Global Foam Gasket in Spray and Dispensing Products Market Research Report Information By Material (Polyethylene Foam and Polypropylene ), By Packaging End-Use, By Region

Description

List of Tables

Global Foam Gasket in Spray and Dispensing Products Market Insights By Material (Polyethylene (PE) Foam and Polypropylene (PP)), By Packaging End-Use (Agriculture, Automotive, Healthcare, Cosmetics, and Others), By Region - Forecast to 2030

Market Snapshot

The Foam Gasket in Spray and Dispensing Products industry is estimated to rise from USD 224.1 million in 2024 to USD 307.1 million by 2030, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6% during the forecast period.

Foam gaskets are used to seal a wide range of cosmetic containers, including jars, bottles, and tubes, to prevent leakage, evaporation, and contamination. This is crucial for maintaining the quality and uniformity of cosmetic products. Foam gaskets are often utilized in cosmetic packaging to provide tamper-evident sealing. These seals shatter when the product is opened, giving clear evidence of tampering, which is crucial for consumer safety and trust. Certain cosmetics, such as creams and lotions, require an airtight container to prevent oxidation and keep the product fresh. A foam gasket creates a barrier that keeps air from entering the container. Moisture-sensitive cosmetic products, such as powdered cosmetics and sensitive skin items, benefit from moisture-resistant foam gaskets. Foam gaskets are used in dispensing systems like pumps and sprays to assure product control and distribution, avoiding leaks and maintaining the product's integrity until it is disseminated. Foam gaskets can be adjusted to fit the unique requirements of cosmetic containers. They come in a range of shapes and sizes, ensuring a perfect fit and a secure closure. As stainability becomes more important in the beauty industry, foam gaskets made from recyclable materials like polyethylene pe and polypropylene pp are chosen because they adhere to eco-friendly packaging standards.

Foam gaskets are used to seal various medical containers, such as bottles, vials, and blister packs. These seals protect pharmaceutical articles against contamination and tampering. Foam gaskets provide tamper-evident sales, which is essential in pharmaceutical packaging. If a package has been tampered with, the foam gasket seal will be ruptured or visibly damaged, indicating a possible issue with product safety and quality.

Market Segment Insights

Based on arrangement, the foam gasket in spray and dispensing products Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) foams are among the market segments.

The Foam Gasket in Spray and Dispensing Products Market is divided into five segments based on packaging end use: agricultural, automotive, healthcare, cosmetics, and others.

Foam gaskets are widely used in pump and spray dispensing systems for a variety of cosmetic goods.

Regional insights

The Asia Pacific foam gasket in spray and dispensing products market had the greatest market share of 44.4% in 2022 and is expected to have a significant revenue share throughout the forecast period. The region's rising need for spray and dispensing products is one of the key reasons for its dominance.

The Asia-Pacific region has a large population, and as living standards rise, there is an increased need for personal care products such as foaming hand soaps, shampoos, and conditioners. Foam gaskets are a more environmentally friendly option than typical plastic or metal gaskets because they are made from renewable materials and biodegradable. This makes them a tempting option for environmentally conscious consumers seeking to reduce their carbon footprint. The Asia-Pacific region has a large population of environmentally conscious consumers, which drives demand for sustainable packaging solutions.

Major Players

Rubber Concept, Custom Gasket, Manufacturing LLC, Polyformes Limited, The Rubber Company, Ramsay Rubber Limited, J. Rubber & Sponge Ltd, B. Frost & Co. Ltd., Atlantic Gasket Corporation, American Converters, Inc. (AMCON), INSUL-FAB, and Other Key Players are among the leading companies in the foam gasket market in spray and dispensing products.

Product Code: MRFR/CnM/19182-CR

SECTION I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY HIGHLIGHTS

1. EXECUTIVE'S HANDBOOK

1.1. THE TOP PERFORMING SEGMENTS
1.2. KEY TRENDS SUMMARIZED
1.3. PRICING OUTLOOK
1.4. STRATEGIC INSIGHTS
1.5. WHO ARE THE KEY PLAYERS IN THE MARKET?

SECTION II: SCOPING, METHODOLOGY AND MARKET STRUCTURE

2. MARKET INTRODUCTION

2.1. DEFINITION
2.2. REPORT SEGMENTATION & SCOPE
2.3. REGIONAL & COUNTRY LEVEL COVERAGE
2.4. WHY YOU NEED THIS REPORT?

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. RESEARCH PROCESS
3.2. SECONDARY RESEARCH
- 3.2.1. DATA CONSUMER GOODS & APPLIANCES & CONDENSATION
- 3.2.2. SOURCES (ASSOCIATIONS, ORGANIZATIONS, MAGAZINES, PAID DATABASES)
3.3. PRIMARY RESEARCH
- 3.3.1. SAMPLE SIZE (DEMAND-SUPPLY, COMPANY, DESIGNATIONS, REGION)
- 3.3.2. SOURCES
3.4. FACTORIAL ANALYSIS & APPROACH SETTING
3.5. ESTIMATION & FORECAST MODELS
3.6. PRICING BASKETS
3.7. ANALYST HOURS & TEAM

SECTION III: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

4. MARKET DYNAMICS

4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. GROWTH PARAMETERS MAPPED - DRIVERS
- 4.2.1. INCREASING DEMAND FOR DISPENSING PUMPS AND SPRAYS
- 4.2.2. INCREASING DEMAND FOR FOAM GASKET IN COSMETIC INDUSTRY DRIVING THE MARKET GROWTH
4.3. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES FACED BY INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS?
- 4.3.1. FLUCTUATING RAW MATERIAL PRICES
4.4. OPPORTUNITIES
- 4.4.1. GROWTH OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGING INDUSTRY EXPECTED TO DRIVE MARKET FORWARD IN FORECAST PERIOD
4.5. IMPACT ANALYSIS OF COVID-19

5. MARKET FACTOR ANALYSIS

5.1. SUPPLY/VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
- 5.1.1. PARTICIPANTS
- 5.1.2. VALUE PERCOLATION ACROSS THE CHAIN
- 5.1.3. INTEGRATION LEVELS
- 5.1.4. KEY ISSUES ADDRESSED
5.2. PORTER'S FIVE FORCES MODEL
- 5.2.1. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
- 5.2.2. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
- 5.2.3. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
- 5.2.4. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
- 5.2.5. INTENSITY OF RIVALRY
5.3. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET PRICING ANALYSIS, - 2030 (USD/TON)
5.4. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN THE GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET

SECTION IV: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

6. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET, BY MATERIAL (USD MILLION & TONS)

6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2. POLYETHYLENE (PE) FOAM
- 6.2.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY POLYETHYLENE (PE) FOAM,-2030
6.3. POLYPROPYLENE (PP) FOAM
- 6.3.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY POLYPROPYLENE (PP) FOAM,-2030

7. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET, BY END-USE (USD MILLION & TONS)

7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. AGRICULTURE
- 7.2.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY AGRICULTURE,-2030
7.3. AUTOMOTIVE
- 7.3.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY AUTOMOTIVE,-2030
7.4. HEALTHCARE
- 7.4.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY HEALTHCARE,-2030
7.5. COSMETICS
- 7.5.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY COSMETICS,-2030
7.6. OTHERS
- 7.6.1. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY OTHERS,-2030

