PUBLISHER: Fortune Business Insights Pvt. Ltd. | PRODUCT CODE: 1887061
PUBLISHER: Fortune Business Insights Pvt. Ltd. | PRODUCT CODE: 1887061
Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Size, Share, Growth and Global Industry Analysis By Type & Application, Regional Insights and Forecast to 2024-2032
Growth Factors of automotive temperature sensor Market
The global automotive temperature sensor market is expanding steadily as vehicles become more electrified, intelligent, and energy-efficient. According to the latest assessment, the market was valued at USD 2.12 billion in 2024, supported by growing vehicle production, advancements in powertrain technologies, and increasing adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The market is expected to rise to USD 2.20 billion in 2025, driven by emission regulations, vehicle safety standards, and thermal management innovations. By 2032, the global market is projected to reach USD 3.22 billion, recording a CAGR of 5.6% over the forecast period.
North America remains an influential market player and held a 53.30% share in 2023, supported by technological innovation, strong automotive manufacturing presence, and early adoption of EVs across the U.S. and Canada.
Market Insights and Key Drivers
Automotive temperature sensors play a vital role in monitoring and controlling thermal conditions across engines, transmissions, HVAC systems, exhaust after-treatment, EV powertrains, and battery packs. These sensors convert thermal variations into electrical signals, ensuring fuel efficiency, regulatory compliance, component safety, and overall vehicle reliability.
The rise in Electric Vehicles and hybrid vehicles has significantly accelerated demand for temperature sensors. EVs rely on sophisticated thermal management systems to regulate battery temperature, motor heat, inverter performance, and charging systems. For example, in March 2025, TDK introduced an immersion temperature sensor specifically designed for EV powertrain cooling systems, indicating rapid innovations tailored to electrified mobility.
Government incentives for EV adoption, rising fuel prices, and the shift toward zero-emission transportation are contributing to greater integration of advanced thermal sensors across all vehicle categories. Additionally, the growth of autonomous vehicles demands highly accurate real-time temperature monitoring for components operating under continuous load.
Market Trends
Advanced Sensors in Powertrain Management
Modern powertrains depend heavily on advanced temperature sensors to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and maintain system stability. The trend extends across both internal combustion and electric powertrains.
Temperature sensors are now integrated with MEMS technologies, offering miniaturization, rapid response time, and high precision. In October 2024, Honeywell unveiled new EV-focused sensing technologies aligned with the growing demand for safer and more energy-efficient vehicles.
Rising Innovation in Battery Thermal Management
With EV battery safety being a global priority, advanced sensors are essential for preventing thermal runaway, monitoring battery pack conditions, and improving fast charging. In January 2025, Honeywell launched a Battery Safety Electrolyte Sensor aimed at enhancing lithium-ion battery safety in EVs.
Segmentation Overview
By Product Type
In 2024, MEMS temperature sensors represented the largest market share due to their compact size, reliability, and suitability for EV battery management systems, climate control, and smart powertrains.
IC temperature sensors also held a significant share, reflecting their rising use in electric and hybrid vehicles.
By Vehicle Type
The passenger car segment dominated the market in 2024. The global surge in passenger vehicle production and demand for comfort, safety, and regulatory compliance continue to fuel segment growth. Notably, innovations like Brose's high-voltage EV compressor (2023) highlight increased integration of temperature sensors in thermal management systems.
The commercial vehicle segment also remains strong due to rising global logistics needs and heavy-duty vehicle production.
By Application
The powertrain segment held the largest share in 2024, driven by investments in EV platforms and engine optimization. In February 2025, BMW announced an 800V electric drive system for the Neue Klasse models, further enhancing the need for high-performance thermal monitoring.
The body electronics segment also contributed substantially, powered by growing demand for climate-controlled seating, cabin comfort systems, and interior environment monitoring.
