The Global Green Hydrogen Market 2026-2036

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. Market Overview: A Sector in Transition
• 1.2. The Reality Check: Project Cancellations and Market Consolidation
• 1.3. Policy and Regulatory Landscape: Diverging Trajectories
  • 1.3.1. United States
  • 1.3.2. European Union
  • 1.3.3. China
• 1.4. Market Economics: The Cost Competitiveness Challenge
• 1.5. Demand Picture: Industrial Applications Lead, New Markets Struggle
  • 1.5.1. Strong Adoption - Existing Industrial Applications
  • 1.5.2. Struggling Adoption - New Applications
• 1.6. Regional Market Dynamics: Import-Export Imbalances Emerging
• 1.7. Market Forecast 2024-2036: Revised Projections
  • 1.7.1. Market Size
  • 1.7.2. Production Volume
  • 1.7.3. Key Applications by 2036 (Demand Breakdown)
• 1.8. Electrolyzer Technology and Manufacturing: Capacity Overhang
• 1.9. Investment Outlook: Selective Deployment and Risk Mitigation
• 1.10. Critical Challenges Facing the Sector
• 1.11. Outlook: Slower Path to a Hydrogen Economy

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. Hydrogen classification
  • 2.1.1. Hydrogen colour shades
• 2.2. Global energy demand and consumption
  • 2.2.1. 2024-2025 Market Reality Check
• 2.3. The hydrogen economy and production
  • 2.3.1. The Project Cancellation Wave (2024-2025)
• 2.4. Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production
• 2.5. The Economics of Green Hydrogen
  • 2.5.1. Cost Gaps and Market Imperatives
    • 2.5.1.1. The Cost Competitiveness Challenge: Reality vs. Expectations
  • 2.5.2. Hard-to-Abate Sectors
    • 2.5.2.1. Market Reality: Industrial Replacement vs. New Applications
  • 2.5.3. Steel Production
    • 2.5.3.1. 2024-2025 Steel Sector Update
  • 2.5.4. Ammonia Production
    • 2.5.4.1. The Maritime Fuel Opportunity: Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier
  • 2.5.5. Chemical Industry and Refining
    • 2.5.5.1. European Refiners: The Unexpected Green Hydrogen Leaders
  • 2.5.6. Current Electrolyzer Technologies
    • 2.5.6.1. 2024-2025 Electrolyzer Market Reality: Overcapacity and Consolidation
      • 2.5.6.1.1. Supply Chain Fragility
    • 2.5.6.2. Alkaline Water Electrolyzers: Proven Technology Dominates Market
      • 2.5.6.2.1. Why Alkaline Won (2024-2025)
    • 2.5.6.3. Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Superior Performance, Limited Adoption
      • 2.5.6.3.1. The PEM Paradox
      • 2.5.6.3.2. Why PEM Underperformed Market Expectations
      • 2.5.6.3.3. PEM's Niche Applications (2024-2025)
    • 2.5.6.4. Solid Oxide Electrolyzers: High Efficiency, High Risk, Distant Commercialization
    • 2.5.6.5. 2024-2025 Reality Check
    • 2.5.6.6. Why Alkaline Won Over SOEC
    • 2.5.6.7. Next-Generation Technologies
      • 2.5.6.7.1. Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Bridging the Gap-Slowly
      • 2.5.6.7.2. Novel Approaches: Beyond Conventional Electrolysis
  • 2.5.7. The Path Forward: Selective Deployment, Patient Capital, Policy Dependency
    • 2.5.7.1. The New Reality: What Changed
    • 2.5.7.2. Implementation Pathways by Application
      • 2.5.7.2.1. Near-Term Success Cases (2024-2030)
      • 2.5.7.2.2. Medium-Term Opportunities (2030-2036)
      • 2.5.7.2.3. Long-Term/Uncertain (Post-2036)
      • 2.5.7.2.4. Failed Applications (Effectively Abandoned)
• 2.6. Hydrogen value chain
  • 2.6.1. Production
    • 2.6.1.1. Production Infrastructure Reality (2024-2025)
      • 2.6.1.1.1. Major Operational Facilities (2024-2025)
  • 2.6.2. Transport and storage
    • 2.6.2.1. Hydrogen Transport: The $80-120 Billion Infrastructure Gap
      • 2.6.2.1.1. Current Transport Infrastructure
    • 2.6.2.2. Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2025-2036)
    • 2.6.2.3. Critical Challenges
    • 2.6.2.4. Hydrogen Storage: Limited Options, High Costs
      • 2.6.2.4.1. Storage Methods and Current Status
  • 2.6.3. Utilization
    • 2.6.3.1. Current Utilization by Sector (2024)
• 2.7. National hydrogen initiatives, policy and regulation
  • 2.7.1. The Policy Dependency Reality
• 2.8. Hydrogen certification
• 2.9. Carbon pricing
  • 2.9.1. Overview
    • 2.9.1.1. The Carbon Price Threshold for Green Hydrogen
  • 2.9.2. Global Carbon Pricing Landscape (2024-2025)
    • 2.9.2.1. High Carbon Pricing
    • 2.9.2.2. Moderate Carbon Pricing (Insufficient for Green H2)
    • 2.9.2.3. No/Minimal Carbon Pricing (Green H2 Requires Full Subsidies):
  • 2.9.3. Carbon Pricing Mechanisms Comparison
  • 2.9.4. The "Carbon Price + Mandate + Subsidy" Trinity
    • 2.9.4.1. 2024-2025 Lesson: All Three Required
  • 2.9.5. Carbon Pricing Projections and Green Hydrogen Implications
    • 2.9.5.1. Global Carbon Price Scenarios
  • 2.9.6. Carbon Pricing Alternatives and Supplements
• 2.10. Market challenges
  • 2.10.1. The Offtake Crisis (Most Critical Challenge)
  • 2.10.2. The Infrastructure Chicken-and-Egg
  • 2.10.3. Cost Competitiveness - The Persistent Gap
  • 2.10.4. Technology Maturity Gap
• 2.11. Industry developments 2020-2025
• 2.12. Market map
• 2.13. Global hydrogen production
  • 2.13.1. Industrial applications
  • 2.13.2. Hydrogen energy
    • 2.13.2.1. Stationary use
    • 2.13.2.2. Hydrogen for mobility
  • 2.13.3. Current Annual H2 Production
    • 2.13.3.1. Global Hydrogen Production: Reality vs. Ambition (2024-2025)
    • 2.13.3.2. Regional Production Patterns and Methods
  • 2.13.4. Leading Green Hydrogen Projects and Operational Status
  • 2.13.5. The Project Cancellation Wave
  • 2.13.6. Hydrogen production processes
    • 2.13.6.1. Regional Variation in Production Methods
    • 2.13.6.2. The Capacity Deployment Gap
    • 2.13.6.3. Production Cost Drivers by Technology
    • 2.13.6.4. Geographic Cost Competitiveness
    • 2.13.6.5. Hydrogen as by-product
    • 2.13.6.6. Reforming
      • 2.13.6.6.1. SMR wet method
      • 2.13.6.6.2. Oxidation of petroleum fractions
      • 2.13.6.6.3. Coal gasification
    • 2.13.6.7. Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
    • 2.13.6.8. Steam reforming of biomethane
    • 2.13.6.9. Water electrolysis
    • 2.13.6.10. The "Power-to-Gas" concept
    • 2.13.6.11. Fuel cell stack
    • 2.13.6.12. Electrolysers
    • 2.13.6.13. Other
      • 2.13.6.13.1. Plasma technologies
      • 2.13.6.13.2. Photosynthesis
      • 2.13.6.13.3. Bacterial or biological processes
      • 2.13.6.13.4. Oxidation (biomimicry)
  • 2.13.7. Production costs
• 2.14. Global hydrogen demand forecasts
  • 2.14.1. Green and Blue Hydrogen Penetration
  • 2.14.2. Demand by End-Use Application
  • 2.14.3. Green Hydrogen Demand by Application
  • 2.14.4. Regional Demand Patterns
  • 2.14.5. Import-Export Dynamics and Trade Flows
  • 2.14.6. Demand Growth Drivers and Constraints
  • 2.14.7. Market Size and Revenue Forecasts: Recalibrating the Hydrogen Economy
    • 2.14.7.1. Total Hydrogen Market Revenue
    • 2.14.7.2. Electrolyzer Equipment Market
    • 2.14.7.3. Infrastructure Investment Requirements
    • 2.14.7.4. Green Hydrogen Market Revenue by Application
    • 2.14.7.5. Investment Flow Analysis
    • 2.14.7.6. Geographic Distribution of Investment
  • 2.14.8. Market Concentration and Competitive Dynamics

3. GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

• 3.1. Overview
• 3.2. Green hydrogen projects
• 3.3. Motivation for use
• 3.4. Decarbonization
• 3.5. Comparative analysis
• 3.6. Role in energy transition
• 3.7. Renewable energy sources
  • 3.7.1. Wind power
  • 3.7.2. Solar Power
  • 3.7.3. Nuclear
  • 3.7.4. Capacities
  • 3.7.5. Costs
• 3.8. SWOT analysis

4. ELECTROLYZER TECHNOLOGIES

• 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.1.1. Technical Specifications and Performance Evolution
  • 4.1.2. Chinese Manufacturing Leadership
  • 4.1.3. Architecture and Design Evolution
  • 4.1.4. Cost Structure and Economic Competitiveness
  • 4.1.5. Future Outlook and Development Trajectory
  • 4.1.6. Market Share Projections
• 4.2. Main types
• 4.3. Technology Selection Decision Factors
• 4.4. Balance of Plant
• 4.5. Characteristics
• 4.6. Advantages and disadvantages
• 4.7. Electrolyzer market
  • 4.7.1. Market trends
  • 4.7.2. Market landscape
    • 4.7.2.1. Market Structure Evolution
  • 4.7.3. Innovations
  • 4.7.4. Cost challenges
  • 4.7.5. Why Electrolyzers Differ from Solar/Batteries
  • 4.7.6. Scale-up
  • 4.7.7. Manufacturing challenges
  • 4.7.8. Market opportunity and outlook
• 4.8. Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
  • 4.8.1. Technology description
  • 4.8.2. AWE plant
  • 4.8.3. Components and materials
  • 4.8.4. Costs
  • 4.8.5. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AWE
  • 4.8.6. Companies
• 4.9. Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
  • 4.9.1. Technology description
  • 4.9.2. Technical Specifications - Lab vs. Demonstration vs. Target
  • 4.9.3. AEMEL plant
  • 4.9.4. Components and materials
    • 4.9.4.1. Catalysts
    • 4.9.4.2. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs)
    • 4.9.4.3. Materials
  • 4.9.5. Costs
    • 4.9.5.1. Current Cost Structure (2024-2025)
    • 4.9.5.2. Performance and Cost Positioning
    • 4.9.5.3. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AMEL
    • 4.9.5.4. Cost Reduction Pathways
  • 4.9.6. Companies
• 4.10. Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
  • 4.10.1. Technology description
  • 4.10.2. The Iridium Bottleneck - Critical Material Constraint
  • 4.10.3. PEMEL plant
  • 4.10.4. Components and materials
    • 4.10.4.1. Membranes
    • 4.10.4.2. Advanced PEMEL stack designs
    • 4.10.4.3. Plug-and-Play & Customizable PEMEL Systems
    • 4.10.4.4. PEMELs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
  • 4.10.5. Costs
    • 4.10.5.1. Current Cost Structure (2024-2025)
    • 4.10.5.2. Cost Reduction Pathways (2024-2050)
  • 4.10.6. Companies
• 4.11. Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
  • 4.11.1. Technology description
  • 4.11.2. Technical Performance - Theoretical vs. Demonstrated Reality
  • 4.11.3. Why SOEC Cannot Compete - Economic Reality
  • 4.11.4. SOEC plant
  • 4.11.5. Components and materials
    • 4.11.5.1. External process heat
    • 4.11.5.2. Clean Syngas Production
    • 4.11.5.3. Nuclear power
    • 4.11.5.4. SOEC and SOFC cells
      • 4.11.5.4.1. Tubular cells
      • 4.11.5.4.2. Planar cells
    • 4.11.5.5. SOEC Electrolyte
  • 4.11.6. Costs
    • 4.11.6.1. Current Cost Structure (2024-2025)
    • 4.11.6.2. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from SOEC
  • 4.11.7. Companies
• 4.12. Other types
  • 4.12.1. Overview
  • 4.12.2. CO2 electrolysis
    • 4.12.2.1. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 4.12.2.2. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Catalysts
    • 4.12.2.3. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
    • 4.12.2.4. Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 4.12.2.5. High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
    • 4.12.2.6. Cost
    • 4.12.2.7. Challenges
    • 4.12.2.8. Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO2
    • 4.12.2.9. Products
  • 4.12.3. Seawater electrolysis
    • 4.12.3.1. Direct Seawater vs Brine (Chlor-Alkali) Electrolysis
    • 4.12.3.2. Key Challenges & Limitations
  • 4.12.4. Protonic Ceramic Electrolyzers (PCE)
  • 4.12.5. Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MEC)
  • 4.12.6. Photoelectrochemical Cells (PEC)
  • 4.12.7. Companies
• 4.13. Costs
• 4.14. Water and land use for green hydrogen production
  • 4.14.1. Water Consumption Reality
  • 4.14.2. Land Requirements Reality
• 4.15. Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities
• 4.16. Global Market Revenues

5. HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

• 5.1. Market overview
• 5.2. Hydrogen transport methods
  • 5.2.1. Pipeline transportation
    • 5.2.1.1. Current Infrastructure Reality
    • 5.2.1.2. Natural Gas Pipeline Repurposing - The Failed Promise
    • 5.2.1.3. Pipeline Economics and Project Viability
  • 5.2.2. Road or rail transport
  • 5.2.3. Maritime transportation
    • 5.2.3.1. Ammonia vs. Liquid Hydrogen Shipping - The Decisive Battle
    • 5.2.3.2. Ammonia Shipping Infrastructure Requirements
    • 5.2.3.3. Ammonia Cracking - The Critical Bottleneck
  • 5.2.4. On-board-vehicle transport
• 5.3. Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
  • 5.3.1. Storage Technology Overview and Economics
  • 5.3.2. Solid storage
  • 5.3.3. Liquid storage on support
  • 5.3.4. Underground storage
    • 5.3.4.1. Salt Cavern Storage - Detailed Assessment
    • 5.3.4.2. Alternative Underground Storage Options
  • 5.3.5. Subsea Hydrogen Storage
• 5.4. Market players

6. HYDROGEN UTILIZATION

• 6.1. Hydrogen Fuel Cells
  • 6.1.1. Market overview
  • 6.1.2. Critical Market Failure - Light-Duty Vehicles
  • 6.1.3. Why FCEVs Failed
  • 6.1.4. PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
  • 6.1.5. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
  • 6.1.6. Alternative fuel cells
• 6.2. Alternative fuel production
  • 6.2.1. Solid Biofuels
  • 6.2.2. Liquid Biofuels
  • 6.2.3. Gaseous Biofuels
  • 6.2.4. Conventional Biofuels
  • 6.2.5. Advanced Biofuels
  • 6.2.6. Feedstocks
  • 6.2.7. Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
  • 6.2.8. Renewable diesel
  • 6.2.9. Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
  • 6.2.10. Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
    • 6.2.10.1. Hydrogen electrolysis
    • 6.2.10.2. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• 6.3. Hydrogen Vehicles
  • 6.3.1. Market overview
  • 6.3.2. Light-Duty FCEV Market Collapse
  • 6.3.3. Manufacturer Exits and Remaining Players
  • 6.3.4. Refueling Infrastructure Collapse
  • 6.3.5. Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Trucks - Uncertain Future
• 6.4. Aviation
  • 6.4.1. Market overview
• 6.5. Ammonia production
  • 6.5.1. Market overview
  • 6.5.2. Current Market Structure
  • 6.5.3. Drivers of Green Ammonia Adoption
  • 6.5.4. Maritime Fuel - The Game Changer
  • 6.5.5. Decarbonisation of ammonia production
  • 6.5.6. Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 6.5.6.1. Haber-Bosch process
    • 6.5.6.2. Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 6.5.6.3. Electrochemical production
    • 6.5.6.4. Chemical looping processes
  • 6.5.7. Green Ammonia Production Costs
  • 6.5.8. Blue ammonia
    • 6.5.8.1. Blue ammonia projects
  • 6.5.9. Chemical energy storage
    • 6.5.9.1. Ammonia fuel cells
    • 6.5.9.2. Marine fuel
• 6.6. Methanol production
  • 6.6.1. Market overview
    • 6.6.1.1. Current Market Structure
  • 6.6.2. E-Methanol Economics
  • 6.6.3. Maritime Methanol vs. Ammonia Competition:
  • 6.6.4. Methanol-to gasoline technology
    • 6.6.4.1. Production processes
      • 6.6.4.1.1. Anaerobic digestion
      • 6.6.4.1.2. Biomass gasification
      • 6.6.4.1.3. Power to Methane
• 6.7. Steelmaking
  • 6.7.1. Market overview
  • 6.7.2. Current Steel Production Methods
    • 6.7.2.1. H-DRI Process Overview
  • 6.7.3. Green Steel Production Costs and Economics
  • 6.7.4. Regional Green Steel Development
  • 6.7.5. Comparative analysis
    • 6.7.5.1. BF-BOF vs. H-DRI + EAF - Comprehensive Comparison:
  • 6.7.6. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
  • 6.7.7. Green Steel Market Demand and Willingness-to-Pay:
• 6.8. Power & heat generation
  • 6.8.1. Market overview
    • 6.8.1.1. Why Hydrogen Failed in Power Sector
  • 6.8.2. Power generation
  • 6.8.3. Economics of Hydrogen Power
  • 6.8.4. Heat Generation
    • 6.8.4.1. Building Heating with Hydrogen - Failed Application
• 6.9. Maritime
  • 6.9.1. Market overview
  • 6.9.2. IMO Regulatory Framework - The Demand Driver
  • 6.9.3. Ammonia vs. Methanol for Maritime - Technology Competition
  • 6.9.4. Maritime Ammonia Infrastructure Requirements
  • 6.9.5. Ammonia Marine Engines and Fuel Cells
• 6.10. Fuel cell trains
  • 6.10.1. Market overview

