Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market by Product Type, End-Users, and Geography (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa): Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2023-2030

Description

Persistence Market Research has recently conducted a thorough analysis of the Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market, culminating in a comprehensive report that delves into its global landscape. This report provides invaluable insights into the dynamics, trends, opportunities, and challenges within the market, offering a comprehensive overview of its framework. With exclusive data and statistics, this research publication predicts the expected growth trajectory of the Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market from 2023 to 2030.

The global bioimpedance spectroscopy market is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11%, reaching a projected value of US$1,038.3 million by the conclusion of 2030, up from US$500.1 million in 2023.

Key Insights:

Bioimpedance spectroscopy market Size (2023E): US$500.1 Mn

Projected Market Value (2030F): US$1,038.3 Mn

Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2023 to 2030): 11.0%

Historical Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2018 to 2022): 9.0%

Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market - Report Scope

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) represents a cutting-edge method for health monitoring, measuring tissue impedance to electric currents across various frequencies. Its primary purpose is to assess body composition and fluid status, aiding in conditions like lymphedema and fluid imbalances.

By examining tissue electrical properties, BIS provides a non-invasive way to gauge fluid distribution, particularly useful in post-surgical, oncology, and cardiovascular care. Its precision and real-time monitoring capabilities are crucial in personalized medicine and preventive healthcare.

The market for bioimpedance spectroscopy is driven by factors like the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, demand for early diagnostic tools, and the integration of advanced technologies in medical diagnostics. Opportunities also arise in fields like sports medicine and fitness monitoring. With advancements in miniaturization and portability, BIS is poised for robust growth in point-of-care applications.

Market Growth Drivers

The bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) market is rapidly growing, driven by its pivotal role in healthcare diagnostics. With increasing demand for non-invasive, real-time monitoring tools, particularly in chronic disease management and personalized healthcare, BIS stands out for its ability to assess tissue composition and fluid status. This aids early detection and continuous monitoring, aligning well with the global shift towards precision medicine and preventive care.

Moreover, BIS is gaining traction in sports medicine and fitness monitoring, catering to athletes and fitness enthusiasts seeking comprehensive health assessments. Its insights into body composition, hydration levels, and cellular health allow for tailored fitness regimens, reflecting the market's expansion into diverse applications beyond traditional healthcare settings. This underscores BIS's versatility and growing importance in the broader landscape of health and wellness.

Market Restraints

The market performance of bioimpedance spectroscopy faces hurdles due to regulatory compliance and lack of standardization. Diverse regulatory landscapes across regions pose challenges for global device introduction, demanding substantial investments in R&D to meet varied standards. Lack of harmonization may lead to delayed approvals, impacting market dynamics and highlighting the need for global standardization efforts.

Integration complexities and technological hurdles are prominent challenges in the bioimpedance spectroscopy market. Seamless integration into existing healthcare infrastructures is hindered by compatibility issues with electronic health record systems. Additionally, overcoming technological obstacles related to precision and scalability is crucial for efficient adoption. Addressing these challenges is vital to fully leverage bioimpedance spectroscopy's potential in non-invasive diagnostics and personalized healthcare.

Opportunities

Expanding clinical applications offer significant revenue opportunities in the bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) market. Exploring new areas like neurology, nephrology, and metabolic disorders alongside established fields such as oncology broadens the market base. Collaboration between stakeholders fosters innovation, enhancing patient care and tapping into previously untapped revenue streams.

Additionally, integrating BIS technology into wearable health devices presents a lucrative revenue avenue. By embedding BIS sensors in fitness trackers and smartwatches, real-time insights into body composition and hydration status are provided, enhancing personal health management. Collaborations with technology companies drive BIS adoption in the consumer market, positioning it as a valuable tool in wearable health tech.