Regional Outlook
Asia Pacific - Leading Global Growth
The Asia Pacific market reached USD 1.13 billion in 2024, making it the leading region. Strong automotive production in China, India, Japan, and South Korea, combined with favorable manufacturing incentives, continues to support market expansion.
Europe - Strong EV Influence
Europe maintains a significant share due to strict emission regulations and growing EV manufacturing activity. Advanced thermal management requirements for European EVs boost demand for temperature sensors.
North America - Stable Growth
North America is projected to grow steadily, supported by rising EV sales across the U.S. and increased investment in automotive electronics.
Conclusion
With the global market rising from USD 2.12 billion in 2024 to USD 3.22 billion by 2032, automotive temperature sensors will remain essential for EV innovation, vehicle safety, emission compliance, and optimized powertrain performance. Continued advancements in MEMS and integrated sensor technologies will shape the next generation of intelligent and energy-efficient vehicles worldwide.
Segmentation By Product Type
- Thermistor
- Resistance Temperature Detector
- Thermocouple
- IC Temperature Sensor
- MEMS Temperature Sensor
- Infrared Sensor
By Vehicle Type
- Passenger Car
- Commercial Vehicle
By Application
- Powertrain
- Body Electronics
- Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- Other Applications
By Region
- North America (By Product Type, By Vehicle Type, By Application, and By Country)
- U.S. (By Vehicle Type)
- Canada (By Vehicle Type)
- Mexico (By Vehicle Type)
- Europe (By Product Type, By Vehicle Type, and By Application, and By Country)
- U.K. (By Vehicle Type)
- Germany (By Vehicle Type)
- France (By Vehicle Type)
- Rest of Europe (By Vehicle Type)
- Asia Pacific (By Product Type, By Vehicle Type, and By Application, and By Country)
- China (By Vehicle Type)
- India (By Vehicle Type)
- Japan (By Vehicle Type)
- Rest of Asia Pacific (By Vehicle Type)
- Rest of the World (By Product Type, By Vehicle Type, and By Application)
Table of Content
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
2. Executive Summary
3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Market Drivers
- 3.2. Market Restraints
- 3.3. Market Opportunities
4. Key Insights
- 4.1. Key Industry Developments -Mergers, Acquisitions and Partnerships
- 4.2. Porters Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3. PEST Analysis
- 4.4. Technological Development
5. Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2032
- 5.1. Key Findings / Definitions
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Product Type
- 5.2.1. Thermistor
- 5.2.2. Resistance Temperature Detector
- 5.2.3. Thermocouple
- 5.2.4. IC Temperature Sensor
- 5.2.5. MEMS Temperature Sensor
- 5.2.6. Infrared Sensor
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Vehicle Type
- 5.3.1. Passenger Car
- 5.3.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Application
- 5.4.1. Powertrain
- 5.4.2. Body Electronics
- 5.4.3. Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- 5.4.4. Other Applications
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Region
- 5.5.1. North America
- 5.5.2. Europe
- 5.5.3. Asia pacific
- 5.5.4. Rest of the world
6. North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Product Type
- 6.1.1. Thermistor
- 6.1.2. Resistance Temperature Detector
- 6.1.3. Thermocouple
- 6.1.4. IC Temperature Sensor
- 6.1.5. MEMS Temperature Sensor
- 6.1.6. Infrared Sensor
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Vehicle Type
- 6.2.1. Passenger Car
- 6.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Application
- 6.3.1. Powertrain
- 6.3.2. Body Electronics
- 6.3.3. Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- 6.3.4. Other Applications
- 6.4. Market Analysis - By Country
- 6.4.1. The U.S.
- 6.4.1.1. By Vehicle Type
- 6.4.2. Canada
- 6.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
- 6.4.3. Mexico
- 6.4.3.1. By Vehicle Type
- 6.4.1. The U.S.
7. Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Product Type
- 7.1.1. Thermistor
- 7.1.2. Resistance Temperature Detector
- 7.1.3. Thermocouple
- 7.1.4. IC Temperature Sensor
- 7.1.5. MEMS Temperature Sensor
- 7.1.6. Infrared Sensor
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Vehicle Type
- 7.2.1. Passenger Car
- 7.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Application
- 7.3.1. Powertrain
- 7.3.2. Body Electronics
- 7.3.3. Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- 7.3.4. Other Applications
- 7.4. Market Analysis - By Country
- 7.4.1. The U.K
- 7.4.1.1. By Vehicle Type
- 7.4.2. Germany
- 7.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
- 7.4.3. France
- 7.4.3.1. By Vehicle Type
- 7.4.4. Rest of Europe
- 7.4.4.1. By Vehicle Type
- 7.4.1. The U.K
8. Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Product Type
- 8.1.1. Thermistor
- 8.1.2. Resistance Temperature Detector
- 8.1.3. Thermocouple
- 8.1.4. IC Temperature Sensor
- 8.1.5. MEMS Temperature Sensor
- 8.1.6. Infrared Sensor
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Vehicle Type
- 8.2.1. Passenger Car
- 8.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Application
- 8.3.1. Powertrain
- 8.3.2. Body Electronics
- 8.3.3. Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- 8.3.4. Other Applications
- 8.4. Market Analysis - By Country
- 8.4.1. Japan
- 8.4.1.1. By Vehicle Type
- 8.4.2. China
- 8.4.2.1. By Vehicle Type
- 8.4.3. India
- 8.4.3.1. By Vehicle Type
- 8.4.4. Rest of Asia Pacific
- 8.4.4.1. By Vehicle Type
- 8.4.1. Japan
9. Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Product Type
- 9.1.1. Thermistor
- 9.1.2. Resistance Temperature Detector
- 9.1.3. Thermocouple
- 9.1.4. IC Temperature Sensor
- 9.1.5. MEMS Temperature Sensor
- 9.1.6. Infrared Sensor
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Vehicle Type
- 9.2.1. Passenger Car
- 9.2.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Application
- 9.3.1. Powertrain
- 9.3.2. Body Electronics
- 9.3.3. Alternative Fuel Vehicles
- 9.3.4. Other Applications
10. Competitive Analysis
- 10.1. Key Industry Development
- 10.2. Global Market Ranking Analysis (2024)
- 10.3. Competition Dashboard
- 10.4. Comparative Analysis - Major Players
- 10.5. Company Profiles
- 10.5.1. Robert Bosch (Germany)
- 10.5.1.1. Overview
- 10.5.1.2. Products & services
- 10.5.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.1.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.1.5. Strategies
- 10.5.1.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.2. ZF Friedrichshafen (Germany)
- 10.5.2.1. Overview
- 10.5.2.2. Products & services
- 10.5.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.2.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.2.5. Strategies
- 10.5.2.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.3. Texas Instruments (U.S.)
- 10.5.3.1. Overview
- 10.5.3.2. Products & services
- 10.5.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.3.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.3.5. Strategies
- 10.5.3.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.4. Continental AG (Germany)
- 10.5.4.1. Overview
- 10.5.4.2. Products & services
- 10.5.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.4.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.4.5. Strategies
- 10.5.4.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.5. Delphi Technologies (U.K.)
