Soil Moisture Sensor Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Sensors, By Connectivity (Wired, Wireless), By Application (Agriculture, Residential, Forestry, Research Studies), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023

The global soil moisture sensor market size is expected to reach USD 798.7 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 13.2% from 2023 to 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The soil moisture sensor measures the volumetric water content in the soil. Increasing adoption of the device across sports and agricultural sectors for ensuring requisite water content level in fields/turfs is driving the market growth worldwide. The device plays a crucial role in the afore-mentioned sectors as water infiltration depends on the soil moisture. This, in turn, is driving demand for water content meter for consistent monitoring. Thus, rising concern about land condition is anticipated to drive the growth of the market.

Furthermore, increasing demand for soil-water measuring device owing to water scarcity and resulting challenges with respect to water conservation is triggering the market growth. Moreover, the advancements in technology, leading to the introduction of wireless sensors that help end-users provide accurate, real-time measurements from a remote location, are anticipated to drive market in the coming years.

North America dominated the market in 2018. The region is house to a large number of product manufacturers. Asia Pacific is projected to exhibit a CAGR of over 15.0% between 2019 and 2025. Changes in climatic conditions have had an adverse impact on agricultural conditions in the region. The resulting need to monitor water content in agricultural land on regular intervals is driving the adoption of moisture monitoring devices, especially among farmers in the region.

The industry participants in the region are making significant investments. South America is expected to register considerable growth in the coming years owing to increasing use of the moisture monitoring devices to prevent soil degradation and achieve optimum consumption of water resources. The main cause of degradation in the region includes water erosion, deforestation, and intense application of agrochemicals.

The prominent players operating in the market include The Toro Company (U.S.); Campbell Scientific Inc. (U.S.); IMKO Micromodultechnik GmbH (Germany); Delta-T Devices Ltd (U.K.); Irrometer Company, Inc. (U.S.); and E.S.I. Environmental Sensors Inc. (Canada).

Soil Moisture Sensor Market Report Highlights:

Increasing adoption of farm mechanization practices is propelling the demand for soil-water measuring devices in the agricultural sector
Adoption of volumetric soil moisture sensor was highest in 2022 due to demand from multiple segments including sports, agriculture, and weather forecasting
North America accounted for the largest market share in 2022. This can be majorly credited to the assistance provided by the U.S. Government to farmers for the adoption of state-of-the-art agriculture technology.
Europe is expected to register strong growth during the forecast period owing to the increasing adoption of GIS-based sensors, especially in the agriculture sector.

Product Code: GVR-4-68038-056-9

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope

1.1. Market Segmentation & Scope
- 1.1.1. Sensor
- 1.1.2. Connectivity
- 1.1.3. Application
- 1.1.4. Regional scope
- 1.1.5. Estimates and forecast timeline
1.2. Research Methodology
1.3. Information Procurement
- 1.3.1. Purchased database
- 1.3.2. GVR's internal database
- 1.3.3. Secondary sources
- 1.3.4. Primary research
- 1.3.5. Details of primary research
1.4. Information or Data Analysis
1.5. Market Formulation & Validation
1.6. Model Details
1.7. List of Secondary Sources
1.8. List of Primary Sources
1.9. Objectives

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

2.1. Market Outlook
2.2. Segment Outlook
- 2.2.1. Sensor outlook
- 2.2.2. Connectivity outlook
- 2.2.3. Application outlook
- 2.2.4. Regional outlook
2.3. Competitive Insights

Chapter 3. Soil Moisture Sensors Market Variables, Trends & Scope

3.1. Market Lineage Outlook
3.2. Industry Value Chain Analysis
3.3. Market Dynamics
- 3.3.1. Market driver analysis
- 3.3.2. Market restraint analysis
- 3.3.3. Market opportunity analysis
3.4. Soil Moisture Sensors Market Analysis Tools
- 3.4.1. Industry analysis - Porter's
  - 3.4.1.1. Supplier power
  - 3.4.1.2. Buyer power
  - 3.4.1.3. Substitution threat
  - 3.4.1.4. Threat of new entrant
  - 3.4.1.5. Competitive rivalry
- 3.4.2. PESTEL analysis
  - 3.4.2.1. Political landscape
  - 3.4.2.2. Technological landscape
  - 3.4.2.3. Economic landscape

Chapter 4. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Sensor Estimates & Trend Analysis

4.1. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Key Takeaways
4.2. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Movement & Market Share Analysis, 2022 & 2030
4.3. Capacitance Sensors
- 4.3.1. Capacitance sensors market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.4. Probes
- 4.4.1. Probes market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.5. Time Domain Tansmissometry (TDT) Sensors
- 4.5.1. Time domain tansmissometry (TDT) sensors market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.6. Gypsum blocks
- 4.6.1. Gypsum blocks market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.7. Tensiometers
- 4.7.1. Tensiometers market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
4.8. Granular matrix sensors
- 4.8.1. Granular matrix sensors estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 5. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Connectivity Estimates & Trend Analysis

5.1. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Key Takeaways
5.2. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Movement & Market Share Analysis, 2022 & 2030
5.3. Wired
- 5.3.1. Wired market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
5.4. Wireless
- 5.4.1. Wireless market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 6. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Application Estimates & Trend Analysis

6.1. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Key Takeaways
6.2. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Movement & Market Share Analysis, 2022 & 2030
6.3. Agriculture
- 6.3.1. Agriculture market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.4. Construction and Mining
- 6.4.1. Construction and mining market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.5. Residential
- 6.5.1. Residential market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.6. Forestry
- 6.6.1. Forestry market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.7. Landscaping and Ground Care
- 6.7.1. Landscaping and ground care market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.8. Research Studies
- 6.8.1. Research studies market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.9. Sports
- 6.9.1. Sports market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)
6.10. Weather Forecasting
- 6.10.1. Weather forecasting market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (USD Million)

Chapter 7. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis

7.1. Regional Outlook
7.2. Soil Moisture Sensors Market by Region: Key Takeaway
7.3. North America
- 7.3.1. North America Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.3.2. U.S.
  - 7.3.2.1. U.S. Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.3.3. Canada
  - 7.3.3.1. Canada Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
7.4. Europe
- 7.4.1. Europe Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.4.2. UK
  - 7.4.2.1. UK Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.4.3. Germany
  - 7.4.3.1. Germany Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.4.4. France
  - 7.4.4.1. France Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
7.5. Asia Pacific
- 7.5.1. Asia Pacific Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.5.2. Japan
  - 7.5.2.1. Japan Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.5.3. China
  - 7.5.3.1. China Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.5.4. India
  - 7.5.4.1. India Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.5.5. Australia
  - 7.5.5.1. Australia Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.5.6. South Korea
  - 7.5.6.1. South Korea Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
7.6. Latin America
- 7.6.1. Latin America Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.6.2. Brazil
  - 7.6.2.1. Brazil Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.6.3. Mexico
  - 7.6.3.1. Mexico Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
7.7. MEA
- 7.7.1. MEA Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.7.2. Saudi Arabia
  - 7.7.2.1. Saudi Arabia Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.7.3. South Africa
  - 7.7.3.1. Saudi Africa Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)
- 7.7.4. UAE
  - 7.7.4.1. UAE Market estimates and forecasts, 2017 to 2030 (Revenue, USD Million)

Chapter 8. Competitive Landscape

8.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, By Key Market Participants
8.2. Market Participant Categorization
- 8.2.1. Acclima, Inc.
  - 8.2.1.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.1.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.1.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.1.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.2. Caipos GmbH
  - 8.2.2.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.2.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.2.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.2.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.3. Campbell Scientific, Inc.
  - 8.2.3.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.3.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.3.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.3.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.4. Delta-T devises Ltd
  - 8.2.4.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.4.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.4.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.4.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.5. E.S.I. Environmental Sensors Inc.
  - 8.2.5.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.5.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.5.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.5.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.6. IMKO Micromodultechnik GmbH
  - 8.2.6.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.6.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.6.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.6.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.7. Irrometer Company, Inc.
  - 8.2.7.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.7.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.7.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.7.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.8. METER Group, Inc. USA
  - 8.2.8.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.8.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.8.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.8.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.9. Plaid
  - 8.2.9.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.9.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.9.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.9.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.10. Sentek
  - 8.2.10.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.10.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.10.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.10.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.11. Smartrek Technologies Inc.
  - 8.2.11.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.11.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.11.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.11.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.12. Spectrum Technologies, Inc.
  - 8.2.12.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.12.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.12.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.12.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.13. Spiio
  - 8.2.13.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.13.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.13.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.13.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.14. Stevens Water Monitoring Systems, Inc.
  - 8.2.14.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.14.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.14.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.14.4. Strategic initiatives
- 8.2.15. The Toro Company
  - 8.2.15.1. Company overview
  - 8.2.15.2. Financial performance
  - 8.2.15.3. Product benchmarking
  - 8.2.15.4. Strategic initiatives