8. GLOBAL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET, BY REGION (USD MILLION & TONS)

8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. NORTH AMERICA
- 8.2.1. NORTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY COUNTRY,-2030
- 8.2.2. NORTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
- 8.2.3. NORTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.2.4. US
  - 8.2.4.1. US FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.2.4.2. US FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.2.5. CANADA
  - 8.2.5.1. CANADA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.2.5.2. CANADA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
8.3. EUROPE
- 8.3.1. EUROPE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY COUNTRY,-2030
- 8.3.2. EUROPE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
- 8.3.3. EUROPE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.4. GERMANY
  - 8.3.4.1. GERMANY FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.4.2. GERMANY FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.5. FRANCE
  - 8.3.5.1. FRANCE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.5.2. FRANCE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.6. UK
  - 8.3.6.1. UK FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.6.2. UK FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.7. SPAIN
  - 8.3.7.1. SPAIN FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.7.2. SPAIN FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.8. ITALY
  - 8.3.8.1. ITALY FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.8.2. ITALY FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.9. THE NETHERLAND
  - 8.3.9.1. THE NETHERLAND FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.9.2. THE NETHERLANDS FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.3.10. REST OF EUROPE
  - 8.3.10.1. REST OF EUROPE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.3.10.2. REST OF EUROPE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
8.4. ASIA-PACIFIC
- 8.4.1. ASIA-PACIFIC FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY COUNTRY,-2030
- 8.4.2. ASIA-PACIFIC FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
- 8.4.3. ASIA-PACIFIC FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.4.4. CHINA
  - 8.4.4.1. CHINA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.4.4.2. CHINA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.4.5. INDIA
  - 8.4.5.1. INDIA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.4.5.2. INDIIA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.4.6. JAPAN
  - 8.4.6.1. JAPAN FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.4.6.2. JAPAN FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.4.7. SOUTH KOREA
  - 8.4.7.1. SOUTH KOREA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.4.7.2. SOUTH KOREA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.4.8. AUSTRALIA
  - 8.4.8.1. AUSTRALIA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.4.8.2. AUSTRALIA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.4.9. REST OF ASIA-PACIFIC
  - 8.4.9.1. REST OF ASIA PACIFIC FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.4.9.2. REST OF ASIA PACIFIC FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
8.5. SOUTH AMERICA
- 8.5.1. SOUTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY COUNTRY,-2030
- 8.5.2. SOUTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
- 8.5.3. SOUTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.5.4. BRAZIL
  - 8.5.4.1. BRAZIL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.5.4.2. BRAZIL FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.5.5. ARGENTINA
  - 8.5.5.1. ARGENTINA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.5.5.2. ARGENTINA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.5.6. REST OF SOUTH AMERICA
  - 8.5.6.1. REST OF SOUTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.5.6.2. REST OF SOUTH AMERICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
8.6. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
- 8.6.1. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY COUNTRY,-2030
- 8.6.2. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
- 8.6.3. MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.6.4. GCC COUNTRIES
  - 8.6.4.1. GCC COUNTRIES FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.6.4.2. GCC COUNTRIES FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.6.5. SOUTH AFRICA
  - 8.6.5.1. SOUTH AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.6.5.2. SOUTH AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030
- 8.6.6. REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
  - 8.6.6.1. REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY MATERIAL,-2030
  - 8.6.6.2. REST OF MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET SIZE: MARKET ESTIMATES & FORECAST, BY END-USE,-2030

SECTION V: COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

9. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. COMPANY MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, (%)
9.3. COMPETITION DASHBOARD
9.4. COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING
9.5. THE LEADING PLAYER IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET
9.6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: KEY PLAYERS FINANCIAL
9.7. KEY DEVELOPMENTS & GROWTH STRATEGIES
- 9.7.1. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH/SERVICE DEPLOYMENT
- 9.7.2. MERGER & ACQUISITION
- 9.7.3. JOINT VENTURES

10. COMPANY PROFILES

10.1. RUBBER CONCEPT
- 10.1.1. COMPANY OVERVIEW
- 10.1.2. FINANCIAL OVERVIEW
- 10.1.3. PRODUCT OFFERED
- 10.1.4. KEY DEVELOPMENTS
- 10.1.5. SWOT ANALYSIS
- 10.1.6. KEY STRATEGIES
10.2. CUSTOM GASKET MANUFACTURING LLC
10.3. POLYFORMES LIMITED
10.4. THE RUBBER COMPANY
10.5. RAMSAY RUBBER LIMITED
10.6. J. RUBBER & SPONGE LTD
10.7. B. FROST & CO. LTD.
10.8. ATLANTIC GASKET CORPORATION
10.9. AMERICAN CONVERTERS, INC. (AMCON)
10.10. INSUL-FAB
10.11. OTHER KEY PLAYERS

11. RECOMMENDATIONS & EXPERT INSIGHTS

11.1. WHAT IS THE SHORT-TERM VS LONG-TERM OUTLOOK FOR FOAM GASKET IN SPRAY AND DISPENSING PRODUCTS MARKET?
11.2. WHO ARE THE PLAYERS TO LOOK OUT FOR?
11.3. WHAT WILL THE PRODUCT MIX LOOK IN COMING YEARS?

12. MRFR OFFERINGS & TEAM

12.1. CITATIONS & MEDIA
12.2. OUR REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES
12.3. RELATED REPORTS
12.4. OUR DOMAIN COVERAGE