The Global Market for Green Hydrogen 2024-2035

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. Hydrogen classification
  • 2.1.1. Hydrogen colour shades
• 2.2. Global energy demand and consumption
• 2.3. The hydrogen economy and production
• 2.4. Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production
• 2.5. Hydrogen value chain
  • 2.5.1. Production
  • 2.5.2. Transport and storage
  • 2.5.3. Utilization
• 2.6. National hydrogen initiatives, policy and regulation
• 2.7. Hydrogen certification
• 2.8. Carbon pricing
• 2.9. Market challenges
• 2.10. Industry developments 2020-2024
• 2.11. Market map
• 2.12. Global hydrogen production
  • 2.12.1. Industrial applications
  • 2.12.2. Hydrogen energy
    • 2.12.2.1. Stationary use
    • 2.12.2.2. Hydrogen for mobility
  • 2.12.3. Current Annual H2 Production
  • 2.12.4. Hydrogen production processes
    • 2.12.4.1. Hydrogen as by-product
    • 2.12.4.2. Reforming
      • 2.12.4.2.1. SMR wet method
      • 2.12.4.2.2. Oxidation of petroleum fractions
      • 2.12.4.2.3. Coal gasification
    • 2.12.4.3. Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
    • 2.12.4.4. Steam reforming of biomethane
    • 2.12.4.5. Water electrolysis
    • 2.12.4.6. The "Power-to-Gas" concept
    • 2.12.4.7. Fuel cell stack
    • 2.12.4.8. Electrolysers
    • 2.12.4.9. Other
      • 2.12.4.9.1. Plasma technologies
      • 2.12.4.9.2. Photosynthesis
      • 2.12.4.9.3. Bacterial or biological processes
      • 2.12.4.9.4. Oxidation (biomimicry)
  • 2.12.5. Production costs
  • 2.12.6. Global hydrogen demand forecasts
  • 2.12.7. Hydrogen Production in the United States
    • 2.12.7.1. Gulf Coast
    • 2.12.7.2. California
    • 2.12.7.3. Midwest
    • 2.12.7.4. Northeast
    • 2.12.7.5. Northwest
  • 2.12.8. DOE Hydrogen Hubs
  • 2.12.9. US Hydrogen Electrolyzer Capacities, Planned and Installed

3. GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. Green hydrogen projects
• 3.3. Motivation for use
• 3.4. Decarbonization
• 3.5. Comparative analysis
• 3.6. Role in energy transition
• 3.7. Renewable energy sources
  • 3.7.1. Wind power
  • 3.7.2. Solar Power
  • 3.7.3. Nuclear
  • 3.7.4. Capacities
  • 3.7.5. Costs
• 3.8. SWOT analysis

4. ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGIES

• 4.1. Introduction
• 4.2. Main types
• 4.3. Balance of Plant
• 4.4. Characteristics
• 4.5. Advantages and disadvantages
• 4.6. Electrolyzer market
  • 4.6.1. Market trends
  • 4.6.2. Market landscape
  • 4.6.3. Innovations
  • 4.6.4. Cost challenges
  • 4.6.5. Scale-up
  • 4.6.6. Manufacturing challenges
  • 4.6.7. Market opportunity and outlook
• 4.7. Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
  • 4.7.1. Technology description
  • 4.7.2. AWE plant
  • 4.7.3. Components and materials
  • 4.7.4. Costs
  • 4.7.5. Companies
• 4.8. Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
  • 4.8.1. Technology description
  • 4.8.2. AEMEL plant
  • 4.8.3. Components and materials
    • 4.8.3.1. Catalysts
    • 4.8.3.2. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs)
    • 4.8.3.3. Materials
  • 4.8.4. Costs
  • 4.8.5. Companies
• 4.9. Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
  • 4.9.1. Technology description
  • 4.9.2. PEMEL plant
  • 4.9.3. Components and materials
    • 4.9.3.1. Membranes
    • 4.9.3.2. Advanced PEMEL stack designs
    • 4.9.3.3. Plug-and-Play & Customizable PEMEL Systems
    • 4.9.3.4. PEMELs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
  • 4.9.4. Costs
  • 4.9.5. Companies
• 4.10. Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
  • 4.10.1. Technology description
  • 4.10.2. SOEC plant
  • 4.10.3. Components and materials
    • 4.10.3.1. External process heat
    • 4.10.3.2. Clean Syngas Production
    • 4.10.3.3. Nuclear power
    • 4.10.3.4. SOEC and SOFC cells
      • 4.10.3.4.1. Tubular cells
      • 4.10.3.4.2. Planar cells
    • 4.10.3.5. SOEC Electrolyte
  • 4.10.4. Costs
  • 4.10.5. Companies
• 4.11. Other types
  • 4.11.1. Overview
  • 4.11.2. CO2 electrolysis
    • 4.11.2.1. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 4.11.2.2. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Catalysts
    • 4.11.2.3. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
    • 4.11.2.4. Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 4.11.2.5. High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
    • 4.11.2.6. Cost
    • 4.11.2.7. Challenges
    • 4.11.2.8. Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO2
    • 4.11.2.9. Products
  • 4.11.3. Seawater electrolysis
    • 4.11.3.1. Direct Seawater vs Brine (Chlor-Alkali) Electrolysis
    • 4.11.3.2. Key Challenges & Limitations
  • 4.11.4. Protonic Ceramic Electrolyzers (PCE)
  • 4.11.5. Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MEC)
  • 4.11.6. Photoelectrochemical Cells (PEC)
  • 4.11.7. Companies
• 4.12. Costs
• 4.13. Water and land use for green hydrogen production
• 4.14. Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities

5. HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

• 5.1. Market overview
• 5.2. Hydrogen transport methods
  • 5.2.1. Pipeline transportation
  • 5.2.2. Road or rail transport
  • 5.2.3. Maritime transportation
  • 5.2.4. On-board-vehicle transport
• 5.3. Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
  • 5.3.1. Solid storage
  • 5.3.2. Liquid storage on support
  • 5.3.3. Underground storage
  • 5.3.4. Subsea Hydrogen Storage
• 5.4. Market players

6. HYDROGEN UTILIZATION

• 6.1. Hydrogen Fuel Cells
• 6.2. Market overview
  • 6.2.1. PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
  • 6.2.2. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
  • 6.2.3. Alternative fuel cells
• 6.3. Alternative fuel production
  • 6.3.1. Solid Biofuels
  • 6.3.2. Liquid Biofuels
  • 6.3.3. Gaseous Biofuels
  • 6.3.4. Conventional Biofuels
  • 6.3.5. Advanced Biofuels
  • 6.3.6. Feedstocks
  • 6.3.7. Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
  • 6.3.8. Renewable diesel
  • 6.3.9. Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
  • 6.3.10. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
    • 6.3.10.1. Hydrogen electrolysis
    • 6.3.10.2. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• 6.4. Hydrogen Vehicles
  • 6.4.1. Market overview
• 6.5. Aviation
  • 6.5.1. Market overview
• 6.6. Ammonia production
  • 6.6.1. Market overview
  • 6.6.2. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
  • 6.6.3. Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 6.6.3.1. Haber-Bosch process
    • 6.6.3.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 6.6.3.3. Electrochemical production
    • 6.6.3.4. Chemical looping processes
  • 6.6.4. Blue ammonia
    • 6.6.4.1. Blue ammonia projects
  • 6.6.5. Chemical energy storage
    • 6.6.5.1. Ammonia fuel cells
    • 6.6.5.2. Marine fuel
• 6.7. Methanol production
  • 6.7.1. Market overview
  • 6.7.2. Methanol-to gasoline technology
    • 6.7.2.1. Production processes
      • 6.7.2.1.1. Anaerobic digestion
      • 6.7.2.1.2. Biomass gasification
      • 6.7.2.1.3. Power to Methane
• 6.8. Steelmaking
  • 6.8.1. Market overview
  • 6.8.2. Comparative analysis
  • 6.8.3. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
• 6.9. Power & heat generation
  • 6.9.1. Market overview
    • 6.9.1.1. Power generation
    • 6.9.1.2. Heat Generation
• 6.10. Maritime
  • 6.10.1. Market overview
• 6.11. Fuel cell trains
  • 6.11.1. Market overview

