The Global eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility Market 2027-2037

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Report Scope and Objectives
• 1.2 Defining eVTOL and Advanced Air Mobility
• 1.3 The AAM Ecosystem: The "5As" Framework - Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
• 1.4 Market Size and Growth Summary 2026–2037
• 1.5 Industry Consolidation Accelerates
• 1.6 The Casualties: 2024–2025
• 1.7 The Survivors: Who Remains in the Race
  • 1.7.1 Tier 1 - Approaching FAA Certification
  • 1.7.2 Tier 2 - Earlier-Stage but Well-Funded
  • 1.7.3 Chinese Leaders - Operational but Geographically Constrained
• 1.8 The Reality Check: Physics, Economics, and Expectations
• 1.9 Regulatory Landscape
• 1.10 Outlook
• 1.11 Key Market Drivers and Restraints
• 1.12 Certification and Regulatory Progress Update
• 1.13 eVTOL Unit Sales Forecast Summary (Units) 2026–2037
• 1.14 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast Summary (GWh) 2026–2037
• 1.15 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast Summary (US$ billion) 2026–2037
• 1.16 Vertiport Infrastructure Forecast Summary
• 1.17 Pilot and Workforce Requirements Forecast
• 1.18 Industry Developments Since the Early-2026 Cut-Off

2 INTRODUCTION TO eVTOL AND ADVANCED AIR MOBILITY

• 2.1 What is an eVTOL Aircraft?
• 2.2 From Urban Air Mobility (UAM) to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)
• 2.3 Distributed Electric Propulsion: The Enabling Concept
• 2.4 Advantages of AAM Networks
• 2.5 eVTOL Applications: Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military
• 2.6 Current General Aviation Aircraft: Helicopters and Fixed-Wing
• 2.7 Why Helicopters Are Not Suitable for UAM at Scale
• 2.8 Worldwide Helicopter Fleet and General Aviation Market Size
• 2.9 What is Making eVTOL Possible Now?
• 2.10 The AAM Value Chain and Emerging Ecosystem
• 2.11 Key Issues, Challenges, and Constraints for eVTOL Air Taxis
• 2.12 NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints
• 3.1 World eVTOL Aircraft Directory and Geographical Distribution
• 3.2 Main eVTOL Architectures Overview
• 3.3 eVTOL Architecture Choice: Trade-Offs and Considerations
• 3.4 Multicopter/Rotorcraft: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.5 Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.6 Vectored Thrust - Tiltwing: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.7 Vectored Thrust - Tiltrotor: Flight Modes, Key Players, Specifications, Benefits and Drawbacks
• 3.8 Range and Cruise Speed Comparison Across Electric eVTOL Designs
• 3.9 Hover Lift Efficiency, Disc Loading, and Cruise Efficiency by Architecture
• 3.10 Complexity, Criticality, and Cruise Performance
• 3.11 Comparative Assessment of eVTOL Architectures
• 3.12 Manned and Unmanned eVTOL Test Flight Progress
• 3.13 Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status

4 JOURNEY USE CASES AND ROUTE OPTIMISATION

• 4.1 Where eVTOL Has a Competitive Advantage Over Ground Transport
• 4.2 Urban Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Taxi/Ride-Hailing (8–16 km)
• 4.3 Rural Private Hire: eVTOL vs. Private Car (16–40 km)
• 4.4 Rural Rideshare: eVTOL vs. Multiple Private Cars (40–80 km)
• 4.5 Sub-Regional Shuttle: eVTOL vs. Rail (100–160 km)
• 4.6 Cargo Delivery: eVTOL vs. Road Transport (Middle-Mile, 50–100 km)
• 4.7 Air Ambulance: eVTOL vs. Helicopter Emergency Services (60–100 km)
• 4.8 Multicopter eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km Journey Comparisons
• 4.9 Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey
• 4.10 Important Factors for Air Taxi Time Advantage
• 4.11 Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving and Viable Use Cases
• 4.12 eVTOL as an Urban Mass Mobility Solution: Feasibility Assessment

5 TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

• 5.1 TCO Analysis Methodology
• 5.2 eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison
• 5.3 eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost Analysis (£3m–£5m Range)
• 5.4 eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings
• 5.5 The Economic Value of Autonomous Flight
• 5.6 TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
• 5.7 TCO Analysis: US$/15 km Trip - Multicopter eVTOL Design
• 5.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Battery Cost and Performance
• 5.9 Sensitivity Analysis: Upfront/Infrastructure Cost
• 5.10 Sensitivity Analysis: Average Trip Length
• 5.11 Sensitivity Analysis: Higher/Lower eVTOL Capital Costs
• 5.12 Sensitivity Analysis: Reduced Flying Window and Increased Vertiport Travel Time
• 5.13 Sensitivity Analysis: Earlier Autonomous Capability (2030 vs. 2035)
• 5.14 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment: Direct and Indirect Benefits

6 FUNDING, INVESTMENT, AND BUSINESS MODELS

• 6.1 Air Mobility Funding Landscape: Historical and Current Trends
• 6.2 eVTOL OEMs Attracting Large Funding Rounds
• 6.3 Strategic Investors: Aerospace and Automotive OEMs
• 6.4 eVTOL OEMs Will Have to Weather a Tougher Investor Climate
• 6.5 eVTOL Commercial Interest: Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent
• 6.6 Business Model Archetypes: System Providers, Service Providers, Hardware Providers, Ticket Brokers
• 6.7 OEM Model vs. Vertically Integrated Model
• 6.8 Consolidation and Shake-Out Outlook
• 6.9 New Manufacturing Facilities and Production Plans
• 6.10 Design for Manufacture (DfM) and High-Volume Production Challenges

7 AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS: eVTOL ACTIVITY

• 7.1 Aerospace Companies eVTOL Involvement
  • 7.1.1 RTX Corporation
  • 7.1.2 General Electric
  • 7.1.3 SAFRAN
  • 7.1.4 Rolls-Royce
  • 7.1.5 Honeywell
• 7.2 Automotive OEM Involvement
• 7.3 Composite Material Suppliers
• 7.4 Supply Chain Structure: Insource vs. Outsource Models

8 eVTOL OEM MARKET PLAYERS — COMPANY PROFILES

• 8.1 Joby Aviation
• 8.2 Archer Aviation (and Stellantis Partnership)
• 8.3 Lilium
• 8.4 Volocopter (VoloCity)
• 8.5 Vertical Aerospace
• 8.6 EHang
• 8.7 Wisk Aero
• 8.8 Eve Air Mobility (Embraer)
• 8.9 Supernal (Hyundai)
• 8.10 Airbus (CityAirbus NextGen)
• 8.11 SkyDrive
• 8.12 Autoflight (Prosperity I)
• 8.13 Jaunt Air Mobility
• 8.14 Honda eVTOL
• 8.15 Additional OEM Profiles
• 8.16 Players' Planned Production Capacity Comparison
• 8.17 Key Supplier Partnerships by OEM

9 PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES SUPPORTING eVTOL DEVELOPMENT

• 9.1 Uber Elevate Legacy and Joby Aviation
• 9.2 US Air Force: Agility Prime
• 9.3 NASA: Advanced Air Mobility Mission and National Campaign
• 9.4 Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area (Paris 2024 and Beyond)
• 9.5 eVTOL Intellectual-Property and Legal Disputes
• 9.6 China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones and Low-Altitude Economy Initiative
• 9.7 Favourable Policies and Regulations Supporting China's UAM
• 9.8 K-UAM Grand Challenge: South Korea
• 9.9 UK Future Flight Challenge (FFC) and CAA Initiatives
• 9.10 NEOM and Middle Eastern AAM Investments
• 9.11 Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America
• 9.12 Global Urban Air Mobility Radar: 110+ Projects Worldwide

10 BATTERIES FOR eVTOL

• 10.1 Battery Specifics for eVTOLs: The Battery Trilemma
• 10.2 eVTOL Battery Wish List and Requirements
• 10.3 Importance of Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/kg) for Aviation
• 10.4 Li-ion Cathode and Anode Benchmarking for eVTOL
• 10.5 Li-ion Timeline: Technology and Performance Evolution
• 10.6 The Promise of Silicon Anodes for eVTOL Applications
• 10.7 Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing and Energy Density Considerations
• 10.8 Battery Specifications of Leading eVTOL OEMs
• 10.9 eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rates
• 10.10 Cell-to-Pack and Module Elimination Approaches
• 10.11 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Aviation
• 10.12 Beyond Li-ion: Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB)
• 10.13 Solid-State Battery Developers
• 10.14 CATL Condensed Battery and Other Advanced Concepts
• 10.15 Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: 2026–2037 (Wh/kg Roadmap)
• 10.16 Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: NMC, NCA, LFP, SSB, Li-S
• 10.17 Battery Fast Charging, Battery Swapping, and Distributed Modules
• 10.18 eVTOL Battery Cost Analysis and Trajectory
• 10.19 eVTOL Battery Supply Chain
• 10.20 Key Battery Suppliers
• 10.21 eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
• 10.22 eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million)

11 CHARGING STANDARDS AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR eVTOL

• 11.1 Competing Charging Standards in the AAM Market
• 11.2 Global Electric Aviation Charging System (GEACS)
• 11.3 BETA Technologies Charging (CCS-Based)
• 11.4 EPS Charging Solutions
• 11.5 Grid Power Requirements for Vertiport Charging
• 11.6 Off-Grid and Renewable Energy Solutions for Remote Vertiports
• 11.7 Vertiport Power Demand Decomposition: Electrical Distribution vs. Chargers
• 11.8 Vertiport Electrical Equipment Requirements and Single-Line Architecture
• 11.9 Charging Technologies, Charger Types, and Duty Cycles
  • 11.9.1 Charger types and architectures
  • 11.9.2 Charge cycles, C-rates and duty profiles
• 11.10 Grid Impact, Power Quality, and Reinforcement Requirements
  • 11.10.1 Renewable and distributed-energy integration
• 11.11 On-Site Energy Storage and Operational Resilience
• 11.12 Electrical Standards and Regulatory Framework
• 11.13 Market Assessment: PAM and SAM (excluding China)
• 11.14 Market by Geography (excluding China)
• 11.15 Market by Application
• 11.16 Ecosystem Players and Competitive Positioning
• 11.17 Infrastructure and Value Chain
• 11.18 Potential Opportunity: Key Solutions and Buyers

12 FUEL CELL AND HYBRID eVTOL

• 12.1 Options for Hydrogen Use in Aviation
• 12.2 Key Systems Needed for Hydrogen Aircraft
• 12.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for eVTOL
• 12.4 Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape
• 12.5 Fuel Cell eVTOL: Players and Specifications
• 12.6 Challenges Hindering Hydrogen Aviation
• 12.7 Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL
• 12.8 Hybrid Propulsion Systems: Series and Parallel Architectures
• 12.9 Hybrid Systems Optimisation
• 12.10 All-Electric Range vs. Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains
• 12.11 Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines
• 12.12 Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
• 12.13 Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL

13 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS

• 13.1 eVTOL Motor/Powertrain Requirements
• 13.2 eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing and kW Estimates
• 13.3 Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion
• 13.4 Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL Design
• 13.5 Electric Motor Designs: Summary of Traction Motor Types
• 13.6 Motor Efficiency Comparison: PMSM vs. BLDC
• 13.7 Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motors
• 13.8 Why Axial Flux Motors for eVTOL?
• 13.9 List of Axial Flux Motor Players and Benchmark
• 13.10 Key Motor Suppliers
• 13.11 Power Density and Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation
• 13.12 Power Electronics: SiC MOSFETs and High-Voltage Platforms for eVTOL

14 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND LIGHTWEIGHTING

• 14.1 The Importance of Lightweighting in eVTOL Design
• 14.2 Comparison of Lightweight Materials
• 14.3 Introduction to Composite Materials: Fibres, Resins, and Reinforcements
• 14.4 Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) for eVTOL
• 14.5 Glass Fibres and Thermoplastic Composites
• 14.6 eVTOL Composite Material Requirements
• 14.7 Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers
• 14.8 Key eVTOL-Composite Partnerships
• 14.9 Key Challenges for Composites in High-Volume eVTOL Production

15 AUTONOMY, AVIONICS, AND SOFTWARE

• 15.1 The Roadmap from Piloted to Autonomous eVTOL Flight
• 15.2 Pilot Demand and Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2037
• 15.3 Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems
• 15.4 Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Capabilities
• 15.5 AI-Powered Autonomous Flight Systems
• 15.6 Software-Defined Approaches for eVTOL: Lessons from the Automotive SDV Transition
• 15.7 Sensor Fusion and Perception Systems for eVTOL
• 15.8 Cybersecurity and Counter-AAM Considerations

16 REGULATION AND CERTIFICATION

• 16.1 Overview of the eVTOL Certification Landscape
• 16.2 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
• 16.3 EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL and Certification Categories
• 16.4 EASA EUROCAE Working Groups
• 16.5 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certification Pathways
• 16.6 Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and Low-Altitude Economy Policy
• 16.7 UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and FFC Alignment with EASA/FAA
• 16.8 National Aviation Authority (NAA) Network: UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, USA
• 16.9 Design Organisation Authorisation (DOA) and Production Organisation Authorisation (POA)
• 16.10 Air Operator Certificates (AOC) and Airline Regulatory Requirements
• 16.11 Companies Pursuing eVTOL Development and Regulatory Approval: Status Tracker
• 16.12 Pilot Licensing and Training Requirements Evolution
• 16.13 Noise, Environmental, and Safety Regulations
• 16.14 When Will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? Slipping Timelines Assessment

17 VERTIPORT AND GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

• 17.1 eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements: Overview
• 17.2 Vertiport Concepts: From Basic Pads to Full-Service Hubs
• 17.3 Vertiport Nodal Network Design
• 17.4 Companies Developing Vertiports
• 17.5 Vertiport Design Concepts
• 17.6 Lilium Scalable Vertiports
• 17.7 BETA Technologies Recharge Pads
• 17.8 EHang E-Port
• 17.9 Vertiport Technical Challenges: Real Estate, Planning Permission, Multi-Type Accommodation
• 17.10 Vertiport Security: Biometric Processing, Baggage Handling, Counter-Drone
• 17.11 Vertiport Forecast: Units Required 2026–2037
• 17.12 The "Chicken and Egg" Problem: Vertiports Before Certified Aircraft

18 AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND AIRSPACE INTEGRATION

• 18.1 eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) Requirements
• 18.2 UTM/ATM Integration: Combining Manned and Unmanned Traffic
• 18.3 NASA/FAA UAM Concept of Operations (ConOps)
• 18.4 European UTM Frameworks and Standardisation
• 18.5 Communication Infrastructure: 5G, Low-Latency Networks, and Redundancy
• 18.6 Digital Infrastructure and Drone Operation Centres
• 18.7 Global Fragmentation of UTM Standards

19 PUBLIC PERCEPTION, SAFETY, AND SOCIAL LICENCE

• 19.1 Public Acceptance of AAM: Survey Data and Trends
• 19.2 EASA Perception Studies
• 19.3 UK Public Perception of Drones and AAM
• 19.4 Safety and Security Considerations
• 19.5 Noise Impact and Community Concerns
• 19.6 Building Social Licence: Engagement Strategies and Government Initiatives
• 19.7 The Role of Commercial Drone Operations in Normalising Future Aviation

20 CONVERGENCE WITH ADJACENT MARKETS

• 20.1 eVTOL and the Broader Drone Market: Convergence of Platforms
• 20.2 Cargo Drones and Large Autonomous Aircraft
• 20.3 Electric Conventional Take-Off and Landing (eCTOL) Aircraft
• 20.4 Software-Defined Vehicles and Cross-Over Technologies
• 20.5 Autonomous Ground Vehicle (Robotaxi) Competition and Complementarity
• 20.6 Multimodal Transport Integration and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS)
• 20.7 The Low-Altitude Economy: China's Strategic Framework

21 REGIONAL MARKET ANALYSIS

• 21.1 North America: United States and Canada
• 21.2 Europe: EU, UK, and EFTA
• 21.3 Asia-Pacific: China, South Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia
• 21.4 Middle East: UAE, Saudi Arabia (NEOM), and Gulf States
• 21.5 Latin America
• 21.6 Africa
• 21.7 Regional Regulatory Comparison and Market Entry Timelines

22 MARKET FORECASTS 2026–2037

• 22.1 Forecast Methodology and Assumptions
• 22.2 Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units)
• 22.3 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Region/Economy Size (Units)
• 22.4 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type
• 22.5 eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application (Air Taxi, Cargo, Air Ambulance, Military)
• 22.6 Replacement Demand vs. New Demand: Fleet Lifecycle Analysis
• 22.7 eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
• 22.8 eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ Billion)
• 22.9 Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037
• 22.10 Workforce and Pilot Demand Forecast 2026–2037

23 CONCLUSIONS

• 23.1 Market Outlook Summary
• 23.2 Key Findings
• 23.3 Strategic Recommendations

24 COMPANY PROFILES

• 24.1 eVTOL OEM Profiles (29 company profiles)
• 24.2 Aerospace Tier 1 Suppliers with eVTOL Activity (6 company profiles)
• 24.3 Battery and Energy Storage Suppliers (12 company profiles)
• 24.4 Electric Motor and Propulsion System Suppliers (8 company profiles)
• 24.5 Composite Material and Lightweighting Suppliers (4 company profiles)
• 24.6 Vertiport and Infrastructure Developers (5 company profiles)
• 24.7 Air Traffic Management and Digital Infrastructure Providers (6 company profiles)
• 24.8 Automotive OEMs with eVTOL Investments (6 company profiles)
• 24.9 Aircraft Leasing and Fleet Operators
• 24.10 Cargo Drone and Convergent AAM Companies (5 company profiles)
• 24.11 Charging Infrastructure Providers (2 company profiles)
• 24.12 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell System Suppliers (3 company profiles)

25 APPENDICES

• 25.1 Appendix A - Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
• 25.2 Appendix B -eVTOL OEM Certification Status Tracker (As of Q1 2026)
• 25.3 Appendix C - Forecast Data Tables - Detailed Annual Breakdowns
• 25.4 Appendix D - UK AAM Economic Impact Model Summary
• 25.5 Appendix E: Battery Technology Roadmap for eVTOL Aviation
• 25.6 Appendix F: Regulatory Framework Reference Guide
• 25.7 Appendix G: Methodology Notes

26 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key Definitions: eVTOL, UAM, AAM, and Related Terminology
• Table 2. Global eVTOL and AAM Market Summary: Key Metrics 2026–2037
• Table 3. Key Market Drivers and Restraints Summary
• Table 4. eVTOL Certification Status Tracker: Leading OEMs (as of 2026)
• Table 5. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
• Table 6. eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ billion)
• Table 7. Cumulative Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037 (Units)
• Table 8. Cumulative eVTOL and Pilot Forecast 2026–2037
• Table 9. Pilot Skill Level Evolution: 2026–2030, 2030–2034, 2035–2036
• Table 10. Advantages of AAM Networks vs. Traditional Aviation and Ground Transport
• Table 11. eVTOL Application Categories: Capacity, Range, and Distance Profiles
• Table 12. GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market Size
• Table 13. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
• Table 14. GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales by Type
• Table 15. Top 5 General Aviation OEMs by Airplane Type
• Table 16. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Comparison: Noise, Cost, Emissions, Complexity
• Table 17. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by Region
• Table 18. Worldwide Helicopter Fleet by OEM
• Table 19. Convergence of Enabling Technologies for eVTOL
• Table 20. AAM Ecosystem Participant Map: Aircraft, Ancillary, Airline, Airport, Airspace
• Table 21. Key Challenges for eVTOL Air Taxis: Technical, Regulatory, Economic, Social
• Table 22. Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects Worldwide
• Table 23. World eVTOL Aircraft Directory: Number of Concepts by Region
• Table 24. eVTOL Architecture Selection Criteria: Range, Speed, Complexity, Noise, Efficiency
• Table 25. Multicopter/Rotorcraft Key Player Specifications (Range, Speed, Payload, Passengers)
• Table 26. Benefits and Drawbacks of Multicopter Architecture
• Table 27. Lift + Cruise Key Player Specifications
• Table 28. Benefits and Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise Architecture
• Table 29. Tiltwing Key Player Specifications
• Table 30. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltwing Architecture
• Table 31. Tiltrotor Key Player Specifications
• Table 32. Benefits and Drawbacks of Tiltrotor Architecture
• Table 33. Range vs. Cruise Speed Scatter Plot: Electric eVTOL Designs by Architecture
• Table 34. Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading by eVTOL Architecture
• Table 35. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison by Architecture Type
• Table 36. Hover and Cruise Efficiency Comparison - Quantitative Metrics by Architecture Type
• Table 37. Comprehensive Comparison of eVTOL Architectures: Multicopter, Lift+Cruise, Tiltwing, Tiltrotor
• Table 38. Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights: Dates, OEMs, Outcomes
• Table 39. Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights
• Table 40. Full-Scale Demonstrators and Type-Conforming Aircraft Status by OEM
• Table 41. eVTOL Competitive Advantage by Distance and Setting
• Table 42. Urban Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
• Table 43. Rural Private Hire Cost and Time Comparison
• Table 44. Rural Rideshare Cost, Time, and Emissions Comparison
• Table 45. Rural Rideshare Sensitivity Analysis - eVTOL Cost Per Passenger by Operations Phase
• Table 46. Sub-Regional Shuttle Cost, Time, and Distance Comparison (12-seat eVTOL)
• Table 47. Cargo Delivery Cost and Emissions Comparison (350 kg payload)
• Table 48. Air Ambulance Journey: eVTOL vs. EC135 Helicopter
• Table 49. Air Ambulance Cost, Response Time, and CO₂ Comparison
• Table 50. eVTOL Multicopter vs. Robotaxi: Journey Time and Cost at 10 km, 40 km, and 100 km
• Table 51. Journey Time Comparison: eVTOL vs. Robotaxi by Distance
• Table 52. Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs. Robotaxi: 100 km Journey Breakdown
• Table 53. Key Variables Affecting Air Taxi Time Advantage
• Table 54. Summary of Use Case Viability by Journey Type and Distance
• Table 55. eVTOL Mass Mobility Feasibility Scorecard
• Table 56. TCO Analysis Framework and Input Variables
• Table 57. eVTOL vs. Helicopter Operating Cost Comparison (US$/flight hour)
• Table 58. Operating Cost Breakdown: eVTOL vs. Helicopter
• Table 59. eVTOL Aircraft Price Estimates by OEM and Architecture
• Table 60. eVTOL Fuel Cost Savings vs. Conventional Aviation
• Table 61. Piloted vs. Autonomous eVTOL Cost Impact (US$/trip)
• Table 62. Impact of Autonomous Operation on TCO Over Time
• Table 63. TCO Breakdown: eVTOL Taxi US$/50 km Trip (Base Case)
• Table 64. TCO Breakdown: US$/15 km Trip (Multicopter)
• Table 65. TCO Sensitivity to Battery Cost (US$/kWh) and Energy Density (Wh/kg)
• Table 66. TCO Sensitivity to Aircraft Purchase Price and Infrastructure Cost
• Table 67. TCO Sensitivity to Average Trip Length (km)
• Table 68. TCO Impact: £3m vs. £5m vs. £182k eVTOL Capital Cost Scenarios
• Table 69. Sensitivity Analysis: Decreased eVTOL Lifetime (10 Years vs. 5 Years)
• Table 70. TCO Impact of 10-Year vs. 5-Year eVTOL Lifetime
• Table 71. Economic Impact of Autonomous Capability in 2030 vs. 2035
• Table 72. Annual and Aggregate Socio-Economic Impact by Use Case
• Table 73. Investment in Passenger UAM Startups 2016–2026 (US$ million)
• Table 74. Cumulative Investment by OEM (Top 10, Through 2026 Estimated)
• Table 75. Largest eVTOL Funding Rounds to Date: Company, Round, Amount, Lead Investors
• Table 76. Strategic Automotive and Aerospace Investors in eVTOL
• Table 77. eVTOL Pre-Orders and Letters of Intent by OEM (Units and Value)
• Table 78. Four UAM Business Model Archetypes
• Table 79. Business Model Archetype Characteristics and Value Propositions
• Table 80. OEM Model (Vertical Aerospace-type) vs. Vertically Integrated Model (Joby/Volocopter-type)
• Table 81. Comparison of OEM vs. Vertically Integrated Business Models
• Table 82. Planned eVTOL Manufacturing Facilities: Location, Capacity, OEM, Timeline
• Table 83. Production Volume Targets by OEM and Year
• Table 84. Top 10 Aerospace Companies by Revenue and eVTOL-Related Activities
• Table 85. RTX Corporation eVTOL Technology Investments and Partnerships
• Table 86. Automotive OEM eVTOL Investments, Partnerships, and Strategic Rationale
• Table 87. Composite Material Supplier – eVTOL OEM Partnership Matrix
• Table 88. Key Single-Source Component Risks in eVTOL Supply Chains
• Table 89. Joby Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification Status, Partners
• Table 90. Archer Aviation: Key Specifications, Funding, Partners
• Table 91. Volocopter: Key Specifications, Certification Progress, Partners
• Table 92. Vertical Aerospace: Key Specifications, Key Suppliers
• Table 93. EHang: Key Specifications, Certification, Commercial Operations
• Table 94. Wisk Aero: Key Specifications, Autonomous Systems
• Table 95. Eve Air Mobility: Key Specifications, Suppliers, Partners
• Table 96. Supernal S-A2: Key Specifications
• Table 97. Airbus eVTOL Projects: Vahana, CityAirbus, CityAirbus NextGen
• Table 98. SkyDrive SD-05: Key Specifications, Funding, Certification
• Table 99. Additional eVTOL OEM Summary: Architecture, Country, Status, Backing
• Table 100. eVTOL OEM Planned Annual Production Capacity Comparison
• Table 101. Key Supplier Partnerships by eVTOL OEM (Propulsion, Battery, Composites, Avionics)
• Table 102. Uber Air Mission Profile and Vehicle Requirements
• Table 103. Agility Prime Participating Companies and Aircraft
• Table 104. China Low-Altitude Economy: Key Policy Milestones and Designated Test Zones
• Table 105. China UAM Policy and Regulatory Support Framework
• Table 106. UK FFC Funded AAM Projects
• Table 107. Middle Eastern AAM Investment Summary (NEOM, UAE, Saudi Arabia)
• Table 108. UAM Projects by Region: Americas, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Africa
• Table 109. eVTOL Battery Wish List: Target Specifications
• Table 110. Airbus Minimum Battery Requirements for eVTOL
• Table 111. Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements
• Table 112. Li-ion Cathode Chemistry Benchmark: NMC, NCA, LFP
• Table 113. Li-ion Anode Chemistry Benchmark: Graphite, Silicon, Lithium Metal
• Table 114. Silicon Anode Technology Status and Commercialisation Timeline
• Table 115. Battery Pack Size and Weight by eVTOL OEM
• Table 116. Battery Specifications by eVTOL OEM: Chemistry, Capacity (kWh), Energy Density (Wh/kg), Supplier
• Table 117. eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy vs. Discharge Rate Trade-Off
• Table 118. Gravimetric Energy Density Improvement from Module Elimination
• Table 119. Li-S Battery Value Proposition for eVTOL Aviation
• Table 120. Li-S Battery Performance Characteristics vs. Li-ion for Aviation Applications
• Table 121. Thin Film vs. Bulk Solid-State Battery Comparison
• Table 122. Solid-State Battery Technology Approaches: Ceramic, Sulfide, Polymer, Hybrid
• Table 123. Solid-State Battery Developer Comparison
• Table 124. CATL Condensed Battery Specifications and Aviation Applicability
• Table 125. Battery Technology Evolution Forecast: Energy Density by Chemistry 2024–2036
• Table 126. Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL: Energy Density, Cycle Life, Cost, Safety, Readiness
• Table 127. Charging Strategy Comparison: Fast Charging vs. Battery Swapping vs. Distributed Modules
• Table 128. eVTOL Battery Cost Projections by Chemistry
• Table 129. Key Battery Supplier Profiles: Product, Technology, eVTOL Customers
• Table 130. eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037 (GWh)
• Table 131. eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast 2026–2037 (US$ million)
• Table 132. Competing eVTOL Charging Standards Comparison: GEACS, CCS, Proprietary
• Table 133. Estimated Grid Power Requirements by Vertiport Size (kW/MW)
• Table 134. Vertiport Power Demand Modelling: Peak vs. Average Load
• Table 135. Off-Grid Charging Technology Options for Remote Vertiports
• Table 136. Peak Power Demand Decomposition by Vertiport Tier - Chargers vs. Distribution and Balance-of-Plant
• Table 137. Representative Load Composition - Medium Urban Hub at Peak (≈4.2 MW)
• Table 138. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier.
• Table 139. Canonical Vertiport Single-Line Architecture (utility service → aircraft)
• Table 140. Vertiport Electrical Equipment Schedule by Tier
• Table 141. Key Electrical Equipment - Function, Rating, Indicative Cost and Lead Time
• Table 142. Indicative electrical equipment requirement by tier.
• Table 143. eVTOL Charger Type Comparison
• Table 144. Representative Charge-Cycle and Duty Profiles by Mission Type
• Table 145. Charging technologies, charger types and duty cycles.
• Table 146. Grid Impact and Reinforcement Matrix
• Table 147. Renewable and DER Integration Options for Vertiports
• Table 148. Grid impact and reinforcement requirements.
• Table 149. Energy Storage and Resilience Tiers for Vertiports
• Table 150. Value Streams from a Vertiport Battery Energy Storage System
• Table 151. Energy storage and resilience needs by tier.
• Table 152. Electrical Standards Applicable to Vertiport Charging Infrastructure
• Table 153. Regulatory and Permitting Factors with Electrical Relevance
• Table 154. Electrical standards and regulatory factors.
• Table 155. eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: PAM and SAM (excluding China), 2025–2037.
• Table 156. Mega-trends driving eVTOL infrastructure.
• Table 157. Infrastructure market timeline, 2025 · 2030 · 2037.
• Table 158. Serviceable infrastructure market (excluding China) by region, 2030 · 2035 · 2037.
• Table 159. Infrastructure PAM by application, 2030 · 2035 · 2037.
• Table 160. Top 10 players across the infrastructure ecosystem.
• Table 161. Competitive positioning: Schneider Electric vs. Siemens, ABB and Eaton.
• Table 162. eVTOL infrastructure value chain: scope, vendors and supplier role.
• Table 163. Key stakeholders, roles and supplier touchpoints.
• Table 164. Key solution × key buyer opportunity matrix.
• Table 165. Hydrogen Use Options in Aviation: Combustion, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
• Table 166. Key Systems Required for Hydrogen eVTOL Aircraft
• Table 167. PEM Fuel Cell Specifications for eVTOL Applications
• Table 168. Hydrogen Aviation Company Landscape: Fuel Cell and Combustion
• Table 169. Fuel Cell eVTOL Players: Aircraft, FC System, Range, Payload
• Table 170. Major Challenges for Hydrogen eVTOL: Infrastructure, Storage, Cost, Safety
• Table 171. Comparison of Technology Options: Battery, Fuel Cell, Hybrid
• Table 172. All-Electric Range Comparison - BEV, Fuel Cell, Series Hybrid, Parallel Hybrid (4–5 Seat eVTOL)
• Table 173. Turbine vs. Piston Engine Hybrid Options for eVTOL
• Table 174. Hybrid eVTOL SWOT Analysis
• Table 175. eVTOL Motor and Powertrain Key Requirements
