Electric Lunch Box Market - Global Electric Lunch Box Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2032 - (By Power Source, By Material Type, By Number of Compartments, By Distribution Channel, By Geographic Coverage and By Company)

Description

The global electric lunch box market is entering a high-growth phase as consumers seek greater convenience and healthier eating options in their daily routines. Estimated at US$ 771 Mn in 2025, the industry is projected to climb to US$ 1,159.3 Mn by 2032, reflecting a CAGR of 6.1% between 2025 and 2032. Electric lunch boxes are increasingly embraced by office workers, students, and commuters who prefer carrying freshly prepared meals while ensuring warmth and food safety on the go. Their ability to combine portability, energy efficiency, and hygienic storage positions them as a practical alternative to traditional carriers and disposable packaging.

Market Insights

The market is evolving rapidly as electric lunch boxes move from being niche products to widely adopted lifestyle appliances. Consumers are shifting toward functional, compact, and durable solutions that support modern, fast-paced living. Unlike standard lunch carriers, these devices enable reheating and maintaining the right temperature without external appliances.

Product diversification is also playing a pivotal role. Stainless steel variants are gaining traction for hygiene, while multi-compartment boxes are favored for portion control and balanced meals. Battery-powered models are emerging for travel and outdoor use, expanding adoption beyond offices and schools. The surge of online retail and rising exposure through e-commerce platforms have further widened accessibility and consumer awareness.

Market Drivers

Several key drivers underpin the market's steady growth:

1. Changing Lifestyles: Rising work hours, commuting, and academic commitments drive the need for portable food solutions that are both reliable and efficient.
2. Preference for Healthy Eating: Consumers are increasingly opting for homemade meals over fast food, encouraging demand for lunch boxes that keep food warm and fresh.
3. Product Innovation: Advances such as detachable containers, quick-heating technology, and eco-friendly materials are enhancing product appeal.
4. Sustainability Push: With growing concern over disposable plastics, reusable and durable electric lunch boxes are gaining prominence.
5. E-commerce Expansion: Online platforms provide wider product reach, competitive pricing, and brand visibility, fueling global sales.

Business Opportunity

The electric lunch box market offers significant potential for innovation and expansion. Manufacturers are exploring smart lunch boxes integrated with digital displays, timer functions, and temperature controls to meet the expectations of tech-oriented consumers. Demand for eco-conscious designs using stainless steel and BPA-free materials is also creating opportunities aligned with sustainability trends.

Corporate gifting is emerging as a new revenue stream, particularly in metropolitan areas where premium lifestyle products are valued. Moreover, Asia Pacific and Latin America present lucrative growth avenues as urban populations expand, disposable incomes rise, and consumers increasingly adopt compact household appliances. Partnerships with online retailers, product customization, and expanding presence in offline channels such as supermarkets and specialty stores are expected to drive market penetration further.

Region Analysis

North America is expected to maintain strong growth momentum due to a high adoption rate of portable kitchen gadgets and the popularity of meal prepping. U.S. and Canadian consumers are particularly drawn to the convenience and food safety features offered by electric lunch boxes.

Europe is witnessing notable expansion, supported by strict environmental regulations and increasing consumer inclination toward reusable, eco-friendly food storage solutions. Countries such as Germany, the UK, and France are at the forefront of this shift.

Asia Pacific is anticipated to dominate the growth curve, with countries like China and India driving demand. Rapid urbanization, rising middle-class incomes, and a growing student and corporate workforce are fueling widespread adoption. The prevalence of e-commerce platforms in the region further accelerates product accessibility.

Latin America is steadily developing as an emerging market, especially in Brazil and Mexico, where younger populations and expanding urban households are adopting innovative food storage solutions.

Middle East & Africa are showing gradual but consistent growth, aided by a rising working population and greater exposure to international product trends, often through online sales channels.

Key Players

The global electric lunch box market is moderately fragmented, with both established brands and niche innovators competing on product quality, functionality, and design. Major players include:

Zojirushi America Corporation
Cello World
Hamilton Housewares Pvt. Ltd.
Haven Innovation
Koolatron Corporation
Crock-Pot
Ecolunchbox
BentoHeaven
Hot Logic
Vmotor
YISSVIC
ElectricLunchBox.com
RoadPro
Gideon
SKG Electric Co. Ltd.

These companies are investing heavily in R&D, focusing on multifunctional features, sleek designs, and affordable pricing strategies. Collaborations with e-commerce platforms and regional distribution networks remain central to their growth strategies.

Segmentation of the Electric Lunch Box Market

By Power Source

Battery Powered
Plug-in

By Material Type

Stainless Steel
Plastic

By Number of Compartments

Single Compartment
Dual Compartment
Multi-Compartment

By Distribution Channel

Online
Offline

By Region

North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
Middle East and Africa

1. Executive Summary

1.1. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2025
1.5. Analyst Recommendations

2. Market Overview

2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5. Porter's Fiver Forces Analysis
2.6. Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict
2.7. PESTLE Analysis
2.8. Regulatory Analysis
2.9. Price Trend Analysis
- 2.9.1. Current Prices and Future Projections, 2024-2032
- 2.9.2. Price Impact Factors

3. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, 2019-2032

3.1. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 3.1.1. Battery Powered
- 3.1.2. Plug-in
3.2. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 3.2.1. Stainless Steel
- 3.2.2. Plastic
3.3. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 3.3.1. Single Compartment
- 3.3.2. Dual Compartment
- 3.3.3. Multi-Compartment
3.4. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 3.4.1. Online
- 3.4.2. Offline
3.5. Global Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 3.5.1. North America
- 3.5.2. Europe
- 3.5.3. Asia Pacific
- 3.5.4. Latin America
- 3.5.5. Middle East & Africa

4. North America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, 2019-2032

4.1. North America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 4.1.1. Battery Powered
- 4.1.2. Plug-in
4.2. North America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 4.2.1. Stainless Steel
- 4.2.2. Plastic
4.3. North America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 4.3.1. Single Compartment
- 4.3.2. Dual Compartment
- 4.3.3. Multi-Compartment
4.4. North America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 4.4.1. Online
- 4.4.2. Offline
4.5. North America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 4.5.1. U.S. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 4.5.2. U.S. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 4.5.3. U.S. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 4.5.4. U.S. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 4.5.5. Canada Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 4.5.6. Canada Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 4.5.7. Canada Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 4.5.8. Canada Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
4.6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

5. Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, 2019-2032

5.1. Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 5.1.1. Battery Powered
- 5.1.2. Plug-in
5.2. Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 5.2.1. Stainless Steel
- 5.2.2. Plastic
5.3. Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 5.3.1. Single Compartment
- 5.3.2. Dual Compartment
- 5.3.3. Multi-Compartment
5.4. Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 5.4.1. Online
- 5.4.2. Offline
5.5. Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 5.5.1. Germany Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.2. Germany Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.3. Germany Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.4. Germany Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 5.5.5. Italy Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.6. Italy Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.7. Italy Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.8. Italy Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 5.5.9. France Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.10. France Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.11. France Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.12. France Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 5.5.13. U.K. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.14. U.K. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.15. U.K. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.16. U.K. Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 5.5.17. Spain Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.18. Spain Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.19. Spain Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.20. Spain Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 5.5.21. Russia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.22. Russia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.23. Russia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.24. Russia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 5.5.25. Rest of Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 5.5.26. Rest of Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 5.5.27. Rest of Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 5.5.28. Rest of Europe Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
5.6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Asia Pacific Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, 2019-2032

6.1. Asia Pacific Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 6.1.1. Battery Powered
- 6.1.2. Plug-in
6.2. Asia Pacific Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 6.2.1. Stainless Steel
- 6.2.2. Plastic
6.3. Asia Pacific Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 6.3.1. Single Compartment
- 6.3.2. Dual Compartment
- 6.3.3. Multi-Compartment
6.4. Asia Pacific Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 6.4.1. Online
- 6.4.2. Offline
6.5. Asia Pacific Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 6.5.1. China Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 6.5.2. China Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 6.5.3. China Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 6.5.4. China Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 6.5.5. Japan Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 6.5.6. Japan Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 6.5.7. Japan Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 6.5.8. Japan Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 6.5.9. South Korea Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 6.5.10. South Korea Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 6.5.11. South Korea Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 6.5.12. South Korea Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 6.5.13. India Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 6.5.14. India Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 6.5.15. India Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 6.5.16. India Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 6.5.17. Southeast Asia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 6.5.18. Southeast Asia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 6.5.19. Southeast Asia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 6.5.20. Southeast Asia Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 6.5.21. Rest of SAO Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 6.5.22. Rest of SAO Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 6.5.23. Rest of SAO Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 6.5.24. Rest of SAO Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
6.6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Latin America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, 2019-2032

7.1. Latin America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 7.1.1. Battery Powered
- 7.1.2. Plug-in
7.2. Latin America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 7.2.1. Stainless Steel
- 7.2.2. Plastic
7.3. Latin America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 7.3.1. Single Compartment
- 7.3.2. Dual Compartment
- 7.3.3. Multi-Compartment
7.4. Latin America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 7.4.1. Online
- 7.4.2. Offline
7.5. Latin America Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 7.5.1. Brazil Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 7.5.2. Brazil Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 7.5.3. Brazil Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 7.5.4. Brazil Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 7.5.5. Mexico Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 7.5.6. Mexico Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 7.5.7. Mexico Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 7.5.8. Mexico Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 7.5.9. Argentina Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 7.5.10. Argentina Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 7.5.11. Argentina Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 7.5.12. Argentina Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 7.5.13. Rest of LATAM Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 7.5.14. Rest of LATAM Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 7.5.15. Rest of LATAM Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 7.5.16. Rest of LATAM Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
7.6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. Middle East & Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, 2019-2032

8.1. Middle East & Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 8.1.1. Battery Powered
- 8.1.2. Plug-in
8.2. Middle East & Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 8.2.1. Stainless Steel
- 8.2.2. Plastic
8.3. Middle East & Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 8.3.1. Single Compartment
- 8.3.2. Dual Compartment
- 8.3.3. Multi-Compartment
8.4. Middle East & Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 8.4.1. Online
- 8.4.2. Offline
8.5. Middle East & Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn) & Volume (Units), 2019-2032
- 8.5.1. GCC Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 8.5.2. GCC Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 8.5.3. GCC Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 8.5.4. GCC Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 8.5.5. South Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 8.5.6. South Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 8.5.7. South Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 8.5.8. South Africa Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 8.5.9. Egypt Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 8.5.10. Egypt Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 8.5.11. Egypt Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 8.5.12. Egypt Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 8.5.13. Nigeria Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 8.5.14. Nigeria Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 8.5.15. Nigeria Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 8.5.16. Nigeria Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
- 8.5.17. Rest of Middle East Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Power Source, 2019-2032
- 8.5.18. Rest of Middle East Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Material Type, 2019-2032
- 8.5.19. Rest of Middle East Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Number of Compartments, 2019-2032
- 8.5.20. Rest of Middle East Electric Lunch Box Market Outlook, By Distribution Channel, 2019-2032
8.6. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Competitive Landscape

9.1. Company Vs Segment Heatmap
9.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2024
9.3. Competitive Dashboard
9.4. Company Profiles
- 9.4.1. Zojirushi America Corporation
  - 9.4.1.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.1.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.2. Cello World
  - 9.4.2.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.2.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.2.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.3. Hamilton Housewares Pvt. Ltd.
  - 9.4.3.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.3.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.3.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.4. Haven Innovation
  - 9.4.4.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.4.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.4.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.5. Koolatron Corporation
  - 9.4.5.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.5.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.5.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.6. Crock-Pot
  - 9.4.6.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.6.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.6.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.7. Ecolunchbox
  - 9.4.7.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.7.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.7.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.8. BentoHeaven
  - 9.4.8.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.8.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.8.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.8.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.9. Hot Logic
  - 9.4.9.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.9.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.9.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.9.4. Business Strategies and Developments
- 9.4.10. Vmotor
  - 9.4.10.1. Company Overview
  - 9.4.10.2. Product Portfolio
  - 9.4.10.3. Financial Overview
  - 9.4.10.4. Business Strategies and Developments

10. Appendix

10.1. Research Methodology
10.2. Report Assumptions
10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations