The Global Critical Materials Recovery Market 2026-2046

PUBLISHED: September 11, 2025

PAGES: 358 Pages, 118 Tables, 55 Figures

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The critical materials recovery market represents a rapidly expanding sector focused on extracting valuable metals and minerals from secondary sources such as electronic waste, spent batteries, industrial by-products, and end-of-life products. This market has emerged as a strategic response to growing supply chain vulnerabilities, geopolitical tensions surrounding mineral resources, and the urgent need for sustainable material flows in an increasingly electrified global economy.

The market is primarily driven by the accelerating demand for critical materials in clean energy technologies, electric vehicles, and advanced electronics. Lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, platinum group metals, and semiconductor materials like gallium and indium have become essential for wind turbines, solar panels, EV batteries, and electronic devices. Traditional mining faces mounting challenges including resource depletion, environmental concerns, and concentrated supply chains often controlled by single countries, making secondary recovery increasingly attractive.

Current market forecasts suggest the global critical materials recovery sector will experience substantial growth through 2046, with lithium-ion battery recycling expected to dominate by volume and value. The market encompasses multiple material streams, with battery recycling representing the largest segment, followed by rare earth magnet recovery, semiconductor material extraction from e-waste, and platinum group metal recovery from automotive catalysts.

The recovery process typically involves two main stages: extraction and recovery. Extraction technologies include hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biometallurgy, and emerging approaches like ionic liquids and supercritical fluid extraction. Recovery technologies encompass solvent extraction, ion exchange, electrowinning, precipitation, and direct recycling methods. Each approach presents distinct advantages and challenges regarding efficiency, environmental impact, and economic viability.

Hydrometallurgical processes currently dominate commercial operations due to their versatility and lower energy requirements compared to pyrometallurgical methods. However, direct recycling technologies are gaining attention for their potential to preserve material structure and reduce processing steps, particularly for battery cathode materials and rare earth magnets.

The market can be segmented by material type, source, and recovery method. Battery recycling focuses primarily on lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese recovery from spent EV and consumer electronics batteries. Rare earth recovery targets neodymium, dysprosium, and terbium from permanent magnets in wind turbines and electric motors. Semiconductor recovery addresses gallium, indium, germanium, and tellurium from electronic waste and photovoltaic panels. Platinum group metal recovery concentrates on automotive catalysts and emerging hydrogen fuel cell applications.

Economic viability varies significantly across material types and regions. High-value materials like platinum group metals and rare earths generally offer better recovery economics, while lower-value materials like lithium require scale and efficiency improvements. Regulatory frameworks increasingly mandate recycling targets and extended producer responsibility, particularly in Europe, China, and parts of North America.

Government policies supporting circular economy principles and supply chain resilience are accelerating market development. The EU's Critical Raw Materials Act, US critical minerals initiatives, and China's recycling policies create regulatory momentum supporting secondary material recovery.

Key challenges include collection infrastructure development, technology scaling, economic competitiveness with primary production, and handling complex waste streams. Many critical materials exist in low concentrations within mixed waste, requiring sophisticated separation technologies and often making recovery economically marginal. The market trajectory toward 2046 suggests continued expansion driven by increasing waste availability, technological improvements, and policy support. Battery recycling is expected to scale dramatically as first-generation EV batteries reach end-of-life around 2030-2035. Rare earth recovery will likely benefit from growing magnet waste streams and supply security concerns. Success in this market requires balancing technological innovation with economic realities, while building robust collection and processing infrastructure to capture the full potential of secondary critical material resources.

"The Global Critical Materials Recovery Market 2026-2046" provides comprehensive analysis of the rapidly expanding critical raw materials recycling industry, driven by supply chain vulnerabilities, electrification trends, and circular economy imperatives. This authoritative report examines recovery technologies, market forecasts, regulatory landscapes, and competitive dynamics across lithium-ion battery recycling, rare earth element recovery, semiconductor material extraction, and platinum group metal reclamation.

Report contents include:

Definition and strategic importance of critical raw materials in global supply chains
Electronic waste as emerging source of valuable materials with recovery rate analysis
Electrification and renewable energy technology material requirements
Comprehensive regulatory landscape mapping across 11 major countries and global initiatives
Market drivers, restraints, and growth opportunities through 2046
Technology readiness evaluation and performance metrics for extraction methods
Critical materials value chain analysis from collection to refined product delivery
Economic case studies and price trend analysis for key recovered materials (2020-2024)
20-year global market forecasts by material type, recovery source, and region (2026-2046)
Technology Analysis & Innovation
- Comprehensive coverage of 17 critical materials including demand trends and applications
- Primary versus secondary production comparison with environmental impact assessment
- Advanced extraction technologies: hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biometallurgy analysis
- Emerging technologies: ionic liquids, electroleaching, supercritical fluid extraction
- Recovery methods: solvent extraction, ion exchange, electrowinning, precipitation, biosorption
- Direct recycling approaches for batteries and rare earth magnets
- SWOT analysis for each technology category with commercialization readiness assessment
Market Segments & Applications
- Semiconductor materials recovery from e-waste and photovoltaic systems
- Collection infrastructure, pre-processing technologies, and metal recovery processes
- Lithium-ion battery recycling value chain with cathode chemistry analysis
- Mechanical, thermal, and chemical pre-treatment methods
- Hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling process comparison
- Beyond lithium-ion battery technologies including solid-state and lithium-sulfur systems
- Rare earth element recovery from permanent magnets and electronic components
- Long-loop versus short-loop recycling methods with hydrogen decrepitation analysis
- Platinum group metal recovery from automotive catalysts and fuel cell systems
- Regional market forecasts with capacity analysis and competitive landscape mapping
Company Profiles: The report features comprehensive profiles of 166 industry leaders including Accurec Recycling GmbH, ACE Green Recycling, Altilium, American Battery Technology Company (ABTC), Anhua Taisen, Aqua Metals Inc., Ascend Elements, Attero, Australian Strategic Materials Ltd (ASM), BacTech Environmental Corporation, Ballard Power Systems, BANIQL, BASF, Battery Pollution Technologies, Batx Energies Private Limited, Berkeley Energia, BHP, BMW, Botree Cycling, Brazilian Nickel PLC, Carester, Ceibo, Cheetah Resources, CATL, Cirba Solutions, Circunomics, Circu Li-ion, Circular Industries, Cyclic Materials, Cylib, Dowa Eco-System Co., Dow Chemicals, Dundee Sustainable Technologies, DuPont, EcoBat, eCobalt Solutions, EcoGraf, Econili Battery, EcoPro, Ecoprogetti, Electra Battery Materials Corporation (Electra), Electramet, Elmery, Element Zero, Emulsion Flow Technologies, Enim, EnviroMetal Technologies, Eramet, Exigo Recycling, Exitcom Recycling, ExPost Technology, Farasis Energy, First Solar, Fortum Battery Recycling, 4R Energy Corporation, Freeport McMoRan, Fluor, FLSmidth, Ganfeng Lithium, Ganzhou Cyclewell Technology Co. Ltd, Garner Products, GEM Co. Ltd., GLC Recycle Pte. Ltd., Glencore, Gotion, GREEN14, Green Graphite Technologies, Green Li-ion, Green Mineral, GS Group, Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech, Huayou Cobalt, Henkel, Heraeus, Huayou Recycling, HydroVolt, HyProMag Ltd, InoBat, Inmetco, Ionic Technologies, Jiecheng New Energy, JL Mag, JPM Silicon GmbH, JX Nippon Metal Mining, Keyking Recycling, Korea Zinc, Kyoei Seiko, Igneo, IXOM, Jervois Global, Jetti Resources, Kemira Oyj, Librec AG, Lithium Australia, LG Chem Ltd., Li-Cycle, Li Industries, Lithion Technologies, Lohum, MagREEsource, Mecaware, Metastable Materials, Metso Corporation, Minerva Lithium, Mining Innovation Rehabilitation and Applied Research (MIRARCO), Mitsubishi Materials, Neometals and more......