• Table 176. eVTOL Power Requirement Estimates by Architecture and MTOW (kW)
• Table 177. Number of Electric Motors by eVTOL OEM and Architecture
• Table 178. Summary of Traction Motor Types: PMSM, BLDC, Induction, SRM
• Table 179. Comparison of Traction Motor Construction and Merits
• Table 180. Motor Efficiency Comparison Across Operating Range
• Table 181. Differences Between PMSM and BLDC Motors
• Table 182. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Comparison: Power Density, Torque, Weight, Cost
• Table 183. Axial Flux Motor Advantages for eVTOL Applications
• Table 184. Axial Flux Motor Player List and Key Product Specifications
• Table 185. Benchmark of Commercial Axial Flux Motors: Power, Torque, Weight, Efficiency
• Table 186. Key Motor Supplier Profiles for eVTOL Applications
• Table 187. Power Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (kW/kg)
• Table 188. Torque Density Comparison: Motors for Aviation (Nm/kg)
• Table 189. SiC vs. Si IGBT Inverter Comparison for eVTOL
• Table 190. Comparison of Lightweight Materials: Aluminium, Titanium, CFRP, GFRP
• Table 191. Cost-Adjusted Fibre Property Comparison
• Table 192. Comparison of Relative Fibre Properties
• Table 193. Resins Overview and Property Comparison: Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics
• Table 194. Glass Fibre and Thermoplastic Composite Applications in eVTOL
• Table 195. eVTOL Composite Material Requirements: Structural, Aerodynamic, Fire Resistance
• Table 196. eVTOL-Composite Supplier Partnership Matrix
• Table 197. Key Challenges for Composite Manufacturing at eVTOL Scale
• Table 198. Autonomy Level Definitions for eVTOL Aircraft
• Table 199. Pilot Skill Level Requirements by Time Period
• Table 200. Annual New eVTOLs and New Pilots Required 2026–2037
• Table 201. DAA Technology Options for eVTOL: Radar, Lidar, Optical, ADS-B
• Table 202. BVLOS Enablement Status by Region
• Table 203. SDV Technology Transfer from Automotive to eVTOL
• Table 204. Cybersecurity Threat Categories for eVTOL and UTM Systems
• Table 205. EASA eVTOL Certification Framework Summary
• Table 206. EASA SC-VTOL Certification Categories: Basic, Standard, Enhanced
• Table 207. FAA Certification Pathway for eVTOL: Part 21, Part 23, Part 135
• Table 208. CAAC Drone/eVTOL Classification System by Weight Category
• Table 209. China Low-Altitude Economy Key Policy Milestones
• Table 210. UK CAA eVTOL Regulatory Activity Summary
• Table 211. DOA and POA Status by eVTOL OEM
• Table 212. eVTOL Regulatory Approval Status Tracker: OEM, Authority, Status, Expected Date
• Table 213. Pilot Licensing Framework for eVTOL by Jurisdiction
• Table 214. Noise Level Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter (dBA)
• Table 215. OEM Launch Timeline Slippage Analysis
• Table 216. Vertiport Tier Classification: Basic Landing Pad, Standard Terminal, Full-Service Hub
• Table 217. Vertiport Tier Concepts
• Table 218. Vertiport Developer Profiles: Company, Projects, Status, Key Partnerships
• Table 219. Key Vertiport Technical and Logistical Challenges
• Table 220. Vertiport Challenge Assessment: Impact vs. Difficulty Matrix
• Table 221. Vertiport Security Technology Requirements
• Table 222. Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037
• Table 223. Estimated Vertiport Requirements by Region 2030, 2035, 2036
• Table 224. Key UTM/ATM System Requirements for AAM
• Table 225. UTM Standardisation Organisations Worldwide
• Table 226. Communication Technology Requirements for AAM: 4G/5G, Satellite, Dedicated Aviation
• Table 227. Global UTM Framework Comparison: USA, EU, China, UK, Japan, South Korea
• Table 228. EASA UAM Perception Study Key Findings
• Table 229. UK Public Support Levels by Use Case: Flying Taxis, Air Ambulance, Cargo Delivery
• Table 230. Safety and Security Considerations for eVTOL Operations
• Table 231. Noise Comparison: eVTOL vs. Helicopter vs. Ground Vehicles (dBA at Distance)
• Table 232. Social Licence Building Strategies and UK FFC Initiatives
• Table 233. Drone-UAM Convergence: Traditional Drones, Cargo Drones, Small UAM Comparison
• Table 234. Large Cargo Drone Development Programs: Dronamics, Elroy Air, Windracers, Natilus, Pipistrel, Sabrewing
• Table 235. eCTOL vs. eVTOL: Range, Payload, Infrastructure Requirements Comparison
• Table 236. SDV Technology Transfer to eVTOL: OTA Updates, AI, Sensor Fusion, Digital Twins
• Table 237. eVTOL vs. Robotaxi Competitive and Complementary Positioning by Distance
• Table 238. China Low-Altitude Economy: Market Size Projections and Policy Framework
• Table 239. North America AAM Market Overview: Regulatory Status, Key OEMs, Planned Routes, Infrastructure
• Table 240. US eVTOL Planned Route Networks and Vertiport Locations
• Table 241. European AAM Market Overview: EASA/CAA Status, OEMs, Initiatives
• Table 242. Asia-Pacific AAM Market Overview by Country
• Table 243. Asia-Pacific UAM Project Distribution
• Table 244. Middle Eastern AAM Investment and Infrastructure Plans
• Table 245. Latin America AAM Market Status
• Table 246. African AAM Potential: Key Markets and Challenges
• Table 247. Regional Regulatory Comparison Matrix: FAA, EASA, CAAC, CAA, JCAB, KOCA
• Table 248. Forecast Methodology: Key Assumptions and Data Sources
• Table 249. Global eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast 2026–2037 (Units)
• Table 250. eVTOL Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition (Units)
• Table 251. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Architecture Type 2026–2037 (Units)
• Table 252. eVTOL Sales Forecast by Application 2026–2037 (Units)
• Table 253. Total Annual eVTOL Demand: Replacement of Legacy eVTOLs vs. New Demand
• Table 254. Fleet Lifecycle and Replacement Demand Analysis 2026–2040
• Table 255. eVTOL Battery Demand Forecast 2026–2037
• Table 256. eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast by Segment 2026–2037 (US$ Billion)
• Table 257. Global Vertiport Deployment Forecast 2026–2037
• Table 258. Global eVTOL Workforce Demand Forecast 2026–2037
• Table 259. Glossary of Key Terms and Acronyms
• Table 260. eVTOL OEM Certification Status - Major Programmes
• Table 261. Global eVTOL Market Revenue Forecast - Annual Detail 2026–2037 (US$ Billion)
• Table 262. UK AAM Economic Impact Summary
• Table 263. UK AAM Use Case Summary
• Table 264. Aviation Battery Technology Roadmap 2026–2037
• Table 265. Key Regulatory Standards and Documents for eVTOL Certification