Key Questions Answered in Report::

What is the projected growth rate of the bioimpedance spectroscopy market, and what factors are driving this growth?
What are the current and potential clinical applications of bioimpedance spectroscopy, and how are they evolving?
What are the regulatory challenges facing bioimpedance spectroscopy device manufacturers, and how are they navigating these hurdles?
What are the primary obstacles in integrating bioimpedance spectroscopy devices into existing healthcare infrastructures, and how can these challenges be addressed?
What technological advancements are shaping the development of bioimpedance spectroscopy devices, and how do they impact market dynamics?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy

Prominent organizations like Tanita Corporation, Akern, Biodynamics Corporation, Bioparhom, and Biotekna lead the bioimpedance spectroscopy sector. Competitive intelligence is key for maintaining a competitive edge, involving monitoring competitors' innovations, pricing strategies, and market reach. Understanding technological advancements and regulatory changes allows strategic positioning of BIS solutions.

Real-time data on competitors' market share and customer feedback guides product refinement and boosts satisfaction. Adapting swiftly to industry shifts based on competitive intelligence ensures resilience and sustainable growth.

Prioritizing R&D keeps BIS technologies innovative, while partnerships with healthcare institutions drive collaborative advancements. Regulatory compliance is vital, and flexible pricing and tailored solutions aid market penetration. Investments in marketing and education initiatives promote awareness and acceptance among healthcare professionals, fostering long-term success.

Key Companies Profiled
Tanita Corporation
Akern
Biodynamics Corporation
Bioparhom
Biotekna
Bodystat Ltd
Charder Electronic Co. Ltd
Evolt 360
Fook Tin Group Holding Ltd
InBody Co. Ltd
Lumsail Industrial Inc.
Maltron International
Omron Corporation
RJL Systems
Seca GmbH & Co. KG
SELVAS Healthcare Inc.
Sino-Hero
Withings
ImpediMed Ltd.
Samsung

Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Segmentation

By Product:

Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy

Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy

By Modality:
Hand-held BIA
Hand-to-Foot BIA
Leg-to-Leg BIA
By End User:
Hospitals
Specialty Clinics
Ambulatory Surgical Centers
Rehabilitation Center
By Region:
North America
Europe
East Asia
South Asia & Oceania
Latin America
Middle East & Africa

Product Code: PMRREP33713

1. Executive Summary

1.1. Global Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Snapshot, 2023 and 2030
1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2023 - 2030, US$ Mn
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Future Market Projections
1.5. Premium Market Insights
1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

2.1. Market Scope and Definition
2.2. Market Dynamics
- 2.2.1. Drivers
- 2.2.2. Restraints
- 2.2.3. Opportunity
- 2.2.4. Challenges
- 2.2.5. Key Trends
2.3. Product Lifecycle Analysis
2.4. Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market: Value Chain
- 2.4.1. List of Raw Material Supplier
- 2.4.2. List of Manufacturers
- 2.4.3. List of Distributors
- 2.4.4. List of Applications
- 2.4.5. Profitability Analysis
2.5. Porter Five Force's Analysis
2.6. Geopolitical Tensions: Market Impact
2.7. Macro-Economic Factors
- 2.7.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
- 2.7.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
- 2.7.3. Global Parent Market Overview
2.8. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact
2.9. Regulatory and Technology Landscape

3. Global Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

3.1. Key Highlights
- 3.1.1. Market Volume (Units) Projections
- 3.1.2. Market Size and Y-o-Y Growth
- 3.1.3. Absolute $ Opportunity
3.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast
- 3.2.1. Historical Market Size Analysis, 2013-2016
- 3.2.2. Current Market Size Forecast, 2018-2026
3.3. Global Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Product
- 3.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Product, 2018 - 2022
- 3.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
  - 3.3.3.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
  - 3.3.3.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
3.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Product
3.5. Global Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Modality
- 3.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Modality, 2018 - 2022
- 3.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
  - 3.5.3.1. Hand-held BIA
  - 3.5.3.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
  - 3.5.3.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
3.6. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Modality
3.7. Global Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: End User
- 3.7.1. Introduction / Key Findings
- 3.7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By End User, 2018 - 2022
- 3.7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
  - 3.7.3.1. Hospitals
  - 3.7.3.2. Specialty Clinics
  - 3.7.3.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
  - 3.7.3.4. Rehabilitation Center
3.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis: End User

