Bio-based Polymers, Monomers and Intermediates 2026-2036

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 What are bioplastics?
• 1.2 Global Plastics Market and Supply
• 1.3 Recycling Polymers
• 1.4 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers
• 1.5 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market
• 1.6 Regional Distribution
• 1.7 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• 1.8 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers
• 1.9 Integration with Chemical Recycling
• 1.10 Novel Feedstock Sources
• 1.11 Turning Waste into Bioplastics
• 1.12 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025
• 1.13 Global Bioplastics Capacity
  • 1.13.1 Production capacities 2025
  • 1.13.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036
  • 1.13.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036
• 1.14 Global Market Forecasts
• 1.15 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
  • 1.15.1 Plastics carbon footprint
  • 1.15.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint
  • 1.15.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics
  • 1.15.4 Use of renewables in production
  • 1.15.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability
  • 1.15.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives
• 1.16 Bio-composites
  • 1.16.1 Sustainable packaging
  • 1.16.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers
  • 1.16.3 Bio-composite manufacturing
  • 1.16.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers

2 INTRODUCTION

• 2.1 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle
• 2.2 Types of bioplastics
  • 2.2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2.2 Polymer Types
    • 2.2.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers
    • 2.2.2.2 Monosaccharides
    • 2.2.2.3 Vegetable Oils
  • 2.2.3 Bio-based monomers
    • 2.2.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers
    • 2.2.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies
  • 2.2.4 The Green Premium
  • 2.2.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers
• 2.3 Feedstocks
  • 2.3.1 Types
  • 2.3.2 Prices
  • 2.3.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics
  • 2.3.4 Food security, land use, and water resources
• 2.4 Chain of custody
• 2.5 Chemical tracers and markers
• 2.6 Bioplastics regulations
  • 2.6.1 Overview
  • 2.6.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
  • 2.6.3 United States
  • 2.6.4 Europe
    • 2.6.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November 2025
  • 2.6.5 Asia-Pacific

3 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCKS AND INTERMEDIATES MARKET

• 3.1 BIOREFINERIES
• 3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
• 3.3 PLANT-BASED
  • 3.3.1 STARCH
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine
      • 3.3.1.4.1 Source
      • 3.3.1.4.2 Applications
      • 3.3.1.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose
      • 3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.2　1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5)
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.3.3 Global Production
      • 3.3.1.5.3.4 Isosorbide
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
      • 3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.6　3-HP
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6　1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.6 Terephthalic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
  • 3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose
      • 3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
      • 3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
  • 3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
      • 3.3.3.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin
  • 3.3.4 PLANT OILS
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol
      • 3.3.4.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.2.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.4 MPG
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.4.2.5 ECH
          • 3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
      • 3.3.4.3.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.3.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil
      • 3.3.4.4.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
      • 3.3.4.5.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.5.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
      • 3.3.4.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.6.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.6.3 Global production
  • 3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein
      • 3.3.5.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.5.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.3.6 BIO-BASED NAPHTHA
    • 3.3.6.1 Overview
    • 3.3.6.2 Applications
    • 3.3.6.3 Global Production
• 3.4 WASTE
  • 3.4.1 Food waste
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production
  • 3.4.2 Agricultural waste
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production
  • 3.4.3 Forestry waste
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production
  • 3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production
  • 3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production
  • 3.4.6 Industrial waste
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production
• 3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
  • 3.5.1 Microalgae
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.5.2 Macroalgae
  • 3.5.2.1 Overview
  • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications
  • 3.5.2.3 Global production
  • 3.5.3 Mineral sources
  • 3.5.3.1 Overview
  • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications
  • 3.6 GASEOUS
  • 3.6.1 Biogas
  • 3.6.1.1 Overview
  • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications
  • 3.6.1.3 Global production
  • 3.6.2 Syngas
  • 3.6.2.1 Overview
  • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications
  • 3.6.2.3 Global production
  • 3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
  • 3.6.3.1 Overview
  • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications

4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS

• 4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
• 4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.2.1 Biodegradability
  • 4.2.2 Compostability
• 4.3 TYPES
  • 4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
  • 4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
    • 4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear
      • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.1.2 Production
      • 4.5.1.3 Applications
      • 4.5.1.4 Producers
    • 4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
      • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?
      • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis
      • 4.5.2.3 Applications
      • 4.5.2.4 Production
      • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3)
      • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation
        • 4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid
        • 4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains
        • 4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid
      • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis
      • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation
      • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life
      • 4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
        • 4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
        • 4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities
        • 4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
      • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET
        • 4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production
        • 4.5.3.2.2 Applications
      • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
      • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
      • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET
      • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status
      • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities
        • 4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
        • 4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
    • 4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
      • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
      • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
      • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
      • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
    • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
      • 4.5.10.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers
      • 4.5.11.1 Market analysis
      • 4.5.11.2 Production
      • 4.5.11.3 Applications
      • 4.5.11.4 Producers
    • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)
      • 4.5.12.1 Market Analysis
      • 4.5.12.2 Production
      • 4.5.12.3 Applications
      • 4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities
      • 4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)
      • 4.5.13.1 Market Analysis
      • 4.5.13.2 Production
      • 4.5.13.3 Applications
      • 4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities
      • 4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)
      • 4.5.14.1 Market Analysis
      • 4.5.14.2 Production
      • 4.5.14.3 Applications
      • 4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities
      • 4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)
      • 4.5.15.1 Market Analysis
      • 4.5.15.2 Production
      • 4.5.15.3 Applications
      • 4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities
      • 4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)
      • 4.5.16.1 Market Analysis
      • 4.5.16.2 Production
      • 4.5.16.3 Applications
      • 4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities
      • 4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
      • 4.5.17.1 Market Analysis
      • 4.5.17.2 Production
      • 4.5.17.3 Applications
      • 4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities
      • 4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
    • 4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
      • 4.6.1.1 Technology description
      • 4.6.1.2 Types
        • 4.6.1.2.1 PHB
        • 4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
      • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
      • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis
      • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
      • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
        • 4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
        • 4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
          • 4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
        • 4.6.1.6.3 Medical
          • 4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
          • 4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
        • 4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
          • 4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
          • 4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
      • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.6.2 Cellulose
      • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)
        • 4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
        • 4.6.2.1.2 Production
        • 4.6.2.1.3 Applications
        • 4.6.2.1.4 Producers
      • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
        • 4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis
        • 4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose
      • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers
      • 4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status
        • 4.6.2.5.1 Production
        • 4.6.2.5.2 Applications
      • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook
  • 4.7 NATURAL FIBERS
    • 4.7.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
    • 4.7.2 Advantages of natural fibers
    • 4.7.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
    • 4.7.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
    • 4.7.5 Challenges
    • 4.7.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
      • 4.7.6.1 Seed fibers
        • 4.7.6.1.1 Cotton
          • 4.7.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
        • 4.7.6.1.2 Kapok
          • 4.7.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.1.3 Luffa
        • 4.7.6.2 Bast fibers
          • 4.7.6.2.1 Jute
          • 4.7.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2036
            • 4.7.6.2.2.1 Hemp
            • 4.7.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.2.3 Flax
            • 4.7.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.2.4 Ramie
            • 4.7.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.2.5 Kenaf
            • 4.7.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
        • 4.7.6.3 Leaf fibers
          • 4.7.6.3.1 Sisal
            • 4.7.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.3.2 Abaca
            • 4.7.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
        • 4.7.6.4 Fruit fibers
          • 4.7.6.4.1 Coir
            • 4.7.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.4.2 Banana
            • 4.7.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.4.3 Pineapple
        • 4.7.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
          • 4.7.6.5.1 Rice fiber
          • 4.7.6.5.2 Corn
        • 4.7.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
          • 4.7.6.6.1 Switch grass
          • 4.7.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
          • 4.7.6.6.3 Bamboo
            • 4.7.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
          • 4.7.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
    • 4.7.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
      • 4.7.7.1 Wool
        • 4.7.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
        • 4.7.7.1.2 Producers
      • 4.7.7.2 Silk fiber
        • 4.7.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
          • 4.7.7.2.1.1 Producers
      • 4.7.7.3 Leather
        • 4.7.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
          • 4.7.7.3.1.1 Producers
      • 4.7.7.4 Fur
        • 4.7.7.4.1 Producers
      • 4.7.7.5 Down
        • 4.7.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
          • 4.7.7.5.1.1 Producers
    • 4.7.8 Markets for natural fibers
      • 4.7.8.1 Composites
      • 4.7.8.2 Applications
      • 4.7.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
        • 4.7.8.3.1 Properties
        • 4.7.8.3.2 Applications
      • 4.7.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
        • 4.7.8.4.1 Automotive
        • 4.7.8.4.2 Applications
      • 4.7.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
      • 4.7.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
      • 4.7.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
        • 4.7.8.7.1 Flax
        • 4.7.8.7.2 Kenaf
      • 4.7.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
      • 4.7.8.9 Aerospace
        • 4.7.8.9.1 Market overview
      • 4.7.8.10 Automotive
        • 4.7.8.10.1 Market overview
        • 4.7.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
      • 4.7.8.11 Building/construction
        • 4.7.8.11.1 Market overview
        • 4.7.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
      • 4.7.8.12 Sports and leisure
        • 4.7.8.12.1 Market overview
      • 4.7.8.13 Textiles
        • 4.7.8.13.1 Market overview
        • 4.7.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
        • 4.7.8.13.3 Geotextiles
      • 4.7.8.14 Packaging
        • 4.7.8.14.1 Market overview
    • 4.7.9 Global production of natural fibers
  • 4.8 LIGNIN
    • 4.8.1 Lignin as a Bio-based Polymer Feedstock

5 MARKETS FOR BIOPLASTICS

• 5.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)
  • 5.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
  • 5.1.2 Applications
  • 5.1.3 Flexible packaging
  • 5.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 5.1.4 Rigid packaging
    • 5.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.2 Consumer Goods
  • 5.2.1 Applications
  • 5.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.3 Automotive
  • 5.3.1 Applications
  • 5.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.4 Building and Construction
  • 5.4.1 Applications
  • 5.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.5 Textiles and Fibers
  • 5.5.1 Apparel
  • 5.5.2 Footwear
  • 5.5.3 Medical textiles
  • 5.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.6 Electronics
  • 5.6.1 Applications
  • 5.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.7 Agriculture and Horticulture
  • 5.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
• 5.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region
  • 5.8.1 North America
  • 5.8.2 Europe
  • 5.8.3 Asia-Pacific
  • 5.8.4 Latin America

6 COMPANY PROFILES 365 (595 company profiles)

7 APPENDIX

• 7.1 Research Methodology

8 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025).
• Table 2. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).
• Table 3. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)
• Table 4. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 5. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• Table 6. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)
• Table 7. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.
• Table 8. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).
• Table 9. Novel Feedstock Sources
• Table 10. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025
• Table 11. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025
• Table 12. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 13. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 14. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)
• Table 15. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers.
• Table 16. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative
• Table 17. Available Bio-based Monomers.
• Table 18. Bioplastic feedstocks,
• Table 19. Bioplastics regulations around the world.
• Table 20. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 21. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 22. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 23. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 24. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 25. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 26. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.
• Table 27. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 28. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 29. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 30. Applications of bio-based HDMA.
• Table 31. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 32. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).
• Table 33. Applications of DA5.
• Table 34. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 35. Sorbitol Applications
• Table 36. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes)
• Table 37. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.
• Table 38. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.
• Table 39. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 40. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 41. Lactide applications.
• Table 42. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 43. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.
• Table 44. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.
• Table 45. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 46. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.
• Table 47. Applications of 3-HP.
• Table 48. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 49. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.
• Table 50. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 51. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).
• Table 52. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 53. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.
• Table 54. Applications of succinic acid.
• Table 55. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 56. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
• Table 57. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 58. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• Table 59. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 60. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.
• Table 61. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.
• Table 62. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 63. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.
• Table 64. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.
• Table 65. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 66. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.
• Table 67. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.
• Table 68. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 69. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).
• Table 70. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 71. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.
• Table 72. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.
• Table 73. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 74. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.
• Table 75. Applications of bio-based MEG.
• Table 76. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
• Table 77. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 78. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.
• Table 79. Applications of bio-based ethanol.
• Table 80. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 81. Applications of bio-based ethylene.
• Table 82. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 83. Applications of bio-based propylene.
• Table 84. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 85. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.
• Table 86. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 87. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.
• Table 88. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 89. Applications of bio-based aniline.
• Table 90. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 91. Applications of biobased fructose.
• Table 92. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
• Table 93. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 94. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).
• Table 95. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 96. Applications of Levulinic acid.
• Table 97. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 98. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME.
• Table 99.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 100. Applications of FDCA.
• Table 101. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 102. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.
• Table 103. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 104. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
• Table 105. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
• Table 106. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 107. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 108. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.
• Table 109. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 115. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 116. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.
• Table 117. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 118. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.
• Table 119. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 120. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.
• Table 121. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 122. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 124. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 125. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 126.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 127. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 128. Bio-based naphtha applications.
• Table 129. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes)
• Table 130. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 131. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 132. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 133. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 134. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 135. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 136. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 137. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 138. Mineral source products and applications.