7. COMPANY PROFILES

• 7.1. Adani Green Energy
• 7.2. Advanced Ionics
• 7.3. Aemetis, Inc
• 7.4. Air Products
• 7.5. Aker Horizons ASA
• 7.6. Alchemr, Inc
• 7.7. Arcadia eFuels
• 7.8. AREVA H2Gen
• 7.9. Asahi Kasei
• 7.10. Atmonia
• 7.11. Avantium
• 7.12. BASF
• 7.13. Battolyser Systems
• 7.14. Blastr Green Steel
• 7.15. Bloom Energy
• 7.16. Boson Energy Ltd
• 7.17. BP
• 7.18. Carbon Sink LLC
• 7.19. Cavendish Renewable Technology
• 7.20. Ceres Power Holdings plc
• 7.21. Chevron Corporation
• 7.22. CHARBONE Hydrogen
• 7.23. Chiyoda Corporation
• 7.24. Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen
• 7.25. Convion Ltd
• 7.26. Cummins, Inc
• 7.27. C-Zero
• 7.28. Cipher Neutron
• 7.29. Dimensional Energy
• 7.30. Domsjo Fabriker AB
• 7.31. Dynelectro ApS
• 7.32. Elcogen AS
• 7.33. Electric Hydrogen
• 7.34. Elogen H2
• 7.35. Enapter
• 7.36. ENEOS Corporation
• 7.37. Equatic
• 7.38. Ergosup
• 7.39. Everfuel A/S
• 7.40. EvolOH, Inc
• 7.41. Evonik Industries AG
• 7.42. Flexens Oy AB
• 7.43. FuelCell Energy
• 7.44. FuelPositive Corp
• 7.45. Fusion Fuel
• 7.46. Genvia
• 7.47. Graforce
• 7.48. GeoPura
• 7.49. Greenlyte Carbon Technologies
• 7.50. Green Fuel
• 7.51. Green Hydrogen Systems
• 7.52. Heliogen
• 7.53. Hitachi Zosen
• 7.54. Hoeller Electrolyzer GmbH
• 7.55. Honda
• 7.56. H2B2 Electrolysis Technologies Inc
• 7.57. H2Electro
• 7.58. H2Greem
• 7.59. H2 Green Steel
• 7.60. H2Pro, Ltd
• 7.61. H2U Technologies
• 7.62. H2Vector Energy Technologies, S.L
• 7.63. Hycamite TCD Technologies Oy
• 7.64. HydroLite
• 7.65. HydrogenPro
• 7.66. Hygenco
• 7.67. HydGene Renewables
• 7.68. Hydrogenera
• 7.69. Hysata
• 7.70. Hystar AS
• 7.71. IdunnH2
• 7.72. Infinium Electrofuels
• 7.73. Ionomr Innovations
• 7.74. ITM Power
• 7.75. Kobelco
• 7.76. Kyros Hydrogen Solutions GmbH
• 7.77. Lhyfe S.A
• 7.78. LONGi Hydrogen
• 7.79. McPhy Energy SAS
• 7.80. Matteco
• 7.81. NEL Hydrogen
• 7.82. NEOM Green Hydrogen Company
• 7.83. Newtrace
• 7.84. Next Hydrogen Solutions
• 7.85. Norsk e-Fuel AS
• 7.86. OCOchem
• 7.87. Ohmium International
• 7.88. 1s1 Energy
• 7.89. Ossus Biorenewables
• 7.90. OXCCU Tech Ltd
• 7.91. OxEon Energy, LLC
• 7.92. Parallel Carbon
• 7.93. Peregrine Hydrogen
• 7.94. PERIC Hydrogen Technologies Co
• 7.95. Perpetual Next Technologies
• 7.96. Pherousa Green Shipping
• 7.97. Plagazi AB
• 7.98. Plenesys
• 7.99. Plug Power, Inc
• 7.100. P2X Solutions Oy
• 7.101. QD-SOL Ltd
• 7.102. Quantron AG
• 7.103. Qairos Energies
• 7.104. Resilient Energi
• 7.105. Ryze Hydrogen
• 7.106. SeeO2 Energy
• 7.107. Shell plc
• 7.108. sHYp
• 7.109. Siemens Energy AG
• 7.110. SoHHytec SA
• 7.111. Sparc Hydrogen
• 7.112. Stargate Hydrogen Solutions OU
• 7.113. Storegga Geotechnologies Limited
• 7.114. SunFire
• 7.115. SungreenH2
• 7.116. SunHydrogen
• 7.117. Syzygy Plasmonics
• 7.118. Thiozen
• 7.119. Thyssenkrupp Nucera
• 7.120. TFP Hydrogen Products
• 7.121. Tokuyama
• 7.122. Total Energies
• 7.123. Tractebel Engie
• 7.124. Travertine Technologies, Inc
• 7.125. Tree Energy Solutions (TES-H2)
• 7.126. Twelve Corporation
• 7.127. Verdagy
• 7.128. Versogen LLC
• 7.129. Zhero

8. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions
• Table 2. Main applications of hydrogen
• Table 3. Overview of hydrogen production methods
• Table 4. National hydrogen initiatives
• Table 5. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies
• Table 6. Green hydrogen industry developments 2020-2024
• Table 7. Market map for hydrogen technology and production
• Table 8. Industrial applications of hydrogen
• Table 9. Hydrogen energy markets and applications
• Table 10. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development
• Table 11. Estimated costs of clean hydrogen production
• Table 12. US Hydrogen Electrolyzer Capacities, current and planned, as of May 2023, by region
• Table 13. Green hydrogen application markets
• Table 14. Green hydrogen projects
• Table 15. Traditional Hydrogen Production
• Table 16. Hydrogen Production Processes
• Table 17. Comparison of hydrogen types
• Table 18. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies
• Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies
• Table 20. Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers
• Table 21. Advantages & limitations of AWE
• Table 22. Key performance characteristics of AWE
• Table 23. Companies in the AWE market
• Table 24. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials
• Table 25. Companies in the AMEL market
• Table 26. Companies in the PEMEL market
• Table 27. Companies in the SOEC market
• Table 28. Other types of electrolyzer technologies
• Table 29. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies/
• Table 30. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
• Table 31. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies
• Table 32. Electrolyzer Installations Forecast (GW), 2020-2040
• Table 33. Global market size for Electrolyzers, 2018-2035 (US$B)
• Table 34. Market overview-hydrogen storage and transport
• Table 35. Summary of different methods of hydrogen transport
• Table 36. Market players in hydrogen storage and transport
• Table 37. Market overview hydrogen fuel cells-applications, market players and market challenges
• Table 38. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
• Table 39. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
• Table 40. Classification of biomass feedstock
• Table 41. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 42. Feedstock conversion pathways
• Table 43. Biodiesel production techniques
• Table 44. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
• Table 45. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
• Table 46. Applications of e-fuels, by type
• Table 47. Overview of e-fuels
• Table 48. Benefits of e-fuels
• Table 49. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• Table 50. Market overview for hydrogen vehicles-applications, market players and market challenges
• Table 51. Blue ammonia projects
• Table 52. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
• Table 53. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
• Table 54. Summary of marine alternative fuels
• Table 55. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
• Table 56. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
• Table 57. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies
• Table 58. Comparison of green steel production technologies
• Table 59. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Hydrogen value chain
• Figure 2. Current Annual H2 Production
• Figure 3. Principle of a PEM electrolyser
• Figure 4. Power-to-gas concept
• Figure 5. Schematic of a fuel cell stack
• Figure 6. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW
• Figure 7. Global hydrogen demand forecast
• Figure 8. U.S. Hydrogen Production by Producer Type
• Figure 9. Segmentation of regional hydrogen production capacities in the US
• Figure 10. Current of planned installations of Electrolyzers over 1MW in the US
• Figure 11. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen
• Figure 12. Types of electrolysis technologies
• Figure 13. Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing
• Figure 14. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 15. Alkaline water electrolyzer
• Figure 16. Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser
• Figure 17. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 18. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser
• Figure 19. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 20. Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser
• Figure 21. Estimated annual electrolyser manufacturing capacity, by manufacture's headquarters (a) and by type and origin (b), 2021-2024
• Figure 22. Electrolyzer Installations Forecast (GW), 2020-2040
• Figure 23. Global market size for Electrolyzers, 2018-2035 (US$B)
• Figure 24. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
• Figure 25. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
• Figure 26. Production process for green hydrogen
• Figure 27. E-liquids production routes
• Figure 28. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
• Figure 29. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
• Figure 30. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
• Figure 31. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
• Figure 32. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV
• Figure 33. Green ammonia production and use
• Figure 34. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
• Figure 35. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
• Figure 36. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
• Figure 37. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
• Figure 38. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
• Figure 39. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
• Figure 40. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
• Figure 41. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
• Figure 42. Transition to hydrogen-based production
• Figure 43. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
• Figure 44. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
• Figure 45. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1
• Figure 46. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive
• Figure 47. SymbioticTM technology process
• Figure 48. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
• Figure 49. Domsjo process
• Figure 51. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
• Figure 52. Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis
• Figure 50. Direct MCHR process
• Figure 54. FuelPositive system
• Figure 55. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen
• Figure 56. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
• Figure 57. Hystar PEM electrolyser
• Figure 58. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
• Figure 59. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process
• Figure 60. The Plagazi R process
• Figure 61. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 62. O12 Reactor
• Figure 63. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 64. CO2 made car part