Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market by Actuation Type, Drive Technology, Application, End User Industry

List of Tables

The Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market was valued at USD 1.36 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow to USD 1.47 billion in 2026, with a CAGR of 10.13%, reaching USD 2.68 billion by 2032.

KEY MARKET STATISTICS
Base Year [2025]	USD 1.36 billion
Estimated Year [2026]	USD 1.47 billion
Forecast Year [2032]	USD 2.68 billion
CAGR (%)	10.13%

Comprehensive introduction to single-axis positioning stages, their role in modern precision systems, and the design trade-offs shaping industrial adoption

Single-axis positioning stages represent a foundational building block in precision motion systems, enabling repeatable linear motion for alignment, assembly, inspection, and microfabrication tasks. These devices translate design intent into controlled linear displacement, and their prevalence spans laboratory testbeds to factory-floor automation lines. As precision requirements tighten across advanced electronics, semiconductor processing, and high-value medical manufacturing, the engineering choices behind stage actuation, drive mechanism, structural materials, and control strategies exert outsized influence on system-level performance and throughput.

In practical deployments, decision-makers prioritize a combination of positional accuracy, repeatability, dynamic response, payload capacity, and total cost of ownership. Those trade-offs shape the selection of manual versus motorized actuation, choice of ball screw or lead screw geometries, and the integration of servo, stepper, or DC motor drives. At the same time, the rise of high-speed electronics assembly and the stringent cleanliness standards of semiconductor fabs have elevated expectations for drive technology such as air bearings and linear motors where frictionless motion and low particulate generation matter. These functional demands cascade into procurement criteria, aftermarket service models, and the architecture of supplier relationships.

Given the expanding role of single-axis positioning stages in precision manufacturing, research and development teams are investing in materials science, sensor integration, and compact servo drives to improve system-level outcomes. Meanwhile, operations leaders increasingly consider modular designs that permit rapid reconfiguration for different applications, reflecting a shift toward flexible automation. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper review of transformative trends, regulatory and tariff influences, segmentation-based product strategies, and region-specific dynamics that together will shape the competitive landscape for single-axis positioning stage providers and users.

How technological convergence, modular architecture, and lifecycle services are redefining supplier-customer dynamics and performance expectations in precision motion

The landscape for single-axis positioning stages has shifted rapidly as technological convergence, supply chain reorientation, and evolving end-user expectations redefine what these components must deliver. Advances in servo control algorithms, embedded sensing, and compact high-torque motor designs have elevated dynamic performance while reducing footprint, enabling stages to be integrated into dense automation cells and miniature inspection rigs. Concurrently, the maturation of linear motor technology and air-bearing solutions has broadened viable application envelopes where ultra-low vibration and sub-micron straightness are foundational.

Beyond component-level innovation, the industry is experiencing a systems-level transformation driven by the demands of semiconductor manufacturing, high-speed electronics assembly, and medical device production. These end markets require not only higher precision but also demonstrable cleanliness standards, traceability, and uptime guarantees. As a result, vendors are bundling motion hardware with deterministic control stacks, predictive maintenance services, and validated integration packages to accelerate time-to-production for customers. This shift is enabling equipment manufacturers and end users to transfer integration risk while preserving the ability to tune performance for specific processes.

Another transformative force is the drive toward modularity and configurability. Manufacturers are designing stages with interoperable mounting interfaces, standardized feedback options, and scalable drive choices so that the same mechanical platform can serve research labs, pilot lines, and full-scale production with minimal redesign. This reduces engineering lead times and supports a build-to-order model that blends economic efficiency with customization. In parallel, software-defined motion control and digital twins are increasingly used to validate motion profiles and to simulate thermal behavior, making pre-deployment verification more robust and less costly.

Sustainability and materials optimization are becoming competitive differentiators as well. Lightweight composite and aluminum structures paired with optimized lubrication strategies improve energy efficiency and extend service intervals. Additionally, manufacturers are deploying lifecycle analytics to capture in-field performance, enabling iterative product improvements and targeted service offerings that reduce total operating disruptions.

Collectively, these shifts are recalibrating supplier-customer relationships. Procurement teams now seek partners capable of delivering not only precision mechanics but also systems thinking: validated control algorithms, application-specific integration expertise, and service capabilities that ensure sustained performance. Firms that embrace vertical collaboration, invest in systems engineering, and provide transparent lifecyle data will be best positioned to meet the escalating demands of high-precision industries.

Cumulative implications of recent United States tariff measures on sourcing, design strategies, and supply chain resilience for precision motion systems

The tariff environment introduced by recent United States trade actions in 2025 has had a cumulative impact on the economics and configuration choices associated with single-axis positioning stages, prompting companies to reevaluate sourcing, design, and logistics strategies. For manufacturers that rely on globalized supply chains for machined components, precision screws, motors, and specialized drive assemblies, increased duty exposure elevates landed costs and incentivizes a closer examination of value-chain alternatives. As a result, procurement teams are prioritizing suppliers with diversified manufacturing footprints, and engineering groups are assessing design modifications that reduce tariff-sensitive content without compromising performance.

In addition to direct cost effects, tariff measures have increased the administrative burden on manufacturers that must manage complex tariff classification, origin determination, and documentation processes. Companies have responded by strengthening trade compliance functions and adopting clearer product taxonomy practices that map component origins to harmonized tariff schedules. This due diligence often reveals opportunities to reallocate sourcing toward regional suppliers or to reconfigure supply agreements to qualify for preferential treatment under trade agreements where feasible. Such tactical moves reduce exposure to unilateral tariff actions and help stabilize procurement cost structures.

Another material consequence is the acceleration of nearshoring and capacity reallocation. Firms with high-capital equipment and long product lifecycles are evaluating investments in regional manufacturing and assembly facilities to mitigate tariff volatility and shorten transit times. This shift has practical implications for lead times, inventory strategies, and the distribution of engineering resources, because local assembly requires technical transfer, qualification, and vendor development to maintain the required precision and quality controls.

For OEMs and system integrators, tariffs have reinforced the value of vertical integration for critical subassemblies. Where economically viable, integrating precision lead screws, ball screws, or drive modules into broader product assemblies can reduce the number of intercompany cross-border transactions and simplify customs exposure. However, vertical integration demands capital investment and process control capabilities, and it is not a universal solution. Many firms therefore pursue hybrid models that combine regional sourcing, strategic stocking, and supplier partnerships to preserve flexibility.

Finally, the tariff environment has encouraged a renewed focus on product design for regulatory resilience. Engineers are adopting strategies to minimize tariff-sensitive content through material substitutions, consolidated component footprints, and modularization that isolates tariff-impacted elements. These design choices not only address immediate cost pressures but also create long-term advantages by improving maintainability and facilitating faster reconfiguration for evolving end-user requirements. In sum, the cumulative impact of the 2025 tariff landscape has catalyzed supply chain diversification, stronger trade compliance practices, and design approaches that explicitly incorporate geopolitical risk mitigation.

Segment-specific intelligence revealing how actuation choices, drive technologies, application needs, and end-user industries dictate product positioning and service models

Segmentation-driven insights reveal where product development and commercialization efforts will have the most leverage across customer needs and application contexts. When considering actuation type, the market divides into Manual and Motorized variants; Manual offerings commonly employ ball screw or lead screw mechanisms and serve bench-top setups, test fixtures, and adjustable tooling where cost-effectiveness and simplicity matter. Motorized stages incorporate drive choices such as DC motors, servo motors, and stepper motors to meet a wider range of motion profiles and control demands, enabling closed-loop positioning for automated assembly lines and inspection systems. This structural distinction informs product road maps: manual stages emphasize mechanical robustness and ease of fixturing, whereas motorized platforms prioritize integrated feedback, compact drives, and software interoperability for higher-throughput environments.

Drive technology segmentation-Air Bearing, Ball Screw, Lead Screw, and Linear Motor-highlights different performance trade-offs and application fit. Air-bearing stages deliver near-frictionless motion and exceptional straightness, making them suitable for optical alignment and wafer-level metrology where particulate control and vibration isolation are paramount. Ball screw solutions, including ground and rolled variants, cover a broad spectrum from high-precision industrial automation to laboratory motion where load capacity and efficiency are critical; ground ball screws typically offer higher precision and longer life, while rolled variants can be more cost-effective for mid-range applications. Lead screw options, split between acme and trapezoidal geometries, present a lower-cost path to moderate accuracy and are commonly used in applications where backlash control and simple mechanical lockability are acceptable. Linear motors provide high acceleration and smooth velocity profiles for demanding pick-and-place and high-speed inspection tasks, but they require integration expertise to manage thermal effects and control bandwidth.

Applications shape technology choices and lifecycle expectations for single-axis stages. In aerospace component manufacturing and automotive testing contexts, stages must balance robustness, repeatability, and certification readiness. Electronics assembly favors solutions optimized for cyclic duty, integration with pick-and-place tooling, and the ability to perform soldering or adhesive dispensing with consistent positional accuracy; within electronics assembly, pick-and-place and soldering sub-applications impose distinct cycle-time and thermal constraints. Semiconductor manufacturing demands the tightest environmental controls and positional tolerances; die bonding, lithography, and wafer inspection each stress different aspects of stage performance, from particulate control to sub-micron repeatability. Medical device production and medical imaging or surgical equipment emphasize traceability, sterilizability, and reliability under regulatory oversight, while research and development settings often prioritize flexibility and modularity to support iterative experimentation.

End-user industry segmentation further refines go-to-market approaches. Aerospace and defense customers require long-term support commitments and documentation for qualification; automotive accounts focus on high-volume repeatability and test throughput; electronics and semiconductor customers prioritize integration speed, cleanliness, and deterministic control. Healthcare and research institutes bring specialized requirements-medical imaging and surgical equipment demand compatibility with sterilization protocols and stringent reliability, while research entities value configurability and the ability to instrument stages with bespoke sensors. Understanding these segmentation layers enables product teams to craft differentiated value propositions, align certification and validation efforts with customer expectations, and target sales and service models that reflect usage patterns across industries.

Regional dynamics and strategic footprint choices that determine responsiveness, certification readiness, and aftermarket support across major global markets

Regional dynamics influence supplier strategies, R&D investments, and customer expectations in meaningful ways. In the Americas, demand patterns are shaped by a mix of advanced manufacturing and service-oriented procurement; customers often value turnkey integration, rapid aftermarket response, and strong local supply networks. This region also emphasizes regulatory compliance and documentation that support aerospace and defense contracts, driving suppliers to maintain robust quality management systems and traceability capabilities for critical components. Firms operating in the Americas increasingly leverage regional manufacturing to shorten lead times and to provide flexible service options that meet the needs of high-mix, low-volume production scenarios.

Europe, the Middle East, and Africa present a heterogeneous landscape where regulatory frameworks, industrial cluster strengths, and procurement cultures vary by country. European customers frequently prioritize energy efficiency, product durability, and sustainability credentials, pushing manufacturers to adopt recyclable materials and to demonstrate lifecycle benefits. In EMEA, collaboration with local system integrators and specialized automation houses plays a central role in project delivery, and compliance with sector-specific standards-particularly in aerospace and medical device manufacturing-shapes acceptance criteria. Meanwhile, Middle East and African demand pathways often follow infrastructure investments and regional industrial policy, creating pockets of opportunity for suppliers able to provide turnkey solutions and local training.

Asia-Pacific continues to be a high-growth arena for precision motion, driven by large-scale electronics manufacturing, semiconductor packaging, and increasing automation adoption across automotive and medical device production. The region combines high-volume manufacturing talent with rapid adoption of automation technologies, and suppliers often compete on a combination of performance, price, and proximity to major OEMs and contract manufacturers. In addition, Asia-Pacific customers frequently require strong localization capabilities, including regional spare parts inventories and on-site technical support, to maintain throughput in high-cycle production environments. Suppliers that build engineering centers and service hubs within Asia-Pacific gain advantages in responsiveness and customization for application-specific needs.

Across these regions, differences in talent availability, certification requirements, and logistical costs inform decisions about where to locate manufacturing, assembly, and technical support. Successful providers calibrate their regional footprints to align with the dominant end markets, ensuring that their operational models reflect local expectations for lifecycle support, compliance, and speed to market.

Competitive landscape characterized by specialization, strategic partnerships, and service-driven differentiation that shape supplier advantage and customer retention

Competitive dynamics in the single-axis positioning stage sector are defined by a mixture of specialized OEMs, component suppliers, and systems integrators, each contributing distinct capabilities to the value chain. Specialized OEMs differentiate through mechanical engineering excellence, proprietary screw geometries, and validated integration of motors and encoders. Component suppliers that focus on high-precision screws, bearings, and linear guides leverage manufacturing process control and material science to deliver consistent tolerances and long service lives. Systems integrators bring domain-specific application knowledge, enabling the assembly of multi-axis systems, integration with vision and metrology equipment, and the development of control software tailored to customer workflows.

Partnerships and strategic alliances are a common route to broaden capabilities without diluting core competencies. For instance, motion hardware vendors increasingly collaborate with control software companies and sensor suppliers to offer pre-validated bundles that reduce integration risk for customers. Aftermarket service providers and field engineers constitute another competitive axis; rapid response, calibrated maintenance programs, and transparent spare-parts strategies materially influence total operating uptime for customers in critical production sectors. In many cases, the ability to offer remote diagnostics, firmware updates, and predictive maintenance analytics has become as important as the base mechanical specification itself.

Mergers and acquisitions continue to reshape the landscape as companies seek to expand geographic reach, gain complementary technologies, or internalize key subassembly capabilities. When executed thoughtfully, these transactions accelerate time-to-market for combined offerings and create scale efficiencies in procurement and R&D. However, integration risk remains a consideration, particularly where corporate cultures and engineering practices differ. Consequently, successful consolidations prioritize retention of technical talent and harmonization of quality systems.

Investments in digital tools and customer-facing platforms are another differentiator among leading companies. Digital catalogs with configurable product options, interactive selection tools, and comprehensive technical documentation reduce friction in the sales cycle. Companies that combine these digital assets with strong field support and clear upgrade paths capture greater share of long-term service revenue and strengthen customer loyalty. Ultimately, competitive advantage accrues to organizations that balance mechanical innovation with systems-level support, regional service depth, and scalable digital engagement.

Actionable strategic playbook for engineering leaders and procurement teams to strengthen modular product design, regional sourcing, software integration, and aftermarket services

Industry leaders should adopt a multi-dimensional strategy that marries engineering excellence with resilient sourcing and customer-centric services to remain competitive. First, prioritize modular architectures that allow rapid reconfiguration across manual and motorized platforms; designing standardized mounting interfaces and modular feedback options reduces engineering cycles and accelerates customization for diverse applications. Such modularity also simplifies aftermarket support and lowers inventory complexity for spare parts, enabling service teams to respond quickly to field issues.

Second, diversify supplier bases and develop regional manufacturing or assembly capabilities to mitigate tariff exposure and geopolitical risk. Localized assembly not only shortens lead times but also improves the ability to meet country-specific certification requirements and to provide timely training and field service. Complement this with a disciplined trade compliance program that maps component origins and optimizes tariff classification to preserve cost competitiveness.

Third, invest in systems integration competencies by bundling validated control software, sensor fusion, and application-specific tuning. Customers increasingly prefer pre-validated solutions that reduce integration risk and shorten qualification periods. Providing application engineering services-such as motion profile optimization, thermal compensation strategies, and failure-mode analysis-differentiates suppliers and creates recurring revenue opportunities through performance contracts and extended warranties.

Fourth, enhance aftermarket capabilities with predictive maintenance, remote diagnostics, and clear spare-parts strategies. Deploying condition-monitoring sensors and analytics enables proactive service calls that reduce unplanned downtime and improve customer satisfaction. Offer service-level agreements that align incentives around uptime and responsiveness rather than transactional repairs.

Fifth, align product road maps with sustainability and materials optimization objectives. Reduce energy consumption through efficient motor selection and motion profile optimization, and select materials and lubricants that support longer service intervals and reduced environmental impact. These choices resonate with procurement teams focused on lifecycle costs and with customers in highly regulated industries.

Finally, cultivate talent in both application engineering and trade compliance. Cross-functional teams that understand the interplay between mechanical design, controls, and global trade will accelerate product development cycles and ensure that commercial strategies are robust against regulatory shifts. Executing on these recommendations will position firms to capture opportunities across aerospace, semiconductor, medical, and electronics manufacturing while maintaining operational resilience.

Robust mixed-methods research approach integrating primary interviews, technical literature review, and scenario analysis to validate engineering and supply chain insights

The research underpinning these insights combines multiple qualitative and quantitative methods to ensure rigor and relevance. Primary research comprised in-depth interviews with product engineers, procurement leaders, system integrators, and service managers across aerospace, semiconductor, medical device, and electronics manufacturing sectors. These conversations explored real-world deployment challenges, criteria for technology selection, and operational priorities such as maintenance intervals and integration timelines. Interview subjects included both end users and suppliers to capture perspectives on product performance, support expectations, and supplier selection rationales.

Secondary research involved a systematic review of publicly available technical literature, trade publications, and standards documentation that relate to precision motion components, actuation mechanisms, and drive technologies. This review was used to validate technical performance attributes, identify prevailing design patterns such as the adoption of air bearings or linear motors in specific applications, and to corroborate anecdotal evidence from primary interviews. In addition, supplier technical datasheets and validated case studies were examined to map the range of engineering options available for single-axis stages.

Analytical techniques included cross-segmentation mapping to relate actuation and drive choices to application requirements and end-user industry expectations. Scenario analysis was applied to evaluate the implications of tariff shifts and supply chain disruptions, focusing on actionable mitigation strategies rather than speculative forecasts. Validation workshops with domain experts ensured that interpretations of technical trade-offs and regional dynamics were consistent with current industry practice.

Limitations of the study include the pace of technological innovation and the potential for rapid policy changes that can alter trade dynamics. To mitigate these limitations, the research emphasizes structural trends, engineering constraints, and risk-mitigation tactics that remain relevant across a range of near-term policy outcomes. Users of the research are encouraged to pair the report's insights with their own internal performance data and supplier interrogatories to tailor decisions to specific product lines and operational footprints.

Synthesis of strategic imperatives showing why modular engineering, integrated services, and supply chain resilience are decisive for long-term leadership in precision motion

The single-axis positioning stage market is evolving at the intersection of precision engineering, digital integration, and supply chain pragmatism. Technical advances in drives, feedback systems, and materials are increasing achievable performance, while end users demand validated solutions that reduce integration risk and ensure uptime in mission-critical environments. At the same time, regulatory and tariff dynamics require firms to be nimble in sourcing and to embed trade compliance into product lifecycle planning. Together, these forces are shifting competitive advantage toward organizations that can pair mechanical differentiation with systems-level support and regional operational depth.

Looking ahead, suppliers that invest in modular design, deepen systems-integration capabilities, and build robust aftermarket services will create durable customer relationships and unlock recurring revenue streams. Operational resilience-achieved through diversified sourcing, regional assembly, and clear documentation-will remain a critical competitive criterion as geopolitical and policy uncertainties persist. Decision-makers should therefore prioritize cross-functional initiatives that align engineering, procurement, and service organizations to respond rapidly to customer needs and external shocks.

In sum, the path to leadership in this sector lies in delivering demonstrable performance within validated integration frameworks, supported by responsive field service and prudent supply chain strategies. Firms that execute on these principles will sustain relevance across the high-precision industries that depend on reliable linear motion solutions.

Product Code: MRR-F14BA1B342BA

1. Preface

1.1. Objectives of the Study
1.2. Market Definition
1.3. Market Segmentation & Coverage
1.4. Years Considered for the Study
1.5. Currency Considered for the Study
1.6. Language Considered for the Study
1.7. Key Stakeholders

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Research Design
- 2.2.1. Primary Research
- 2.2.2. Secondary Research
2.3. Research Framework
- 2.3.1. Qualitative Analysis
- 2.3.2. Quantitative Analysis
2.4. Market Size Estimation
- 2.4.1. Top-Down Approach
- 2.4.2. Bottom-Up Approach
2.5. Data Triangulation
2.6. Research Outcomes
2.7. Research Assumptions
2.8. Research Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Introduction
3.2. CXO Perspective
3.3. Market Size & Growth Trends
3.4. Market Share Analysis, 2025
3.5. FPNV Positioning Matrix, 2025
3.6. New Revenue Opportunities
3.7. Next-Generation Business Models
3.8. Industry Roadmap

4. Market Overview

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Industry Ecosystem & Value Chain Analysis
- 4.2.1. Supply-Side Analysis
- 4.2.2. Demand-Side Analysis
- 4.2.3. Stakeholder Analysis
4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
4.4. PESTLE Analysis
4.5. Market Outlook
- 4.5.1. Near-Term Market Outlook (0-2 Years)
- 4.5.2. Medium-Term Market Outlook (3-5 Years)
- 4.5.3. Long-Term Market Outlook (5-10 Years)
4.6. Go-to-Market Strategy

5. Market Insights

5.1. Consumer Insights & End-User Perspective
5.2. Consumer Experience Benchmarking
5.3. Opportunity Mapping
5.4. Distribution Channel Analysis
5.5. Pricing Trend Analysis
5.6. Regulatory Compliance & Standards Framework
5.7. ESG & Sustainability Analysis
5.8. Disruption & Risk Scenarios
5.9. Return on Investment & Cost-Benefit Analysis

6. Cumulative Impact of United States Tariffs 2025

7. Cumulative Impact of Artificial Intelligence 2025

8. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by Actuation Type

8.1. Manual
- 8.1.1. Ball Screw
- 8.1.2. Lead Screw
8.2. Motorized
- 8.2.1. DC Motor
- 8.2.2. Servo Motor
- 8.2.3. Stepper Motor

9. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by Drive Technology

9.1. Air Bearing
9.2. Ball Screw
- 9.2.1. Ground Ball Screw
- 9.2.2. Rolled Ball Screw
9.3. Lead Screw
- 9.3.1. Acme Lead Screw
- 9.3.2. Trapezoidal Lead Screw
9.4. Linear Motor

10. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by Application

10.1. Aerospace Component Manufacturing
10.2. Automotive Testing
10.3. Electronics Assembly
- 10.3.1. Pick And Place
- 10.3.2. Soldering
10.4. Medical Device Production
10.5. Research And Development
10.6. Semiconductor Manufacturing
- 10.6.1. Die Bonding
- 10.6.2. Lithography
- 10.6.3. Wafer Inspection

11. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by End User Industry

11.1. Aerospace And Defense
11.2. Automotive
11.3. Electronics
11.4. Healthcare
- 11.4.1. Medical Imaging
- 11.4.2. Surgical Equipment
11.5. Research Institutes

12. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by Region

12.1. Americas
- 12.1.1. North America
- 12.1.2. Latin America
12.2. Europe, Middle East & Africa
- 12.2.1. Europe
- 12.2.2. Middle East
- 12.2.3. Africa
12.3. Asia-Pacific

13. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by Group

13.1. ASEAN
13.2. GCC
13.3. European Union
13.4. BRICS
13.5. G7
13.6. NATO

14. Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market, by Country

14.1. United States
14.2. Canada
14.3. Mexico
14.4. Brazil
14.5. United Kingdom
14.6. Germany
14.7. France
14.8. Russia
14.9. Italy
14.10. Spain
14.11. China
14.12. India
14.13. Japan
14.14. Australia
14.15. South Korea

15. United States Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market

16. China Single-Axis Positioning Stage Market

17. Competitive Landscape

17.1. Market Concentration Analysis, 2025
- 17.1.1. Concentration Ratio (CR)
- 17.1.2. Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI)
17.2. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis, 2025
17.3. Product Portfolio Analysis, 2025
17.4. Benchmarking Analysis, 2025
17.5. Aerotech, Inc.
17.6. Attocube Systems AG
17.7. CHUO Precision Industrial Co., Ltd.
17.8. E-MOTION AMERICA, INC.
17.9. H2W Technologies
17.10. Mad City Labs, Inc.
17.11. MKS Instruments, Inc.
17.12. Nanomotion Ltd.
17.13. NBK America LLC
17.14. Newport Corporation
17.15. Optimal Engineering Systems, Inc.
17.16. Parker Hannifin Corporation
17.17. Physik Instrumente GmbH & Co. KG
17.18. Piezosystem Jena GmbH
17.19. ROSH Electroptics
17.20. SK-Advanced Group
17.21. SmarAct GmbH
17.22. Standa Ltd.
17.23. Thorlabs, Inc.
17.24. Zaber Technologies Inc.