List of Figures

• Figure 1. The AAM "5As" Ecosystem Framework
• Figure 2. The Advanced Air Mobility Ecosystem Value Chain
• Figure 3. Global AAM Market Revenue 2026–2037 (US$ billion)
• Figure 4. Different e-VTOL configurations developed from 2016: (a) Tilt-Wing (T-W); (b) Lift+Cruise (L+C) ; (c) Tilt-Rotor (T-R); (d) Multi-Rotor (M-R)
• Figure 5. Evolution from UAM to AAM: Expanding Scope and Applications
• Figure 6. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration Example
• Figure 7. The Advanced Air Mobility Value Chain
• Figure 8. Multicopter Flight Modes: Hover, Transition, Cruise
• Figure 9. Lift + Cruise Flight Modes
• Figure 10. Tiltwing Flight Modes
• Figure 11. Tiltrotor Flight Modes
• Figure 12. Joby eVTOL taxis .
• Figure 13. Rural Private Hire Journey Schematic
• Figure 14. Expected Industry Consolidation Timeline
• Figure 15. Li-ion Battery Timeline: Technology and Performance 2010–2036
• Figure 16. Energy Density Roadmap: Graphite → Silicon Composite → Pure Silicon Anodes
• Figure 17. Li-S Battery SWOT Analysis
• Figure 18. Li-S Battery Market Value Chain
• Figure 19. Lithium-Metal Battery SWOT Analysis
• Figure 20. Battery Energy Density Roadmap 2024–2036 (Wh/kg): LiPo, Silicon Anode, Solid-State, Li-S, Li-Air
• Figure 21. Battery Chemistry Radar Chart Comparison for eVTOL - Scores (1–10)
• Figure 22. eVTOL Battery Cost Trajectory 2024–2036 (US$/kWh)
• Figure 23. eVTOL Battery Supply Chain: Raw Materials → Cell Manufacturing → Pack Assembly → OEM Integration
• Figure 24. The GEACS charging system.
• Figure 25. BETA Technologies Charging Network Concept
• Figure 26. Peak power demand per vertiport by tier: charging load vs. electrical distribution (MW)
• Figure 27. Global eVTOL electrical and charging infrastructure: potential vs. serviceable market (excluding China), 2025–2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 28. Serviceable infrastructure market excluding China, by region, 2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 29. eVTOL infrastructure potential addressable market by application segment, 2030 vs. 2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 30. The eVTOL infrastructure value chain.
• Figure 31. Series vs. Parallel Hybrid Propulsion Architectures
• Figure 32. Hybrid System Power/Energy Optimisation Curve
• Figure 33. Honda eVTOL Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System
• Figure 34. Distributed Electric Propulsion Configuration and Motor Placement
• Figure 35. Radial Flux vs. Axial Flux Motor Construction
• Figure 36. Yoked vs. Yokeless Axial Flux Motor Configurations
• Figure 37. Inverter Power Density Improvement Timeline
• Figure 38. Weight Breakdown of a Typical eVTOL Aircraft
• Figure 39. CFRP Supply Chain for eVTOL Manufacturing
• Figure 40. Composite Material Supply Chain: Fibre → Prepreg → Layup → Curing → Assembly
• Figure 41. Autonomy Roadmap: Piloted → Supervised → Remote Pilot → Fully Autonomous
• Figure 42. Typical Sensor Suite for eVTOL: Cameras, Radar, LiDAR, Ultrasonic, ADS-B
• Figure 43. eVTOL Certification Timeline: Expected Type Certificate Dates by OEM
• Figure 44. eVTOL Commercial Launch Timeline: Original Targets vs. Current Expectations
• Figure 45. Vertiport Infrastructure Ecosystem: Physical, Digital, Energy
• Figure 46. Vertistops, Vertiports, and Vertihubs
• Figure 47. CORGAN Stacked Skyport Concept
• Figure 48. CORGAN Mega Skyport Concept
• Figure 49. CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub Concept
• Figure 50. Hyundai Future Mobility Urban Vision
• Figure 51. Lilium Scalable Vertiport Design
• Figure 52. BETA Technologies Recharge Pad Network
• Figure 53. EHang E-Port Infrastructure Concept
• Figure 54. UTM/ATM Integration Layers
• Figure 55. NASA/FAA UAM ConOps 1.0 Framework
• Figure 56. Digital Infrastructure for AAM: Drone Operations Centre Architecture
• Figure 57. Expected eVTOL Commercial Service Launch Timeline by Region
• Figure 58. EHang EH216-S
• Figure 59. Vertical Aerospace eVOTL aircraft.