- 10.5.5.1. Overview
- 10.5.5.2. Products & services
- 10.5.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.5.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.5.5. Strategies
- 10.5.5.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.6. PVB Piezotronics(China)
- 10.5.6.1. Overview
- 10.5.6.2. Products & services
- 10.5.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.6.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.6.5. Strategies
- 10.5.6.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.7. Valeo (France)
- 10.5.7.1. Overview
- 10.5.7.2. Products & services
- 10.5.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.7.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.7.5. Strategies
- 10.5.7.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.8. Balluff Automation (Germany)
- 10.5.8.1. Overview
- 10.5.8.2. Products & services
- 10.5.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.8.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.8.5. Strategies
- 10.5.8.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.9. Denso Corporation (Japan)
- 10.5.9.1. Overview
- 10.5.9.2. Products & services
- 10.5.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.9.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.9.5. Strategies
- 10.5.9.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.10. Thyssenkrupp (Germany)
- 10.5.10.1. Overview
- 10.5.10.2. Products & services
- 10.5.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.10.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.10.5. Strategies
- 10.5.10.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.11. Hella GmbH (Germany)
- 10.5.11.1. Overview
- 10.5.11.2. Products & services
- 10.5.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.11.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.11.5. Strategies
- 10.5.11.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.12. NXP Semiconductors (Netherlands)
- 10.5.12.1. Overview
- 10.5.12.2. Products & services
- 10.5.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.5.12.4. Recent Developments
- 10.5.12.5. Strategies
- 10.5.12.6. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.5.1. Robert Bosch (Germany)
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product Type, 2019-2032
- Table 2: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 3: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Application, 2019-2032
- Table 4: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Region, 2019-2032
- Table 5: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product Type, 2019-2032
- Table 6: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 7: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Application, 2019-2032
- Table 8: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Country, 2019-2032
- Table 9: U.S. Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 10: Canada Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 11: Mexico Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 12: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product Type, 2019-2032
- Table 13: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 14: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Application, 2019-2032
- Table 15: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Country, 2019-2032
- Table 16: U.K. Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 17: Germany Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 18: France Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 19: Rest of Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 20: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product Type, 2019-2032
- Table 21: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 22: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Application, 2019-2032
- Table 23: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Country, 2019-2032
- Table 24: China Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 25: Japan Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 26: India Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 27: Rest of Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, by Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 28: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Product Type, 2019-2032
- Table 29: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Vehicle Type, 2019-2032
- Table 30: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue (USD Billion) Forecast, By Application, 2019-2032
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Revenue Breakdown (USD Billion, %) by Region, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Product Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Thermistor, 2019-2032
- Figure 4: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Resistance Temperature Detector, 2019-2032
- Figure 5: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Thermocouple, 2019-2032
- Figure 6: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by IC Temperature Sensor, 2019-2032
- Figure 7: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by MEMS Temperature Sensor, 2019-2032
- Figure 8: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Infrared Sensor, 2019-2032
- Figure 9: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Vehicle Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Passenger Car, 2019-2032
- Figure 11: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Commercial Vehicle, 2019-2032
- Figure 12: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Application, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Powertrain, 2019-2032
- Figure 14: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Body Electronics, 2019-2032
- Figure 15: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Alternative Fuel Vehicles, 2019-2032
- Figure 16: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Forecast (USD Billion), by Other Applications, 2019-2032
- Figure 17: Global Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), by Region, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Product Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Product Type, 2024
- Figure 20: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Vehicle Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Vehicle Type, 2024
- Figure 22: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Application, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Application, 2024
- Figure 24: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Country, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: North America Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2024
- Figure 26: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Product Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Product Type, 2024
- Figure 28: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Vehicle Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Vehicle Type, 2024
- Figure 30: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Application, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Application, 2024
- Figure 32: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Country, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 33: Europe Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2024
- Figure 34: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Product Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 35: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Product Type, 2024
- Figure 36: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Vehicle Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 37: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Vehicle Type, 2024
- Figure 38: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Application, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 39: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Application, 2024
- Figure 40: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Country, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 41: Asia Pacific Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), by Country, 2024
- Figure 42: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Product Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 43: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Product Type, 2024
- Figure 44: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Vehicle Type, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 45: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Vehicle Type, 2024
- Figure 46: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value (USD Billion), By Application, 2024 & 2032
- Figure 47: Rest of the World Automotive Temperature Sensor Market Value Share (%), By Application, 2024
- Figure 48: Global Market Ranking (%) Analysis, By Manufacturers, 2024