4. Global Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Region

4.1. Key Highlights
4.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Region, 2018 - 2022
4.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Region, 2023 - 2030
- 4.3.1. North America
- 4.3.2. Europe
- 4.3.3. East Asia
- 4.3.4. South Asia & Pacific
- 4.3.5. Latin America
- 4.3.6. Middle East & Africa (MEA)
4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

5. North America Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

5.1. Key Highlights
5.2. Pricing Analysis
5.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2018 - 2022
- 5.3.1. By Country
- 5.3.2. By Product
- 5.3.3. By Modality
- 5.3.4. By End User
5.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2023 - 2030
- 5.4.1. U.S.
- 5.4.2. Canada
5.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
- 5.5.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
- 5.5.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
5.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
- 5.6.1. Hand-held BIA
- 5.6.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
- 5.6.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
5.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
- 5.7.1. Hospitals
- 5.7.2. Specialty Clinics
- 5.7.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 5.7.4. Rehabilitation Center
5.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

6. Europe Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

6.1. Key Highlights
6.2. Pricing Analysis
6.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2018 - 2022
- 6.3.1. By Country
- 6.3.2. By Product
- 6.3.3. By Modality
- 6.3.4. By End User
6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2023 - 2030
- 6.4.1. Germany
- 6.4.2. France
- 6.4.3. U.K.
- 6.4.4. Italy
- 6.4.5. Spain
- 6.4.6. Russia
- 6.4.7. Turkey
- 6.4.8. Rest of Europe
6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
- 6.5.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
- 6.5.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
- 6.6.1. Hand-held BIA
- 6.6.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
- 6.6.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
6.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
- 6.7.1. Hospitals
- 6.7.2. Specialty Clinics
- 6.7.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 6.7.4. Rehabilitation Center
6.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. East Asia Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

7.1. Key Highlights
7.2. Pricing Analysis
7.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2018 - 2022
- 7.3.1. By Country
- 7.3.2. By Product
- 7.3.3. By Modality
- 7.3.4. By End User
7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2023 - 2030
- 7.4.1. China
- 7.4.2. Japan
- 7.4.3. South Korea
7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
- 7.5.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
- 7.5.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
- 7.6.1. Hand-held BIA
- 7.6.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
- 7.6.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
7.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
- 7.7.1. Hospitals
- 7.7.2. Specialty Clinics
- 7.7.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 7.7.4. Rehabilitation Center
7.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. South Asia & Oceania Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

8.1. Key Highlights
8.2. Pricing Analysis
8.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2018 - 2022
- 8.3.1. By Country
- 8.3.2. By Product
- 8.3.3. By Modality
- 8.3.4. By End User
8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2023 - 2030
- 8.4.1. India
- 8.4.2. Southeast Asia
- 8.4.3. ANZ
- 8.4.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
- 8.5.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
- 8.5.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
- 8.6.1. Hand-held BIA
- 8.6.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
- 8.6.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
8.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
- 8.7.1. Hospitals
- 8.7.2. Specialty Clinics
- 8.7.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 8.7.4. Rehabilitation Center
8.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. Latin America Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

9.1. Key Highlights
9.2. Pricing Analysis
9.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2018 - 2022
- 9.3.1. By Country
- 9.3.2. By Product
- 9.3.3. By Modality
- 9.3.4. By End User
9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2023 - 2030
- 9.4.1. Brazil
- 9.4.2. Mexico
- 9.4.3. Rest of Latin America
9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
- 9.5.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
- 9.5.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
- 9.6.1. Hand-held BIA
- 9.6.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
- 9.6.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
9.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
- 9.7.1. Hospitals
- 9.7.2. Specialty Clinics
- 9.7.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 9.7.4. Rehabilitation Center
9.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Middle East & Africa Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Market Outlook: Historical (2018 - 2022) and Forecast (2023 - 2030)