• Table 139. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)
• Table 140. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)
• Table 141. Type of biodegradation.
• Table 142. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
• Table 143. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
• Table 144. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
• Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 146. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.
• Table 147. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.
• Table 148. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 149. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation
• Table 150. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
• Table 151. PLA producers and production capacities.
• Table 152. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed)
• Table 153. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 155. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.
• Table 156. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 157. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 158. PTT Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 161. PEF vs. PET.
• Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025)
• Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 167. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 168. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)
• Table 169. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 170. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 171. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 172. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 173. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 174. Leading Bio-PE producers.
• Table 175. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 176. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 177. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)
• Table 178. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 179. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 180. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.
• Table 181. Superabsorbent polymers producers.
• Table 182. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications
• Table 183. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 184. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 185. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications
• Table 186. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 187. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 188. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications
• Table 189. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 190. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 191. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)
• Table 192. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 193. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 194. Bio-PMMA Applications
• Table 195. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 196. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 197. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications
• Table 198. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
• Table 199. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
• Table 200.Types of PHAs and properties.
• Table 201. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
• Table 202. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
• Table 203. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
• Table 204. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 205. Markets and applications for PHAs.
• Table 206. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
• Table 207. PHA Producers (2025)
• Table 208. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 209. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 210. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.
• Table 211. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.
• Table 212. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 213. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
• Table 214. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 215. Casein polymers applications.
• Table 216. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
• Table 217. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
• Table 218. Typical properties of natural fibers.
• Table 219. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
• Table 220. Market drivers for natural fibers.
• Table 221. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 222. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
• Table 223. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 224. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 225. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 226. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 227. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
• Table 228. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 229. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 230. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 231. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 232. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 233. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 234. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 235. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 236. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 237. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 238. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 239. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 240. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 241. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
• Table 242. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 243. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 244. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 245. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 246. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 247. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
• Table 248. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
• Table 249. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 250. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
• Table 251. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 252. Alternative wool materials producers.
• Table 253. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 254. Alternative silk materials producers.
• Table 255. Alternative leather materials producers.
• Table 256. Next-gen fur producers.
• Table 257. Alternative down materials producers.
• Table 258. Applications of natural fiber composites.
• Table 259. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
• Table 260. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
• Table 261. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
• Table 262. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
• Table 263. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
• Table 264. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 265. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
• Table 266. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 267. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
• Table 268. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 269. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
• Table 270. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 271. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 272. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 273. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.
• Table 274. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)
• Table 275. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
• Table 276. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
• Table 277. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
• Table 278. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 279. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
• Table 280. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 281. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
• Table 282. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 283. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 284. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibres 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 285. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
• Table 286. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 287. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
• Table 288. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 289. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
• Table 290. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 291. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes
• Table 292. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
• Table 293. Lactips plastic pellets.
• Table 294. Oji Holdings CNF products.

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes.
• Figure 2. Overview of Toray process.
• Figure 3. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Figure 4. Samsung 13-inch Color E-Pape
• Figure 5. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
• Figure 6. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
• Figure 7. PHA family.
• Figure 8. Types of natural fibers.
• Figure 9. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.
• Figure 10. Adidas algae-ink tees.
• Figure 11. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.
• Figure 12. Miratex watch bands.
• Figure 13. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.
• Figure 14. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
• Figure 15. Luffa cylindrica fiber.
• Figure 16. Pineapple fiber.
• Figure 17. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial.
• Figure 18. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
• Figure 19. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.
• Figure 20. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.
• Figure 21. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.
• Figure 22. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.
• Figure 23. Coir mats for erosion control.
• Figure 24. Global fiber production in 2024, by fiber type, million MT and %.
• Figure 25. PHA bioplastics products.
• Figure 26. Biodegradable mulch films.
• Figure 28. Pluumo.
• Figure 29. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
• Figure 30. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
• Figure 31. MEDICELLU™.
• Figure 32. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
• Figure 33. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
• Figure 34. CNF nonwoven fabric.
• Figure 35. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
• Figure 36. Beyond Leather Materials product.
• Figure 37. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
• Figure 38. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.
• Figure 39. Fiber-based screw cap.
• Figure 40: Celluforce production process.
• Figure 41: NCCTM Process.
• Figure 42: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:
• Figure 43. formicobio™ technology.
• Figure 44. nanoforest-S.
• Figure 45. nanoforest-PDP.
• Figure 46. nanoforest-MB.
• Figure 47. sunliquid® production process.
• Figure 48. CuanSave film.
• Figure 49. Celish.
• Figure 50. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.
• Figure 51. ELLEX products.
• Figure 52. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
• Figure 53. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
• Figure 54. Color CNF.
• Figure 55. Rheocrysta spray.
• Figure 56. DKS CNF products.
• Figure 57. Domsjo process.
• Figure 58. Mushroom leather.
• Figure 59. CNF based on citrus peel.
• Figure 60. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.
• Figure 61. Filler Bank CNC products.
• Figure 62. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.
• Figure 63. TMP-Bio Process.
• Figure 64. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.
• Figure 65. Water-repellent cellulose.
• Figure 66. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
• Figure 67. PHA production process.
• Figure 68. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.
• Figure 69. AVAPTM process.
• Figure 70. GreenPower+™ process.
• Figure 71. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
• Figure 72. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
• Figure 73. CNF gel.
• Figure 74. Block nanocellulose material.
• Figure 75. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
• Figure 76. Marine leather products.
• Figure 77. Inner Mettle Milk products.
• Figure 78. Kami Shoji CNF products.
• Figure 79. Dual Graft System.
• Figure 80. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.
• Figure 81. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).
• Figure 82. Kel Labs yarn.
• Figure 83. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).
• Figure 84. Lignin gel.
• Figure 85. BioFlex process.
• Figure 86. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
• Figure 87. LX Process.
• Figure 88. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
• Figure 89. TransLeather.
• Figure 90. Chitin nanofiber product.
• Figure 91. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
• Figure 92. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.
• Figure 93. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.
• Figure 94. IPA synthesis method.
• Figure 95. MOGU-Wave panels.
• Figure 96. CNF slurries.
• Figure 97. Range of CNF products.
• Figure 98. Reishi.
• Figure 99. Compostable water pod.
• Figure 100. Leather made from leaves.
• Figure 101. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.
• Figure 102. CNF clear sheets.
• Figure 103. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
• Figure 104. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
• Figure 105. Precision Photosynthesis™ technology.
• Figure 106. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
• Figure 107. XCNF.
• Figure 108: Plantrose process.
• Figure 109. LOVR hemp leather.
• Figure 110. CNF insulation flat plates.
• Figure 111. Hansa lignin.
• Figure 112. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
• Figure 113. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
• Figure 114. 3D printed cellulose shoe.
• Figure 115. Lyocell process.
• Figure 116. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.
• Figure 117. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.
• Figure 118. Spider silk production.
• Figure 119. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
• Figure 120. 2 wt.％ CNF suspension.
• Figure 121. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
• Figure 122. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
• Figure 123. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
• Figure 124. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
• Figure 125. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
• Figure 126. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins.
• Figure 127. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.
• Figure 128. Corbion FDCA production process.
• Figure 129. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.
• Figure 130. CNF resin products.
• Figure 131. UPM biorefinery process.
• Figure 132. Vegea production process.
• Figure 133. The Proesa® Process.
• Figure 134. Goldilocks process and applications.
• Figure 135. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process.
• Figure 136. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
• Figure 137. Worn Again products.
• Figure 138. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.