PUBLISHER: Daedal Research | PRODUCT CODE: 1731169
PUBLISHER: Daedal Research | PRODUCT CODE: 1731169
Global Tocopherols Market: Analysis By Type, By Source, By Form, By Application, By Region Size and Trends with Forecast up to 2030
The global tocopherols market was valued at US$1.51 billion in 2024. The market value is expected to reach US$2.46 billion by 2030. Tocopherols are a group of Vitamin E compounds that function as natural antioxidants, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. They are commonly found in plant-based oils, nuts, seeds, and leafy vegetables, and are widely used in the food and beverage industry, dietary supplements, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and animal feed.
In the forthcoming years, the global tocopherols market is expected to continue growing due to several converging trends. One key factor is the increasing demand for natural antioxidants and vitamin E in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products. Tocopherols, derived primarily from vegetable oils, offer a natural solution to enhance shelf life and provide health benefits, aligning with consumer preferences for clean-label and plant-based ingredients. The growing awareness of health and wellness, coupled with the rising prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, is further fueling the demand for tocopherols in dietary supplements and functional foods. Technological advancements in extraction and purification processes are also improving the yield and quality of tocopherols, making them more cost-competitive with synthetic alternatives. Moreover, stringent regulations on synthetic additives and preservatives are encouraging manufacturers to adopt natural compounds like tocopherols. Together, these factors position the global tocopherols market for steady growth in the years ahead. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of approx. 8% during the forecasted period of 2025-2030.
Market Segmentation Analysis:
By Type: The report provides the bifurcation of the tocopherols market into four segments on the basis of type: Alpha Tocopherols, Mixed Tocopherols, Delta Tocopherols and Others. The alpha tocopherols segment holds the highest share in the market, due to its superior bioavailability and potent antioxidant properties, making it the most biologically active and widely recognized form of Vitamin E. Its strong efficacy in neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress makes it highly sought after in dietary supplements, fortified food products, and pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, alpha tocopherols are extensively researched and supported by scientific evidence highlighting their health benefits, particularly in supporting immune function, cardiovascular health, and skin protection. This broad applicability across various high-demand sectors significantly contributes to the dominant market position of the alpha tocopherols segment.
By Source: The report provides the bifurcation of the tocopherols market into five segments on the basis of source: Soybean Oil, Sunflower Oil, Rapeseed Oil, Corn Oil and Others. The soybean oil segment held a significant share of the global market, due to its high tocopherol content, widespread availability, and cost-effectiveness as a raw material. Soybean oil is one of the richest natural sources of mixed tocopherols, making it a preferred choice for large-scale commercial extraction. Its abundant global production and established supply chain infrastructure further support its dominance in the market. Additionally, the growing demand for naturally derived antioxidants in food, cosmetics, and dietary supplements has reinforced the use of soybean oil-based tocopherols, particularly in regions where soybean cultivation is prevalent. These factors collectively contribute to the strong market position of the soybean oil segment.
By Form: The report provides the bifurcation of the tocopherols market into three segments on the basis of form: Liquid, Powder and Gel. The liquid segment holds the largest share in the market as it offers superior solubility, ease of blending, and versatility across a wide range of applications. Their efficient absorption and consistent dispersion make them ideal for use in dietary supplements, skincare products, and fortified foods. Moreover, the production and handling of liquid tocopherols are more cost-effective compared to other forms, contributing to their broader industrial adoption. These practical advantages make the liquid form the most commercially preferred and widely used in the global tocopherols market.
By Application: The report provides the bifurcation of the tocopherols market into three segments on the basis of application: Dietary Supplement, Food and Beverage, Animal Feed, Cosmetics & Personal Care and Pharmaceuticals. The dietary supplement segment holds the largest share in the market due to the growing consumer focus on preventive healthcare and the increasing awareness of the health benefits associated with Vitamin E. Tocopherols, particularly alpha tocopherol, are widely recognized for their powerful antioxidant properties, which support immune function, skin health, and cardiovascular wellness. As a result, they are a key ingredient in a broad range of vitamin E supplements. The rising aging population, increasing prevalence of lifestyle-related disorders, and heightened demand for natural and functional health products have further driven the use of tocopherols in dietary supplements. Additionally, the global shift toward health-conscious living and self-care has led to a surge in supplement consumption, reinforcing the dominance of this segment in the overall tocopherols market.
By Region: In the report, the global tocopherols market is divided into four regions: Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, and rest of Asia Pacific), North America (the US, Canada, and Mexico), Europe (Germany, the UK, France, Italy, Spain and Rest of the Europe), and Rest of the World. In 2024, the Asia Pacific region led the tocopherols market, propelled by the region's large-scale production and consumption of soybean oil, which serves as a primary source of tocopherols. Countries like China and India have strong agricultural bases and robust food processing industries, enabling cost-effective raw material availability and widespread application of tocopherols in food, dietary supplements, and personal care products. Additionally, the growing health awareness among consumers, rising disposable incomes, and increasing demand for functional and fortified foods are driving the uptake of vitamin E products across the region. The rapid expansion of the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, especially in emerging economies, further supports market growth.
During 2025-2030, the US is expected to maintain its lead within the North American tocopherols market, driven by strong consumer demand for dietary supplements, a well-established food and pharmaceutical industry, and increasing preference for natural and clean-label ingredients. The country's advanced research and development capabilities, coupled with rising health awareness and aging population, continue to boost the use of tocopherols in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and personal care products.
Market Dynamics:
Growth Drivers: The global tocopherols market growth is predicted to be supported by numerous growth drivers such as rising emphasis on health consciousness and preventive healthcare, rapid expansion of the animal feed industry, growing adoption in the cosmetics and personal care industry, diversification of tocopherol applications across emerging industries and many other factors. One of the key factors driving the growth of the global tocopherols market is the increasing demand for natural antioxidants. As consumers become more health-conscious and wary of synthetic additives, there is a pronounced shift towards products that incorporate natural ingredients. Tocopherols, which are a class of organic chemical compounds with vitamin E activity, are highly valued for their potent antioxidant properties. This makes them especially attractive to food manufacturers seeking clean-label solutions that appeal to modern consumers. Additionally, the growing body of scientific evidence highlighting the health benefits of antioxidants in reducing the risk of chronic diseases further bolsters the demand for tocopherols across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements. As a result, the market for tocopherols continues to expand, driven by the global preference for safer, healthier, and more natural alternatives.
Challenges: However, the market growth would be negatively impacted by various challenges such as high production and extraction costs, regulatory challenges, price volatility of raw materials, etc.
Trends: The market is projected to grow at a fast pace during the forecast period, due to various latest trends such as expanding functional foods and dietary supplements sector, escalating shift towards plant-based and vegan products, sustainability and circular bioeconomy integration, advancements in extraction and purification techniques, etc. The accelerating adoption of clean label and natural ingredients is becoming a key trend in the tocopherols market. Driven by growing consumer demand for transparency, safety, and minimal processing, manufacturers are increasingly turning to naturally sourced tocopherols as effective, plant-based antioxidants. These compounds not only meet clean-label criteria but also align with health-conscious and environmentally aware lifestyles. This trend is particularly evident in the food, beverage, and personal care industries, where brands are reformulating products to eliminate synthetic additives, thereby boosting the demand for natural tocopherols across multiple sectors.
Competitive Landscape:
The global tocopherols market is highly competitive, with intense rivalry among established major players and emerging regional companies to maintain and expand their market share. The key players in the global tocopherols market are:
Archer-Daniels-Midland Company
International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (DuPont Danisco)
DSM-Firmenich AG
BASF SE
Merck KGaA
Cargill, Incorporated
Kensing, LLC (Vitae Naturals)
KLK OLEO (Davos Life Science Pte. Ltd.)
BTSA Biotecnologias Aplicadas, S.L.
Kemin Industries Inc.
Nutralliance Inc.
Zhejiang Worldbestve Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
The key players use strategies such as innovation, strategic partnerships, capacity expansion, new product launch and commercialization to strengthen their position in the market. For instance, in November 2023, Kensing Solutions LLC acquired Advanced Organic Materials S.A. This acquisition significantly expanded Kensing's global presence and position as a major producer of natural tocopherols and phytosterols. Similarly, in February 2023, DSM Personal Care introduced Retinol CB 50, a sustainable retinol variant free from BHA and BHT. This innovation replaces fossil-derived solvents with naturally sourced alkanes and incorporates natural mixed tocopherols as antioxidants, aligning with the clean beauty movement.
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
2. Introduction
- 2.1 Tocopherols: An Overview
- 2.1.1 Introduction to Tocopherols
- 2.1.2 Major Types of Tocopherols and Their Properties
- 2.2 Tocopherols Segmentation: An Overview
- 2.2.1 Tocopherols Segmentation
3. Global Market Analysis
- 3.1 Global Tocopherols Market: An Analysis
- 3.1.1 Global Tocopherols Market: An Overview
- 3.1.2 Global Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.1.3 Global Tocopherols Market by Type (Alpha Tocopherols, Mixed Tocopherol, Delta Tocopherols and Others)
- 3.1.4 Global Tocopherols Market by Source (Soybean Oil, Sunflower Oil, Rapeseed Oil, Corn Oil and Others)
- 3.1.5 Global Tocopherols Market by Form (Liquid, Powder and Gel)
- 3.1.6 Global Tocopherols Market by Application (Dietary Supplement, Food and Beverage, Animal Feed, Cosmetics & Personal Care and Pharmaceuticals)
- 3.1.7 Global Tocopherols Market by Region (Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, and rest of the World)
- 3.2 Global Tocopherols Market: Type Analysis
- 3.2.1 Global Tocopherols Market by Type: An Overview
- 3.2.2 Global Alpha Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.2.3 Global Mixed Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.2.4 Global Delta Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.2.5 Global Other Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.3 Global Tocopherols Market: Source Analysis
- 3.3.1 Global Tocopherols Market by Source: An Overview
- 3.3.2 Global Soybean Oil Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.3.3 Global Sunflower Oil Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.3.4 Global Rapeseed Oil Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.3.5 Global Corn Oil Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.3.6 Global Other Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.4 Global Tocopherols Market: Form Analysis
- 3.4.1 Global Tocopherols Market by Form: An Overview
- 3.4.2 Global Liquid Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.4.3 Global Powder Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.4.4 Global Gel Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.5 Global Tocopherols Market: Application Analysis
- 3.5.1 Global Tocopherols Market by Application: An Overview
- 3.5.2 Global Dietary Supplement Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.5.3 Global Food and Beverage Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.5.4 Global Animal Feed Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.5.5 Global Cosmetics & Personal Care Tocopherols Market by Value
- 3.5.6 Global Pharmaceutical Tocopherols Market by Value
4. Regional Market Analysis
- 4.1 Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market: An Analysis
- 4.1.1 Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market: An Overview
- 4.1.2 Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.1.3 Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Region
- 4.1.4 China Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.1.5 Japan Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.1.6 India Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.1.7 South Korea Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.1.8 Rest of Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.2 North America Tocopherols Market: An Analysis
- 4.2.1 North America Tocopherols Market: An Overview
- 4.2.2 North America Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.2.3 North America Tocopherols Market by Region
- 4.2.4 The US Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.2.5 Canada Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.2.6 Mexico Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3 Europe Tocopherols Market: An Analysis
- 4.3.1 Europe Tocopherols Market: An Overview
- 4.3.2 Europe Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3.3 Europe Tocopherols Market by Region
- 4.3.4 Germany Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3.5 France Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3.6 The UK Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3.7 Italy Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3.8 Spain Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.3.9 Rest of Europe Tocopherols Market by Value
- 4.4 Rest of the World Tocopherols Market: An Analysis
- 4.4.1 Rest of the World Tocopherols Market: An Overview
- 4.4.2 Rest of the World Tocopherols Market by Value
5. Market Dynamics
- 5.1 Growth Drivers
- 5.1.1 Increasing Demand for Natural Antioxidants
- 5.1.2 Rising Emphasis on Health Consciousness and Preventive Healthcare
- 5.1.3 Rapid Expansion of the Animal Feed Industry
- 5.1.4 Growing Adoption in the Cosmetics and Personal Care Industry
- 5.1.5 Diversification of Tocopherol Applications Across Emerging Industries
- 5.1.6 Move Toward Non-GMO and Organic Sourcing
- 5.2 Challenges
- 5.2.1 High Production and Extraction Costs
- 5.2.2 Regulatory Challenges
- 5.2.3 Price Volatility of Raw Materials
- 5.3 Market Trends
- 5.3.1 Accelerating Adoption of Clean Label and Natural Ingredients
- 5.3.2 Expanding Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements Sector
- 5.3.3 Escalating Shift Towards Plant-Based and Vegan Products
- 5.3.4 Sustainability and Circular Bioeconomy Integration
- 5.3.5 Advancements in Extraction and Purification Techniques
6. Competitive Landscape
- 6.1 Global Tocopherols Market: Competitive Landscape
- 6.2 Global Tocopherols Market Players: Product Offerings
7. Company Profiles
- 7.1 Archer-Daniels-Midland Company
- 7.1.1 Business Overview
- 7.1.2 Operating Segments
- 7.1.3 Business Strategy
- 7.2 International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. (DuPont Danisco)
- 7.2.1 Business Overview
- 7.2.2 Operating Segments
- 7.2.3 Business Strategy
- 7.3 DSM-Firmenich AG
- 7.3.1 Business Overview
- 7.3.2 Operating Segments
- 7.3.3 Business Strategy
- 7.4 BASF SE
- 7.4.1 Business Overview
- 7.4.2 Operating Segments
- 7.4.3 Business Strategy
- 7.5 Merck KGaA
- 7.5.1 Business Overview
- 7.5.2 Operating Segments
- 7.5.3 Business Strategy
- 7.6 Cargill, Incorporated
- 7.6.1 Business Overview
- 7.6.2 Business Strategy
- 7.7 Kensing, LLC (Vitae Naturals)
- 7.7.1 Business Overview
- 7.7.2 Business Strategy
- 7.8 KLK OLEO (Davos Life Science Pte. Ltd.)
- 7.8.1 Business Overview
- 7.8.2 Business Strategy
- 7.9 BTSA Biotecnologias Aplicadas, S.L.
- 7.9.1 Business Overview
- 7.9.2 Business Strategy
- 7.10 Kemin Industries Inc.
- 7.10.1 Business Overview
- 7.10.2 Business Strategy
- 7.11 Nutralliance Inc.
- 7.11.1 Business Overview
- 7.12 Zhejiang Worldbestve Biotechnology Co., Ltd
- 7.12.1 Business Overview
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Tocopherols Market Players: Product Offerings
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Major Types of Tocopherols and Their Properties
- Figure 2: Tocopherols Segmentation
- Figure 3: Global Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 4: Global Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 5: Global Tocopherols Market by Type; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 6: Global Tocopherols Market by Source; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 7: Global Tocopherols Market by Form; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 8: Global Tocopherols Market by Application; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 9: Global Tocopherols Market by Region; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 10: Global Alpha Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 11: Global Alpha Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 12: Global Mixed Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 13: Global Mixed Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 14: Global Delta Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 15: Global Delta Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 16: Global Other Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 17: Global Other Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 18: Global Soybean Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 19: Global Soybean Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 20: Global Sunflower Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 21: Global Sunflower Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 22: Global Rapeseed Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 23: Global Rapeseed Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 24: Global Corn Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 25: Global Corn Oil Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 26: Global Other Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 27: Global Other Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 28: Global Liquid Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 29: Global Liquid Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 30: Global Powder Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 31: Global Powder Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 32: Global Gel Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 33: Global Gel Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 34: Global Dietary Supplement Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 35: Global Dietary Supplement Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 36: Global Food and Beverage Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 37: Global Food and Beverage Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 38: Global Animal Feed Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 39: Global Animal Feed Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 40: Global Cosmetics & Personal Care Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 41: Global Cosmetics & Personal Care Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 42: Global Pharmaceutical Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 43: Global Pharmaceutical Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 44: Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 45: Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 46: Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Region; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 47: China Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 48: China Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 49: Japan Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 50: Japan Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 51: India Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 52: India Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 53: South Korea Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 54: South Korea Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 55: Rest of Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 56: Rest of Asia Pacific Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 57: North America Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 58: North America Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 59: North America Tocopherols Market by Region; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 60: The US Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 61: The US Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 62: Canada Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 63: Canada Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 64: Mexico Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 65: Mexico Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 66: Europe Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 67: Europe Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 68: Europe Tocopherols Market by Region; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 69: Germany Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 70: Germany Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 71: France Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 72: France Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 73: The UK Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 74: The UK Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 75: Italy Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 76: Italy Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 77: Spain Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 78: Spain Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 79: Rest of Europe Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 80: Rest of Europe Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 81: Rest of the World Tocopherols Market by Value; 2020-2024 (US$ Million)
- Figure 82: Rest of the World Tocopherols Market by Value; 2025-2030 (US$ Million)
- Figure 83: Global Annual Vitamin E Demand Forecast; 2023-2027 (Tonnes)
- Figure 84: Global Health And Wellness Food Market, 2020-2026; (US$ Billion)
- Figure 85: Global Per Capita Meat Consumption Forecast; 2021-2027 (Kilograms)
- Figure 86: Global Cosmetics Market Revenue, 2020-2026; (US$ Billion)
- Figure 87: Global Clean Beauty Market; 2021-2028 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 88: Global Functional Foods Market; 2019-2027 (US$ Billion)
- Figure 89: Archer-Daniels-Midland Company Revenue By Segment; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 90: International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. Net Sales by Segment, 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 91: DSM-Firmenich AG Net Sales by Segment; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 92: BASF SE Sales by Segments; 2024 (Percentage, %)
- Figure 93: Merck KGaA Net Sales by Segment; 2024 (Percentage, %)