Product Code: GVR-4-68038-056-9

List of Tables

Table 1 List of abbreviation
Table 2 North America soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 3 North America soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 4 North America soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 5 North America soil moisture sensors market, by region, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
Table 6 U.S. soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 7 U.S. soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 8 U.S. soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 9 Canada soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 10 Canada soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 11 Canada soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 12 Europe soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 13 Europe soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 14 Europe soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 15 Europe soil moisture sensors market, by region, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
Table 16 Germany soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 17 Germany soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 18 Germany soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 19 UK soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 20 UK soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 21 UK soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 22 France soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 23 France soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 24 France soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 25 Asia Pacific soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 26 Asia Pacific soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 27 Asia Pacific soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 28 Asia Pacific soil moisture sensors market, by region, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
Table 29 China soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 30 China soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 31 China soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 32 Japan soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 33 Japan soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 34 Japan soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 35 India soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 36 India soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 37 India soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 38 Australia soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 39 Australia soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 40 Australia soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 41 South Korea soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 42 South Korea soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 43 South Korea soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 44 Latin America soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 45 Latin America soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 46 Latin America soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 47 Latin America soil moisture sensors market, by region, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
Table 48 Brazil soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 49 Brazil soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 50 Brazil soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 51 Mexico soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 52 Mexico soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 53 Mexico soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 54 Middle East and Africa soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 55 Middle East and Africa soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 56 Middle East and Africa soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 57 Middle East and Africa soil moisture sensors market, by region, 2018 to 2030 (USD Million)
Table 58 South Africa soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 59 South Africa soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 60 South Africa soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 61 Saudi Arabia soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 62 Saudi Arabia soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 63 Saudi Arabia soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 64 UAE soil moisture sensors market, by sensor, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 65 UAE soil moisture sensors market, by connectivity, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Table 66 UAE soil moisture sensors market, by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)

List of Figures

Fig. 1 Market research process
Fig. 2 Data triangulation techniques
Fig. 3 Primary research pattern
Fig. 4 Market research approaches
Fig. 5 Value-chain-based sizing & forecasting
Fig. 6 QFD modeling for market share assessment
Fig. 7 Market formulation & validation
Fig. 8 Soil moisture sensors: Market outlook
Fig. 9 Soil moisture sensors: Competitive insights
Fig. 10 Parent market outlook
Fig. 11 Related/ancillary market outlook
Fig. 12 Penetration and growth prospect mapping
Fig. 13 Industry value chain analysis
Fig. 14 Soil moisture sensors market driver impact
Fig. 15 Soil moisture sensors market restraint impact
Fig. 16 Soil moisture sensors market strategic initiatives analysis
Fig. 17 Soil moisture sensors market: Sensor movement analysis
Fig. 18 Soil moisture sensors market: Sensor outlook and key takeaways
Fig. 19 Capacitance sensors market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 20 Probes market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 21 Time Domain Transmissometry (TDT) sensors market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 22 Gypsum blocks market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 23 Tensiometers market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 24 Granular matrix sensors market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 25 Soil moisture sensors market: Connectivity movement analysis
Fig. 26 Soil moisture sensors market: Connectivity outlook and key takeaways
Fig. 27 Wired market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 28 Wireless market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 29 Soil moisture sensors market: Application movement analysis
Fig. 30 Soil moisture sensors market: Application outlook and key takeaways
Fig. 31 Agriculture market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 32 Construction and mining market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 33 Residential market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 34 Forestry market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 35 Landscaping and ground care market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 36 Research studies market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 37 Sports market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 38 Weather forecasting market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 39 Global soil moisture sensors market: Regional movement analysis
Fig. 40 Global soil moisture sensors market: Regional outlook and key takeaways
Fig. 41 North America market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 42 U.S. market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 43 Canada market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 44 Europe market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 45 UK market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 46 Germany market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 47 France market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 48 Asia Pacific market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 49 Japan market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 50 China market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 51 India market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 52 Australia market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 53 South Korea market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 54 Latin America market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 55 Brazil market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 56 Mexico market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 57 Middle East and Africa. market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 58 Saudi Arabia market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 59 South Africa market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030
Fig. 60 UAE market estimates and forecasts, 2018 - 2030

Soil Moisture Sensor Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Sensors, By Connectivity (Wired, Wireless), By Application (Agriculture, Residential, Forestry, Research Studies), By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2023 - 2030

Description

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Soil Moisture Sensor Market Growth & Trends:

Soil Moisture Sensor Market Report Highlights:

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

Chapter 3. Soil Moisture Sensors Market Variables, Trends & Scope

Chapter 4. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Sensor Estimates & Trend Analysis

Chapter 5. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Connectivity Estimates & Trend Analysis

Chapter 6. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Application Estimates & Trend Analysis

Chapter 7. Soil Moisture Sensors Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis

Chapter 8. Competitive Landscape

List of Tables

List of Figures