7. COMPANY PROFILES (167 company profiles)

8. APPENDIX

• 8.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

9. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions
• Table 2. Main applications of hydrogen
• Table 3. Overview of hydrogen production methods
• Table 4. Production Cost Reality by Region (2024)
• Table 5. Transport Cost Comparison (2024 estimates):
• Table 6. Storage Cost Comparison
• Table 7. Utilization Summary Table - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036:
• Table 8. National hydrogen initiatives
• Table 9. Breakeven Analysis (2024 Costs)
• Table 10. Carbon Pricing Systems and Green Hydrogen Impact (2024-2025)
• Table 11. EU ETS Trajectory (2025-2036)
• Table 12. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies
• Table 13. Challenge Resolution Pathways and Requirements
• Table 14. Market Challenges by Stakeholder Impact
• Table 15. Challenge Severity by Application Sector
• Table 16. Investment Required vs. Committed
• Table 17. Cost Gap Evolution and Projections
• Table 18. Technology Readiness vs. Market Requirements
• Table 19. Green hydrogen industry developments 2020-2025
• Table 20. Market map for hydrogen technology and production
• Table 21. Global Hydrogen Production Overview (2024)
• Table 22. Industrial applications of hydrogen
• Table 23. Hydrogen energy markets and applications
• Table 24. Global Hydrogen Production Overview
• Table 25. Global Hydrogen Production by Method and Region
• Table 26. Green Hydrogen Production Capacity - Top Projects (2024-2025)
• Table 27. Cancelled Major Green Hydrogen Projects (2024-2025)
• Table 28. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development
• Table 29. Hydrogen Production Methods - Technical and Economic Comparison (2024)
• Table 30. Regional Production Method Mix (2024)
• Table 31. Electrolyzer Capacity - Installed vs. Under Construction vs. Announced
• Table 32. Production Cost Drivers by Method (2024)
• Table 33. Green Hydrogen Production Cost by Region (2024)
• Table 34. Comprehensive Production Cost Comparison (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 35. Total Hydrogen Demand Projections (All Production Methods, 2024-2036)
• Table 36. Low-Emissions Hydrogen (Green + Blue) Demand and Market Share (2024-2036)
• Table 37. Hydrogen Demand by End-Use Application (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 38. Green Hydrogen Demand by Application (2030 vs. 2036 Projections)
• Table 39. Regional Hydrogen Demand Projections (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 40. Major Import-Export Flows (2036 Projections)
• Table 41. Demand Drivers vs. Constraints (Relative Impact Assessment)
• Table 42. Total Hydrogen Market Revenue by Production Method (2024-2036)
• Table 43. Electrolyzer Equipment Market Revenue and Capacity Deployment (2024-2036)
• Table 44. Cumulative Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2024-2036)
• Table 45. Green Hydrogen Revenue by Application (2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 46. Cumulative Investment Requirements by Category (2024-2036)
• Table 47. Investment Distribution by Region (2024-2036 Cumulative)
• Table 48. Market Concentration Indicators (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 49. Green hydrogen application markets
• Table 50. Green hydrogen projects
• Table 51. Traditional Hydrogen Production
• Table 52. Hydrogen Production Processes
• Table 53. Comparison of hydrogen types
• Table 54. Alkaline Electrolyzer Performance Evolution (2020 vs. 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 55. Leading Alkaline Electrolyzer Manufacturers (2024)
• Table 56. Alkaline Electrolyzer Architecture Comparison
• Table 57. Alkaline Electrolyzer Cost Breakdown (2024 vs. 2036 Projection)
• Table 58. Alkaline Technology Roadmap (2024-2036)
• Table 59. Alkaline Market Share Evolution by Application (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 60. Electrolyzer Technology Comparison - Technical and Commercial Status (2024)
• Table 61. Technology Selection by Application Type (2024-2025 Market Patterns)
• Table 62. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies
• Table 63. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies
• Table 64. Global Electrolyzer Market Evolution (2020-2024 Actual, 2025-2036 Projections)
• Table 65. Manufacturer Viability Assessment (2024)
• Table 66. Cost Reality vs. Projections (2022 Forecast vs. 2024 Actual vs. 2030 Revised)
• Table 67. Market Opportunity Scenarios (2024-2036 Cumulative)
• Table 68. Regional Opportunity Distribution (Base Case)
• Table 69. Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers
• Table 70. Advantages & limitations of AWE
• Table 71. Key performance characteristics of AWE
• Table 72. Detailed AWE System Cost Breakdown - Chinese vs. Western Manufacturers (2024)
• Table 73. AWE LCOH by Region - Current (2024) vs. Projected (2030, 2036)
• Table 74. Cost Component Breakdown (Typical Case: Spain, 2024)
• Table 75. Detailed AWE System Cost Breakdown - Chinese vs. Western Manufacturers (2024)
• Table 76. Major AWE Manufacturers
• Table 77. AEM Performance - Laboratory vs. Demonstration vs. Commercial Targets
• Table 78. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials
• Table 79. AEM Electrolyzer Cost Structure - Current (2024) vs. Projected Commercial (2032-2036)
• Table 80. AEM Competitive Positioning vs. Established Technologies
• Table 81. Companies in the AMEL market
• Table 82. Iridium Supply Constraint vs. PEM Electrolyzer Scaling Requirements
• Table 83. PEM Electrolyzer Detailed Cost Breakdown - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036 Projections
• Table 84. PEM Cost Reduction Pathways - Feasibility and Impact Assessment
• Table 85. Companies in the PEMEL market
• Table 86. SOEC Performance - Theoretical vs. Pilot Demonstration vs. Commercial Requirements
• Table 87. LCOH Comparison - SOEC vs. Alkaline in Best-Case SOEC Applications (2024)
• Table 88. SOEC System Cost Breakdown - 2024 vs. 2032-2036 Projection (If Commercialized)
• Table 89. SOEC LCOH Scenarios - Best Case to Worst Case (2024)
• Table 90. Why SOEC Failed - Summary Assessment:
• Table 91. Companies in the SOEC market
• Table 92. Other types of electrolyzer technologies
• Table 93. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies/
• Table 94. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
• Table 95. Direct Seawater vs. Desalinated Water Electrolysis Comparison
• Table 96. PEC vs. PV+Electrolysis Pathway Comparison
• Table 97. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies
• Table 98. Electrolyzer Technology Cost Comparison - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036 (All Technologies)
• Table 99. Water Requirements for Green Hydrogen Production (2024 Analysis)
• Table 100. Land Footprint for Green Hydrogen Production (Renewable Energy + Electrolyzer)
• Table 101. Global Electrolyzer Manufacturing Capacity - Current (2024) vs. Projected (2030, 2036)
• Table 102. Global Electrolyzer Equipment Market Size, 2018-2036 (US$ Billions)
• Table 103. Hydrogen Infrastructure Investment Requirements vs. Commitments (2024-2036)
• Table 104. Hydrogen Transport Methods - Comprehensive Comparison (2024 Assessment)
• Table 105. Existing and Planned Hydrogen Pipeline Infrastructure (2024-2036)
• Table 106. Natural Gas Pipeline Repurposing Challenges and Reality
• Table 107. Hydrogen Pipeline Economics - Representative 500 km Regional Project
• Table 108. Road/Rail Transport Economics
• Table 109. Ammonia vs. Liquid H2 Shipping - Comprehensive Comparison
• Table 110. Ammonia Shipping Value Chain - Investment and Development Status (2024-2036)
• Table 111. Ammonia Cracking Facility Economics
