 4.1.1. ABB
  • 4.1.2. ABL
  • 4.1.3. ADS-TEC Energy
  • 4.1.4. Alfen
  • 4.1.5. Alpitronic
  • 4.1.6. Amina Charging
  • 4.1.7. AMPECO
  • 4.1.8. Charge Amps
  • 4.1.9. Chargecloud
  • 4.1.10. ChargeNode
  • 4.1.11. Circontrol
  • 4.1.12. Compleo Charging Solutions
  • 4.1.13. CTEK
  • 4.1.14. DBT Group
  • 4.1.15. Driivz
  • 4.1.16. Easee
  • 4.1.17. Eaton
  • 4.1.18. Ecotap (Legrand)
  • 4.1.19. Efacec
  • 4.1.20. Ekoenergetyka
  • 4.1.21. Elli
  • 4.1.22. eNovates
  • 4.1.23. Ensto Building Systems (Legrand)
  • 4.1.24. E-Totem
  • 4.1.25. EO Charging
  • 4.1.26. Etrel
  • 4.1.27. EVBox (ENGIE)
  • 4.1.28. Evtec
  • 4.1.29. Fortum
  • 4.1.30. Garo
  • 4.1.31. Gnrgy
  • 4.1.32. GreenFlux
  • 4.1.33. Heidelberg Amperfied (Heidelberg Druckmaschinen)
  • 4.1.34. Ingeteam
  • 4.1.35. IES Synergy
  • 4.1.36. Juice Technology
  • 4.1.37. KEBA
  • 4.1.38. Kempower
  • 4.1.39. Kostad
  • 4.1.40. L-Charge
  • 4.1.41. Last Mile Solutions
  • 4.1.42. Mennekes Group
  • 4.1.43. Pod Point (EDF)
  • 4.1.44. Rolec Services
  • 4.1.45. Schneider Electric
  • 4.1.46. Siemens
  • 4.1.47. Smartlab
  • 4.1.48. Teltonika
  • 4.1.49. Tritium
  • 4.1.50. Virta
  • 4.1.51. Wallbox
  • 4.1.52. Webasto
  • 4.1.53. Wirelane
  • 4.1.54. Zaptec
• 4.2. North America
  • 4.2.1. Flo
  • 4.2.2. BorgWarner
  • 4.2.3. BTC Power (E.ON)
  • 4.2.4. ChargePoint
  • 4.2.5. ClipperCreek
  • 4.2.6. Delta Electronics
  • 4.2.7. Elmec
  • 4.2.8. EV Connect
  • 4.2.9. EvoCharge (Phillips & Temro)
  • 4.2.10. EVPassport
  • 4.2.11. FreeWire Technologies
  • 4.2.12. InductEV
  • 4.2.13. SemaConnect
  • 4.2.14. SK Signet
• 4.3. Additional hardware vendors

5. Market Analysis and Trends

• 5.1. Market analysis
  • 5.1.1. Market forecast
  • 5.1.2. Regional market analysis
  • 5.1.3. Government incentives and investments
• 5.2. Value chain analysis
  • 5.2.1. EV charging hardware vendors
  • 5.2.2. Software providers and charge point operators
  • 5.2.3. Automotive industry players
  • 5.2.4. Mergers and acquisitions
• 5.3. Market trends
  • 5.3.1. The electric vehicle market continues to grow in spite of market uncertainty
  • 5.3.2. The business case for connected charging stations continues to improve
  • 5.3.3. M&As drive consolidation in the EV charging landscape
  • 5.3.4. Going public gives access to growth capital
  • 5.3.5. Demand for public and destination charging to increase rapidly in Europe
  • 5.3.6. Open architectures alter the EV charging value chain
  • 5.3.7. A modular design improves the case for DC charging
  • 5.3.8. Car OEMs offer MSP services to lower barriers to EV adoption
  • 5.3.9. Fast charging to move to more urban locations
  • 5.3.10. Heavy commercial vehicle charging emerges as a new segment

• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: Public normal and fast charging points (EU22+3 2021)
• Figure 1.2: BEVs per public normal and fast charging points (EU22+3 in 2021)
• Figure 1.3: Normal and fast charging points (North America 2021)
• Figure 1.4: Electric vehicles per normal and fast charging points (North America 2021)
• Figure 1.5: Registered electric vehicles and new registrations (EU22+3 2021)
• Figure 1.6: Registered electric vehicles and sales (North America 2021)
• Figure 2.1: Charging using alternating current (left) and direct current (right)
• Figure 2.2: Charging modes
• Figure 2.3: Charging levels
• Figure 2.4: Examples of battery capacity for different car models
• Figure 2.5: Theoretical charging times for a 90-kWh battery
• Figure 2.6: Connector standards by geographical region
• Figure 2.7: Common features in cellular IoT gateways and routers
• Figure 2.8: Examples of routers used in EV charging applications
• Figure 2.9: Overview of a cluster configuration
• Figure 2.10: Example of a dashboard for management of charging operations
• Figure 2.11: Example of RFID card and tag
• Figure 2.12: Examples of payment terminals for EV charging stations
• Figure 3.1: An Allego fast charging location
• Figure 3.2: Enel X's Juicebox
• Figure 3.3: A Fastned charging location
• Figure 3.4: An Ionity charging site
• Figure 3.5: Jolt's MerlinOne mobile charger and swap truck
• Figure 3.6: Shell Recharge Solutions' charger for businesses
• Figure 3.7: A Francis Energy charging station
• Figure 3.8: Tesla's Supercharger
• Figure 3.9: Tesla's Wall Connector
• Figure 3.10: Charging station from Volta Charging
• Figure 4.1: The Terra AC wallbox and Terra 360 from ABB
• Figure 4.2: ADS-TEC Energy's ChargePost and ChargeBox options and dispenser
• Figure 4.3: The Hypercharger HYC300
• Figure 4.4: The wallbox from Amina Charging
• Figure 4.5: The Raption 400 and Raption 150 Compact chargers
• Figure 4.6: Chargestorm Connected and Njord Go on a wall mount from CTEK
• Figure 4.7: Easee's wallbox charger
• Figure 4.8: Ecotap's Homebox and DC150/180 chargers
• Figure 4.9: The Ensto One and Media chargers
• Figure 4.10: The INCH Pro from Etrel
• Figure 4.11: Troniq Modular and BusinessLine Double from EVBox
• Figure 4.12: Juice Booster 3 with connector and adapters
• Figure 4.13: KeContact P30 from KEBA
• Figure 4.14: Kempower Satellite and Station Charger
• Figure 4.15: Unity22 and Unity360 from Kostad
• Figure 4.16: E-mobility Gateway and Amtron Compact from Mennekes
• Figure 4.17: Siemens VersiCharge wallbox
• Figure 4.18: Teltonika's TeltoCharge
• Figure 4.19: The Tritium RT50
• Figure 4.20: Quasar 2 from Wallbox
• Figure 4.21: Next and TurboDX from Webasto
• Figure 4.22: BTC Power's Gen 4 and 350 kW Dispenser unit
• Figure 4.23: ChargePoint Home and Express
• Figure 4.24: Overview of SemaConnect's offering
• Figure 4.25: Additional hardware suppliers
• Figure 5.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2021-2026)
• Figure 5.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2021-2026)
• Figure 5.3: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2021-2026)
• Figure 5.4: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2021-2026)
• Figure 5.5: Policies active in major electric vehicle countries in Europe (Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.6: Installed base of charging points by vendor (Europe Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.7: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.8: Installed base of charging points by vendor (North America Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.9: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (North America Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.10: Connected charging points by software vendor (Europe Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.11: Connected charging points by software vendor (North America Q4-2022)
• Figure 5.12: Public charging networks (North America January 2022)
• Figure 5.13: Public DC charging networks (North America January 2022)
• Figure 5.14: M&As among companies active in EV charging (2017-2023)
• Figure 5.15: lPOs and listings via SPAC mergers (2014-2022)