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. Definition and Importance of Critical Raw Materials
1.2. E-Waste as a Source of Critical Raw Materials
1.3. Electrification, Renewable and Clean Technologies
1.4. Regulatory Landscape
- 1.4.1. European Union
- 1.4.2. United States
- 1.4.3. China
- 1.4.4. Japan
- 1.4.5. Australia
- 1.4.6. Canada
- 1.4.7. India
- 1.4.8. South Korea
- 1.4.9. Brazil
- 1.4.10. Russia
- 1.4.11. Global Initiatives
1.5. Key Market Drivers and Restraints
1.6. The Global Critical Raw Materials Market in 2025
1.7. Critical Material Extraction Technology
- 1.7.1. TRL of critical material extraction technologies
- 1.7.2. Value Proposition
- 1.7.3. Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste)
- 1.7.4. Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
- 1.7.5. Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
- 1.7.6. Critical semiconductor materials recovery
- 1.7.7. Critical platinum group metal recovery
- 1.7.8. Critical platinum Group metal recovery
1.8. Critical Raw Materials Value Chain
1.9. The Economic Case for Critical Raw Materials Recovery
1.10. Price Trends for Key Recovered Materials (2020-2024)
1.11. Global market forecasts
- 1.11.1. By Material Type (2025-2046)
- 1.11.2. By Recovery Source (2025-2046)
- 1.11.3. By Region (2025-2046)

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Critical Raw Materials
2.2. Global situation in supply and trade
2.3. Circular economy
- 2.3.1. Circular use of critical raw materials
2.4. Critical and strategic raw materials used in the energy transition
- 2.4.1. Greening critical metals
2.5. Established and emerging secondary sources for critical material recovery
2.6. Business models for critical material recovery from secondary sources
2.7. Metals and minerals processed and extracted
- 2.7.1. Copper
  - 2.7.1.1. Global copper demand and trends
  - 2.7.1.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.1.3. Copper extraction and recovery
- 2.7.2. Nickel
  - 2.7.2.1. Global nickel demand and trends
  - 2.7.2.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.2.3. Nickel extraction and recovery
- 2.7.3. Cobalt
  - 2.7.3.1. Global cobalt demand and trends
  - 2.7.3.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.3.3. Cobalt extraction and recovery
- 2.7.4. Rare Earth Elements (REE)
  - 2.7.4.1. Global Rare Earth Elements demand and trends
  - 2.7.4.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.4.3. Rare Earth Elements extraction and recovery
  - 2.7.4.4. Recovery of REEs from secondary resources
- 2.7.5. Lithium
  - 2.7.5.1. Global lithium demand and trends
  - 2.7.5.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.5.3. Lithium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.6. Gold
  - 2.7.6.1. Global gold demand and trends
  - 2.7.6.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.6.3. Gold extraction and recovery
- 2.7.7. Uranium
  - 2.7.7.1. Global uranium demand and trends
  - 2.7.7.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.7.3. Uranium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.8. Zinc
  - 2.7.8.1. Global Zinc demand and trends
  - 2.7.8.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.8.3. Zinc extraction and recovery
- 2.7.9. Manganese
  - 2.7.9.1. Global manganese demand and trends
  - 2.7.9.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.9.3. Manganese extraction and recovery
- 2.7.10. Tantalum
  - 2.7.10.1. Global tantalum demand and trends
  - 2.7.10.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.10.3. Tantalum extraction and recovery
- 2.7.11. Niobium
  - 2.7.11.1. Global niobium demand and trends
  - 2.7.11.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.11.3. Niobium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.12. Indium
  - 2.7.12.1. Global indium demand and trends
  - 2.7.12.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.12.3. Indium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.13. Gallium
  - 2.7.13.1. Global gallium demand and trends
  - 2.7.13.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.13.3. Gallium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.14. Germanium
  - 2.7.14.1. Global germanium demand and trends
  - 2.7.14.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.14.3. Germanium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.15. Antimony
  - 2.7.15.1. Global antimony demand and trends
  - 2.7.15.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.15.3. Antimony extraction and recovery
- 2.7.16. Scandium
  - 2.7.16.1. Global scandium demand and trends
  - 2.7.16.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.16.3. Scandium extraction and recovery
- 2.7.17. Graphite
  - 2.7.17.1. Global graphite demand and trends
  - 2.7.17.2. Markets and applications
  - 2.7.17.3. Graphite extraction and recovery
2.8. Recovery sources
- 2.8.1. Primary sources
- 2.8.2. Secondary sources
  - 2.8.2.1. Extraction
    - 2.8.2.1.1. Hydrometallurgical extraction
      - 2.8.2.1.1.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.1.1.2. Lixiviants
      - 2.8.2.1.1.3. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.1.2. Pyrometallurgical extraction
      - 2.8.2.1.2.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.1.2.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.1.3. Biometallurgy
      - 2.8.2.1.3.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.1.3.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.1.4. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents
      - 2.8.2.1.4.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.1.4.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.1.5. Electroleaching extraction
      - 2.8.2.1.5.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.1.5.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.1.6. Supercritical fluid extraction
      - 2.8.2.1.6.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.1.6.2. SWOT analysis
  - 2.8.2.2. Recovery
    - 2.8.2.2.1. Solvent extraction
      - 2.8.2.2.1.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.1.2. Rare-Earth Element Recovery
      - 2.8.2.2.1.3. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.2.2. Ion exchange recovery
      - 2.8.2.2.2.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.2.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.2.3. Ionic liquid (IL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) recovery
      - 2.8.2.2.3.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.3.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.2.4. Precipitation
      - 2.8.2.2.4.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.4.2. Coagulation and flocculation
      - 2.8.2.2.4.3. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.2.5. Biosorption
      - 2.8.2.2.5.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.5.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.2.6. Electrowinning
      - 2.8.2.2.6.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.6.2. SWOT analysis
    - 2.8.2.2.7. Direct materials recovery
      - 2.8.2.2.7.1. Overview
      - 2.8.2.2.7.2. Rare-earth Oxide (REO) Processing Using Molten Salt Electrolysis
      - 2.8.2.2.7.3. Rare-earth Magnet Recycling by Hydrogen Decrepitation
      - 2.8.2.2.7.4. Direct Recycling of Li-ion Battery Cathodes by Sintering
      - 2.8.2.2.7.5. SWOT analysis

3. CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS RECOVERY IN SEMICONDUCTORS

3.1. Critical semiconductor materials
3.2. Electronic waste (e-waste)
- 3.2.1. Types of Critical Raw Materials found in E-Waste
3.3. Photovoltaic and solar technologies
- 3.3.1. Common types of PV panels and their critical semiconductor components
- 3.3.2. Silicon Recovery Technology for Crystalline-Si PVs
- 3.3.3. Tellurium Recovery from CdTe Thin-Film Photovoltaics
- 3.3.4. Solar Panel Manufacturers and Recovery Rates
3.4. Concentration and value of Critical Raw Materials in E-Waste
3.5. Applications and Importance of Key Critical Raw Materials
3.6. Waste Recycling and Recovery Processes
3.7. Collection and Sorting Infrastructure
3.8. Pre-Processing Technologies
3.9. Metal Recovery Technologies
- 3.9.1. Pyrometallurgy
- 3.9.2. Hydrometallurgy
- 3.9.3. Biometallurgy
- 3.9.4. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
- 3.9.5. Electrokinetic Separation
- 3.9.6. Mechanochemical Processing
3.10. Global market 2025-2046
- 3.10.1. Ktonnes
- 3.10.2. Revenues
- 3.10.3. Regional

4. CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS RECOVERY IN LI-ION BATTERIES

4.1. Critical Li-ion Battery Metals
4.2. Critical Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery
4.3. Lithium-Ion Battery recycling value chain
4.4. Black mass powder
4.5. Recycling different cathode chemistries
4.6. Preparation
4.7. Pre-Treatment
- 4.7.1. Discharging
- 4.7.2. Mechanical Pre-Treatment
- 4.7.3. Thermal Pre-Treatment
4.8. Comparison of recycling techniques
4.9. Hydrometallurgy
- 4.9.1. Method overview
  - 4.9.1.1. Solvent extraction
- 4.9.2. SWOT analysis
4.10. Pyrometallurgy
- 4.10.1. Method overview
- 4.10.2. SWOT analysis
4.11. Direct recycling
- 4.11.1. Method overview
  - 4.11.1.1. Electrolyte separation
  - 4.11.1.2. Separating cathode and anode materials
  - 4.11.1.3. Binder removal
  - 4.11.1.4. Relithiation
  - 4.11.1.5. Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
  - 4.11.1.6. Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
- 4.11.2. SWOT analysis
4.12. Other methods
- 4.12.1. Mechanochemical Pretreatment
- 4.12.2. Electrochemical Method
- 4.12.3. Ionic Liquids
4.13. Recycling of Specific Components
- 4.13.1. Anode (Graphite)
- 4.13.2. Cathode
- 4.13.3. Electrolyte
4.14. Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
- 4.14.1. Conventional vs Emerging Processes
- 4.14.2. Li-Metal batteries
- 4.14.3. Lithium sulfur batteries (Li-S)
- 4.14.4. All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs)
4.15. Economic case for Li-ion battery recycling
- 4.15.1. Metal prices
- 4.15.2. Second-life energy storage
- 4.15.3. LFP batteries
- 4.15.4. Other components and materials
- 4.15.5. Reducing costs
4.16. Competitive landscape
4.17. Global capacities, current and planned
4.18. Future outlook
4.19. Global market 2025-2046
- 4.19.1. Chemistry
- 4.19.2. Ktonnes
- 4.19.3. Revenues
- 4.19.4. Regional

5. CRITICAL RARE-EARTH ELEMENT RECOVERY

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Permanent magnet applications
5.3. Recovery technologies
- 5.3.1. Long-loop and short-loop recovery methods
- 5.3.2. Hydrogen decrepitatio
- 5.3.3. Powder metallurgy (PM)
- 5.3.4. Long-loop magnet recycling
- 5.3.5. Solvent Extraction
- 5.3.6. Ion Exchange Resin Chromatography
- 5.3.7. Electrolysis and Metallothermic Reduction
5.4. Technologies for recycling rare earth magnets from waste
5.5. Markets
- 5.5.1. Rare-earth magnet market
- 5.5.2. Rare-earth magnet recovery technology
5.6. Global market 2025-2046
- 5.6.1. Ktonnes
- 5.6.2. Revenues

6. CRITICAL PLATINUM GROUP METAL RECOVERY

6.1. Introduction
6.2. Supply chain
6.3. Prices
6.4. PGM Recovery
6.5. PGM recovery from spent automotive catalysts
6.6. PGM recovery from hydrogen electrolyzers and fuel cells
- 6.6.1. Green hydrogen market
- 6.6.2. PGM recovery from hydrogen-related technologies
- 6.6.3. Catalyst Coated Membranes (CCMs)
- 6.6.4. Fuel cell catalysts
- 6.6.5. Emerging technologies
  - 6.6.5.1. Microwave-assisted Leaching
  - 6.6.5.2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction
  - 6.6.5.3. Bioleaching
  - 6.6.5.4. Electrochemical Recovery
  - 6.6.5.5. Membrane Separation
  - 6.6.5.6. Ionic Liquids
  - 6.6.5.7. Photocatalytic Recovery
- 6.6.6. Sustainability of the hydrogen economy
6.7. Markets
6.8. Global market 2025-2046
- 6.8.1. Ktonnes
- 6.8.2. Revenues

7. COMPANY PROFILES(166 company profiles)

8. APPENDICES

8.1. Research Methodology
8.2. Glossary of Terms
8.3. List of Abbreviations

9. REFERENCES

List of Tables

Table 1. List of Key Critical Raw Materials and Their Primary Applications
Table 2. Regulatory Landscape for Critical Raw Materials by Country/Region
Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints in Critical Raw Materials Recovery
Table 4. Global Production of Critical Materials by Country (Top 10 Countries)
Table 5. Projected Demand for Critical Materials in Clean Energy Technologies (2024-2046)
Table 6. Value Proposition for Critical Material Extraction Technologies
Table 7. Critical Material Extraction Methods Evaluated by Key Performance Metrics
Table 8. Critical Rare-Earth Element Recovery Technologies from Secondary Sources
Table 9. Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery Methods-Metal, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Environmental Impact, Economic Viability
Table 10. Critical Semiconductor Materials Recovery-Material, Primary Source, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Potential Applications
Table 11. Critical Semiconductor Material Recovery from Secondary Sources
Table 12. Critical Platinum Group Metal Recovery
Table 13. Price Trends for Key Recovered Materials (2020-2024)
Table 14. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2046), ktonnes
Table 15. Global Critical Raw Materials Recovery Market by Material Types (2025-2046), by Value (Billions USD)
Table 16. Global critical raw materials recovery market by recovery source (2025-2046), in ktonnes
Table 17. Global critical raw materials recovery market by region (2025-2046), by ktonnes
Table 18. Global Critical Raw Materials Recovery Market by Region (2025-2046), by Value (Billions USD)
Table 19. Primary global suppliers of critical raw materials
Table 20. Current contribution of recycling to meet global demand of CRMs
Table 21. Applications and Importance of Key Critical Raw Materials
Table 22. Comparison of Recovery Rates for Different Critical Materials
Table 23. Established and emerging secondary sources for critical material recovery
Table 24. Business models for critical material recovery from secondary sources
Table 25. Markets and applications: copper
Table 26. Technologies and Techniques for Copper Extraction and Recovery
Table 27. Markets and applications: nickel
Table 28. Technologies and Techniques for Nickel Extraction and Recovery
Table 29. Markets and applications: cobalt
Table 30. Technologies and Techniques for Cobalt Extraction and Recovery
Table 31. Markets and applications: rare earth elements
Table 32. Technologies and Techniques for Rare Earth Elements Extraction and Recovery
Table 33. Markets and applications: lithium
Table 34. Technologies and Techniques for Lithium Extraction and Recovery
Table 35. Markets and applications: gold
Table 36. Technologies and Techniques for Gold Extraction and Recovery
Table 37. Markets and applications: uranium
Table 38. Technologies and Techniques for Uranium Extraction and Recovery
Table 39. Markets and applications: zinc
Table 40. Zinc Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 41. Markets and applications: manganese
Table 42. Manganese Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 43. Markets and applications: tantalum
Table 44. Tantalum Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 45. Markets and applications: niobium
Table 46. Niobium Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 47. Markets and applications: indium
Table 48. Indium Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 49. Markets and applications: gallium
Table 50. Gallium Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 51. Markets and applications: germanium
Table 52. Germanium Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 53. Markets and applications: antimony
Table 54. Antimony Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 55. Markets and applications: scandium
Table 56. Scandium Extraction and Recovery Technologies
Table 57. Graphite Markets and Applications
Table 58. Graphite Extraction and Recovery Techniques and Technologies
Table 59. Comparison of Primary vs Secondary Production for Key Materials
Table 60. Environmental Impact Comparison: Primary vs Secondary Production
Table 61. Technologies for critical material recovery from secondary sources
Table 62. Technologies for critical raw material recovery from secondary sources
Table 63. Critical raw material extraction technologies
Table 64. Pyrometallurgical extraction methods
Table 65. Bioleaching processes and their applicability to critical materials
Table 66. Comparative analysis of metal recovery technologies
Table 67. Technology readiness of critical material recovery technologies by secondary material sources
Table 68. Technology readiness of critical semiconductor recovery technologies
Table 69. Critical Semiconductors Applications and Recycling Rates
Table 70. Types of critical raw Materials found in E-Waste
Table 71. E-waste Generation and Recycling Rates
Table 72. Critical Semiconductor Recovery from Photovoltaics
Table 73. Solar Panel Manufacturers and Their Recycling Capabilities
Table 74. Concentration and Value of Critical Raw Materials in E-waste
Table 75. Critical Semiconductor Materials and Their Applications
Table 76. Critical Materials Waste Recycling and Recovery Processes
Table 77. Collection and Sorting Infrastructure for Critical Materials Recycling
Table 78. Pre-Processing Technologies for Critical Materials Recycling
Table 79. Global recovered critical raw electronics material, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Table 80. Global recovered critical raw electronics material market, 2025-2046 (billions USD)
Table 81. Recovered critical raw electronics material market, by region, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Table 82. Drivers for Recycling Li-ion Batteries
Table 83. Li-ion Battery Metal Recovery Technologies
Table 84. Li-ion battery recycling value chain
Table 85. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow
Table 86. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries
Table 87. Comparison of LIB recycling methods
Table 88. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries
Table 89. Economic assessment of battery recycling options
Table 90. Retired lithium-batteries
Table 91. Global capacities, current and planned (tonnes/year)
Table 92. Global lithium-ion battery recycling market in tonnes segmented by cathode chemistry, 2025-2046
Table 93. Global Li-ion battery recycling market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Table 94. Global Li-ion battery recycling market, 2025-2046 (billions USD)
Table 95. Li-ion battery recycling market, by region, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Table 96. Critical rare-earth elements markets and applications
Table 97. Primary and Secondary Material Streams for Rare-Earth Element Recovery
Table 98. Critical rare-earth element recovery technologies
Table 99. Rare Earth Element Content in Secondary Material Sources
Table 100. Comparison of Short-loop and Long-loop Rare Earth Recovery Methods
Table 101. Long-loop Rare-Earth Magnet Recycling Technologies
Table 102. Technologies for recycling rare earth magnets from waste
Table 103. Rare Earth Element Demand by Application
Table 104. Global rare-earth magnet key players in a table
Table 105. Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Value Chain
Table 106.Technology readiness of REE recovery technologies in a table
Table 107. Global recovered critical rare-earth element market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Table 108. Global recovered critical rare-earth element market, 2025-2046 (billions USD)
Table 109. Global PGM Demand Segmented by Application
Table 110. Critical Platinum Group Metals: Applications and Recycling Rates
Table 111. Technology Readiness of Critical PGM Recovery from Secondary Sources
Table 112. Automotive Catalyst Recycling Players
Table 113. Challenges in transitioning to new PEMEL catalysts and the role of PGM recycling in a table
Table 114. Key Suppliers of Catalysts for Fuel Cells
Table 115. Global recovered critical platinum group metal market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Table 116. Global recovered critical platinum group metal market, 2025-2046 (billions USD)
Table 117. Glossary of terms
Table 118. List of Abbreviations

List of Figures

Figure 1. TRL of critical material extraction technologies
Figure 2. Critical Raw Materials Value Chain
Figure 3. Global critical raw materials recovery market by material types (2025-2046), by ktonnes
Figure 4. Global Critical Raw Materials Recovery Market by Material Types (2025-2046), by Value (Billions USD)
Figure 5. Global critical raw materials recovery market by recovery source (2025-2046), by ktonnes
Figure 6. Global Critical Raw Materials Recovery Market by Recovery Source (2025-2046), by Value (Billions USD)
Figure 7. Global critical raw materials recovery market by region (2025-2046), by ktonnes
Figure 8. Global Critical Raw Materials Recovery Market by Region (2025-2046), by Value (Billions USD)
Figure 9. Conceptual diagram illustrating the Circular Economy
Figure 10. Circular Economy Model for Critical Materials
Figure 11. Copper demand outlook
Figure 12. Global nickel demand outlook
Figure 13. Global cobalt demand outlook
Figure 14. Global lithium demand outlook
Figure 15. Global graphite demand outlook
Figure 16. Solvent extraction (SX) in hydrometallurgy
Figure 17. SWOT analysis: hydrometallurgical extraction
Figure 18. SWOT analysis: pyrometallurgical extraction of critical materials
Figure 19. SWOT analysis: biometallurgy for critical material extraction
Figure 20. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material extraction
Figure 21. SWOT analysis: electrochemical leaching for critical material extraction
Figure 22. SWOT analysis: supercritical fluid extraction technology
Figure 23. SWOT analysis: solvent extraction recovery technology
Figure 24. SWOT analysis: ion exchange resin recovery technology
Figure 25. SWOT analysis: ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for critical material recovery
Figure 26. SWOT analysis: precipitation for critical material recovery
Figure 27. SWOT analysis: biosorption for critical material recovery
Figure 28. SWOT analysis: electrowinning for critical material recovery
Figure 29. SWOT analysis: direct critical material recovery technology
Figure 31. Global recovered critical raw electronics materials market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Figure 32. Global recovered critical raw electronics material market, 2025-2046 (Billion USD)
Figure 33. Recovered critical raw electronics material market, by region, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Figure 34. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials
Figure 35. Mechanical separation flow diagram
Figure 36. Recupyl mechanical separation flow diagram
Figure 37. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
Figure 38. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet
Figure 39. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 40. Umicore recycling flow diagram
Figure 41. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 42. Schematic of direct recyling process
Figure 43. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 44. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery
Figure 45. Schematic diagram of Lithium-sulfur battery
Figure 46. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery
Figure 47. Global scrapped EV (BEV+PHEV) forecast to 2040
Figure 48. Global Li-ion battery recycling market, 2025-2046 (chemistry)
Figure 49. Global Li-ion battery recycling market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Figure 50. Global Li-ion battery recycling market, 2025-2046 (Billion USD)
Figure 51. Global Li-ion battery recycling market, by region, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Figure 52. Global recovered critical rare-earth element market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Figure 53. Global recovered critical rare-earth element market, 2025-2046 (Billion USD)
Figure 54. Global recovered critical platinum group metal market, 2025-2046 (ktonnes)
Figure 55. Global recovered critical platinum group metal market, 2025-2046 (Billion USD)