• Table 112. Hydrogen Storage Technologies - Comprehensive Comparison (2024)
• Table 113. Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage Economics and Availability
• Table 114. Regional Salt Cavern Storage Availability and Implications
• Table 115. Depleted Gas Fields and Aquifers - Uncertain Potential
• Table 116. Major Hydrogen Infrastructure Companies - Segmented by Category
• Table 117. Pipeline Infrastructure Developers
• Table 118. Ammonia Shipping & Terminals
• Table 119. Storage Technology Providers
• Table 120. Refueling Infrastructure (Declining Sector)
• Table 121. Fuel Cell Market by Application - 2024 Reality vs. 2020-2022 Projections
• Table 122. PEMFC Market Segmentation and Cost Structure
• Table 123. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
• Table 124. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
• Table 125. Classification of biomass feedstock
• Table 126. Biorefinery feedstocks
• Table 127. Feedstock conversion pathways
• Table 128. Biodiesel production techniques
• Table 129. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
• Table 130. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
• Table 131. Applications of e-fuels, by type
• Table 132. Overview of e-fuels
• Table 133. Benefits of e-fuels
• Table 134. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
• Table 135. Hydrogen Vehicle Market - 2024 Reality and 2036 Projections
• Table 136. FCEV vs. BEV Competitive Position - Why Hydrogen Lost
• Table 137. FCEV Manufacturer Status - Exits and Commitments
• Table 138. Hydrogen Refueling Station Status by Region
• Table 139. Heavy-Duty Truck Competition - FCEV vs. BEV vs. Diesel (2024)
• Table 140. Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Truck Manufacturers and Status
• Table 141. Global Ammonia Production and Hydrogen Source
• Table 142. Green Ammonia Demand Drivers and Market Segments (2024-2036)
• Table 143. Ammonia as Maritime Fuel - Development Timeline
• Table 144. Green Ammonia Production Cost by Region (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
• Table 145. Blue ammonia projects
• Table 146. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
• Table 147. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
• Table 148. Summary of marine alternative fuels
• Table 149. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
• Table 150. Global Methanol Market by Source and Application (2024)
• Table 151. E-Methanol Applications (2024 vs. 2036)
• Table 152. E-Methanol Production Costs by Region and CO2 Source (2024 vs. 2036)
• Table 153. Maritime Fuel Competition - Methanol vs. Ammonia
• Table 154. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
• Table 155. Global Steel Production by Method and Decarbonization Potential (2024)
• Table 156. Steel Production Cost Comparison - BF-BOF vs. H-DRI + EAF (2024 and 2036)
• Table 157. Green Steel Projects and Capacity by Region (2024-2036)
• Table 158. Leading Green Steel Projects
• Table 159. Steelmaking Technology Comparison
• Table 160. H-DRI Process Parameters and Requirements
• Table 161. Green Steel Customer Segments and Premium Acceptance (2024)
• Table 162. Hydrogen vs. Competing Technologies for Power Generation
• Table 163. Hydrogen Power Generation Technologies
• Table 164. Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) - Hydrogen vs. Alternatives
• Table 165. Heating Technology Comparison - Hydrogen vs. Alternatives
• Table 166. Maritime Fuel Consumption and Decarbonization Pathways (2024)
• Table 167. IMO GHG Regulations and Impact
• Table 168. Ammonia vs. Methanol - Detailed Maritime Fuel Comparison
• Table 169. Maritime Ammonia Value Chain Investment Needs (2024-2036)
• Table 170. Ammonia Propulsion Technologies for Maritime
• Table 171. Rail Electrification Alternatives - Hydrogen vs. Competition
• Table 172. Hydrogen Train Projects

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Hydrogen value chain
• Figure 2. Principle of a PEM electrolyser
• Figure 3. Power-to-gas concept
• Figure 4. Schematic of a fuel cell stack
• Figure 5. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW
• Figure 6. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen
• Figure 7. Types of electrolysis technologies
• Figure 8. Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing
• Figure 9. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 10. Alkaline water electrolyzer
• Figure 11. Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser
• Figure 12. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 13. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser
• Figure 14. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle
• Figure 15. Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser
• Figure 16. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
• Figure 17. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
• Figure 18. Production process for green hydrogen
• Figure 19. E-liquids production routes
• Figure 20. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
• Figure 21. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
• Figure 22. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
• Figure 23. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
• Figure 24. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV
• Figure 25. Green ammonia production and use
• Figure 26. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
• Figure 27. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
• Figure 28. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
• Figure 29. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
• Figure 30. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
• Figure 31. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
• Figure 32. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
• Figure 33. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
• Figure 34. Transition to hydrogen-based production
• Figure 35. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
• Figure 36. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1
• Figure 37. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive
• Figure 38. Symbiotic(TM) technology process
• Figure 39. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
• Figure 40. Domsjo process
• Figure 41. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
• Figure 42. Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis
• Figure 43. Direct MCH-R process
• Figure 44. FuelPositive system
• Figure 45. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen
• Figure 46. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
• Figure 47. Hystar PEM electrolyser
• Figure 48. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
• Figure 49. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process
• Figure 50. The Plagazi -R process
• Figure 51. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 52. O12 Reactor
• Figure 53. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 54. CO2 made car part