10.1. Key Highlights
10.2. Pricing Analysis
10.3. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Analysis By Market, 2018 - 2022
- 10.3.1. By Country
- 10.3.2. By Product
- 10.3.3. By Modality
- 10.3.4. By End User
10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Country, 2023 - 2030
- 10.4.1. GCC
- 10.4.2. Egypt
- 10.4.3. South Africa
- 10.4.4. Northern Africa
- 10.4.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Product, 2023 - 2030
- 10.5.1. Single Frequency Bioimpedance Spectroscopy
- 10.5.2. Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By Modality, 2023 - 2030
- 10.6.1. Hand-held BIA
- 10.6.2. Hand-to-Foot BIA
- 10.6.3. Leg-to-Leg BIA
10.7. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) and Volume (Units) Forecast By End User, 2023 - 2030
- 10.7.1. Hospitals
- 10.7.2. Specialty Clinics
- 10.7.3. Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- 10.7.4. Rehabilitation Center
10.8. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Competition Landscape

11.1. Market Share Analysis, 2022
11.2. Market Structure
- 11.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
- 11.2.2. Competition Multiple Frequency Bioimpedance spectroscopy
- 11.2.3. Apparent Product Capacity
11.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
- 11.3.1. Tanita Corporation
  - 11.3.1.1. Overview
  - 11.3.1.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.1.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.1.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.1.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.2. Akern
  - 11.3.2.1. Overview
  - 11.3.2.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.2.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.2.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.2.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.3. Biodynamics Corporation
  - 11.3.3.1. Overview
  - 11.3.3.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.3.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.3.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.3.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.4. Bioparhom
  - 11.3.4.1. Overview
  - 11.3.4.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.4.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.4.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.4.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.5. Biotekna
  - 11.3.5.1. Overview
  - 11.3.5.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.5.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.5.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.5.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.6. Bodystat Ltd
  - 11.3.6.1. Overview
  - 11.3.6.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.6.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.6.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.6.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.7. Charder Electronic Co. Ltd
  - 11.3.7.1. Overview
  - 11.3.7.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.7.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.7.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.7.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.8. Evolt 360
  - 11.3.8.1. Overview
  - 11.3.8.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.8.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.8.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.8.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.9. Fook Tin Group Holding Ltd
  - 11.3.9.1. Overview
  - 11.3.9.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.9.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.9.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.9.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.10. InBody Co. Ltd
  - 11.3.10.1. Overview
  - 11.3.10.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.10.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.10.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.10.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.11. Lumsail Industrial Inc.
  - 11.3.11.1. Overview
  - 11.3.11.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.11.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.11.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.11.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.12. Maltron International
  - 11.3.12.1. Overview
  - 11.3.12.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.12.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.12.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.12.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.13. Omron Corporation
  - 11.3.13.1. Overview
  - 11.3.13.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.13.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.13.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.13.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.14. RJL Systems
  - 11.3.14.1. Overview
  - 11.3.14.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.14.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.14.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.14.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.15. Seca GmbH & Co. KG
  - 11.3.15.1. Overview
  - 11.3.15.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.15.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.15.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.15.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.16. SELVAS Healthcare Inc.
  - 11.3.16.1. Overview
  - 11.3.16.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.16.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.16.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.16.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.17. Sino-Hero
  - 11.3.17.1. Overview
  - 11.3.17.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.17.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.17.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.17.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.18. Withings
  - 11.3.18.1. Overview
  - 11.3.18.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.18.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.18.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.18.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.19. ImpediMed Ltd.
  - 11.3.19.1. Overview
  - 11.3.19.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.19.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.19.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.19.5. Market Strategy
- 11.3.20. Samsung
  - 11.3.20.1. Overview
  - 11.3.20.2. Segments and Product
  - 11.3.20.3. Key Financials
  - 11.3.20.4. Market Developments
  - 11.3.20.5. Market Strategy

12. Appendix

12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. Research Assumptions
12.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations