Data Center Interconnect Market Share, Size, Trends, & Industry Analysis Report: By End Use, By Type, By Application, By Region; Segment Forecast, 2025-2034

Description

List of Tables

The global data center interconnect market size is expected to reach USD 34.42 billion by 2034, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Data Center Interconnect Market Share, Size, Trends, & Industry Analysis Report: By End Use (Communication Service Providers, Internet Content Providers/Carrier-Neutral Providers, Government, Enterprises, and Others), By Type, By Application, By Region; Segment Forecast, 2025-2034" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.

The data center interconnect (DCI) market refers to the technologies, solutions, and services that enable the connection of multiple data centers across different geographical locations. This interconnection facilitates seamless data transfer, enhances disaster recovery capabilities, and improves overall operational efficiency.

The significant market growth is primarily driven by the increasing adoption of cloud computing, growing data center traffic, and the rising need for business continuity solutions. As enterprises continue to expand their digital footprint, the demand for high-capacity, low-latency connections between data centers has surged dramatically.

Major technology providers are competing for data center interconnect industry share, with companies focusing on innovations in optical networking, software-defined networking, and automation technologies.

Factors fueling market expansion include the proliferation of edge computing, the emergence of 5G networks, and the growing trend toward hybrid and multi-cloud environments. The market is also responding to increasing demands for energy-efficient solutions and enhanced security features as data sovereignty and privacy concerns become more prominent globally.

Data Center Interconnect (DCI) Market Report Highlights

By type, the product segment is expected to lead the DCI market during the forecast period due to growing need for fast and secure data transfer between data centers.

Based on end use, in 2024, the communications service providers segment accounted for the largest share. The rapid rollout of 5G networks has significantly increased the demand for robust and efficient DCI solutions.

North America dominates the market due to its strong ICT infrastructure, large data center clusters in cities such as New York and Los Angeles, and the early adoption of advanced technologies by businesses.

A few of the major key players in the market include Cisco Systems, Inc.; Juniper Networks, Inc.; Broadcom Inc.; Arista Networks, Inc.; Nokia Corporation; Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.; Mellanox Technologies (now part of NVIDIA); Ciena Corporation; Extreme Networks, Inc.; Fujitsu Limited; IBM Corporation; Infinera Corporation; Adtran; and ZTE Corporation.

Polaris Market Research has segmented the DCI market report on the basis of type, application, end use, and region:

By Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Products

Packet-Switching Networking

Optical DCI

Software

Services

Professional Services

Managed Services

By Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Real-time Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity

Shared Data and Resources/Server High-availability Clusters (Geoclustering)

Workload (VM) and Data (Storage) Mobility

By End Use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Communication Service Providers

Internet Content Providers/Carrier-Neutral Providers

Governments

Enterprises

Banking & Finance

Healthcare

Utility & Power

Media & Entertainment

Retail & E-commerce

Others

By Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

North America

Canada

Europe

Germany

France

Italy

Spain

Netherlands

Russia

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

Japan

India

Malaysia

South Korea

Indonesia

Australia

Vietnam

Rest of Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

Saudi Arabia

UAE

Israel

South Africa

Rest of Middle East & Africa

Latin America

Mexico

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

Product Code: PM2379

1. Introduction

1.1. Report Description
- 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.1.2. Market Scope
- 1.1.3. Assumptions
1.2. Stakeholders

2. Executive Summary

2.1. Market Highlights

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Overview
- 3.1.1. Data Mining
3.2. Data Source
- 3.2.1. Primary Source
- 3.2.2. Secondary Source

4. Global Data Center Interconnect Market Insights

4.1. Data Center Interconnect Market - Market Snapshot
4.2. Data Center Interconnect Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
  - 4.2.1.1. Rising migration to cloud-based solutions
  - 4.2.1.2. Increasing disaster recovery and business continuity requirements
- 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
  - 4.2.2.1. Capacity limitations
4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
- 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
- 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
- 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
- 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
4.4. PESTEL Analysis
4.5. Data Center Interconnect Market Application Trends
4.6. Value Chain Analysis
4.7. COVID-19 Impact Analysis

5. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type

5.1. Key Findings
5.2. Introduction
- 5.2.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
5.3. Products
- 5.3.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Products, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.3.2. Packet-Switching Networking
  - 5.3.2.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Packet-Switching Networking, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.3.3. Optical DCI
  - 5.3.3.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Optical DCI, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
5.4. Software
5.5. Services
- 5.5.2. Professional Services
  - 5.5.2.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Professional Services, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 5.5.3. Managed Services
  - 5.5.3.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Managed Services, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

6. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application

6.1. Key Findings
6.2. Introduction
- 6.2.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6.3. Real-time Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
- 6.3.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Real-time Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6.4. Shared Data and Resources/Server High-availability Clusters (Geoclustering)
- 6.4.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Shared Data and Resources/Server High-availability Clusters (Geoclustering), by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6.5. Workload (VM) and Data (Storage) Mobility
- 6.5.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Workload (VM) and Data (Storage) Mobility, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

7. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use

7.1. Key Findings
7.2. Introduction
- 7.2.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.3. Communication Service Providers
- 7.3.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Communication Service Providers, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.4. Internet Content Providers/ Carrier-Neutral Providers
- 7.4.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Internet Content Providers/ Carrier-Neutral Providers, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.5. Governments
- 7.5.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Governments, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.6. Enterprises
- 7.6.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Enterprises, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.2. Banking & Finance
  - 7.6.2.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Banking & Finance, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.3. Healthcare
  - 7.6.3.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Healthcare, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.4. Utility & Power
  - 7.6.4.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Utility & Power, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.5. Media & Entertainment
  - 7.6.5.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Media & Entertainment, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.6. Retail & E-commerce
  - 7.6.6.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Retail & E-commerce, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 7.6.7. Others
  - 7.6.7.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Others, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.7. Others
- 7.7.1. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Others, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

8. Global Data Center Interconnect Market, by Geography

8.1. Key Findings
8.2. Introduction
- 8.2.1. Data Center Interconnect Market Assessment, By Geography, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.3. Data Center Interconnect Market - North America
- 8.3.1. North America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.2. North America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.3. North America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.4. Data Center Interconnect Market - U.S.
  - 8.3.4.1. U.S.: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.4.2. U.S.: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.4.3. U.S.: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.5. Data Center Interconnect Market - Canada
  - 8.3.5.1. Canada: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.5.2. Canada: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.5.3. Canada: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.4. Data Center Interconnect Market - Europe
- 8.4.1. Europe: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.2. Europe: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.3. Europe: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.4. Data Center Interconnect Market - UK
  - 8.4.4.1. UK: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.4.2. UK: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.4.3. UK: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.5. Data Center Interconnect Market - France
  - 8.4.5.1. France: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.5.2. France: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.5.3. France: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.6. Data Center Interconnect Market - Germany
  - 8.4.6.1. Germany: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.6.2. Germany: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.6.3. Germany: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.7. Data Center Interconnect Market - Italy
  - 8.4.7.1. Italy: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.7.2. Italy: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.7.3. Italy: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.8. Data Center Interconnect Market - Spain
  - 8.4.8.1. Spain: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.8.2. Spain: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.8.3. Spain: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.9. Data Center Interconnect Market - Netherlands
  - 8.4.9.1. Netherlands: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.9.2. Netherlands: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.9.3. Netherlands: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.10. Data Center Interconnect Market - Russia
  - 8.4.10.1. Russia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.10.2. Russia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.10.3. Russia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.11. Data Center Interconnect Market - Rest of Europe
  - 8.4.11.1. Rest of Europe: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.11.2. Rest of Europe: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.11.3. Rest of Europe: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.5. Data Center Interconnect Market - Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1. Asia Pacific: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.2. Asia Pacific: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.3. Asia Pacific: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.4. Data Center Interconnect Market - China
  - 8.5.4.1. China: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.4.2. China: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.4.3. China: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.5. Data Center Interconnect Market - India
  - 8.5.5.1. India: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.5.2. India: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.5.3. India: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.6. Data Center Interconnect Market - Malaysia
  - 8.5.6.1. Malaysia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.6.2. Malaysia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.6.3. Malaysia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.7. Data Center Interconnect Market - Japan
  - 8.5.7.1. Japan: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.7.2. Japan: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.7.3. Japan: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.8. Data Center Interconnect Market - Indonesia
  - 8.5.8.1. Indonesia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.8.2. Indonesia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.8.3. Indonesia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.9. Data Center Interconnect Market - South Korea
  - 8.5.9.1. South Korea: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.9.2. South Korea: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.9.3. South Korea: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.10. Data Center Interconnect Market - Australia
  - 8.5.10.1. Australia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.10.2. Australia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.10.3. Australia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.11. Data Center Interconnect Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
  - 8.5.11.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.11.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.11.3. Rest of Asia Pacific: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.6. Data Center Interconnect Market - Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.3. Middle East & Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.4. Data Center Interconnect Market - Saudi Arabia
  - 8.6.4.1. Saudi Arabia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.4.2. Saudi Arabia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.4.3. Saudi Arabia: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.5. Data Center Interconnect Market - UAE
  - 8.6.5.1. UAE: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.5.2. UAE: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.5.3. UAE: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.6. Data Center Interconnect Market - Israel
  - 8.6.6.1. Israel: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.6.2. Israel: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.6.3. Israel: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.7. Data Center Interconnect Market - South Africa
  - 8.6.7.1. South Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.7.2. South Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.7.3. South Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.8. Data Center Interconnect Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
  - 8.6.8.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.8.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.8.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.7. Data Center Interconnect Market - Latin America
- 8.7.1. Latin America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.2. Latin America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.3. Latin America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.4. Data Center Interconnect Market - Mexico
  - 8.7.4.1. Mexico: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.4.2. Mexico: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.4.3. Mexico: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.5. Data Center Interconnect Market - Brazil
  - 8.7.5.1. Brazil: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.5.2. Brazil: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.5.3. Brazil: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.6. Data Center Interconnect Market - Argentina
  - 8.7.6.1. Argentina: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.6.2. Argentina: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.6.3. Argentina: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.7. Data Center Interconnect Market - Rest of Latin America
  - 8.7.7.1. Rest of Latin America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.7.2. Rest of Latin America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.7.3. Rest of Latin America: Data Center Interconnect Market, by End-Use, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

9. Competitive Landscape

9.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
- 9.1.1. Expansion
- 9.1.2. Acquisitions
9.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions

10. Company Profiles

10.1. ADVA Optical Networking SE
- 10.1.1. Company Overview
- 10.1.2. Financial Performance
- 10.1.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.1.4. Recent Development
10.2. Ciena Corporation
- 10.2.1. Company Overview
- 10.2.2. Financial Performance
- 10.2.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.2.4. Recent Development
10.3. Cisco Systems
- 10.3.1. Company Overview
- 10.3.2. Financial Performance
- 10.3.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.3.4. Recent Development
10.4. Cologix
- 10.4.1. Company Overview
- 10.4.2. Financial Performance
- 10.4.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.4.4. Recent Development
10.5. Colt Technology Services Group Limited
- 10.5.1. Company Overview
- 10.5.2. Financial Performance
- 10.5.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.5.4. Recent Development
10.6. Ekinops S.A.
- 10.6.1. Company Overview
- 10.6.2. Financial Performance
- 10.6.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.6.4. Recent Development
10.7. Equinix
- 10.7.1. Company Overview
- 10.7.2. Financial Performance
- 10.7.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.7.4. Recent Development
10.8. Extreme Networks, Inc.
- 10.8.1. Company Overview
- 10.8.2. Financial Performance
- 10.8.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.8.4. Recent Development
10.9. FUJITSU Ltd
- 10.9.1. Company Overview
- 10.9.2. Financial Performance
- 10.9.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.9.4. Recent Development
10.10. Huawei Technologies
- 10.10.1. Company Overview
- 10.10.2. Financial Performance
- 10.10.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.10.4. Recent Development
10.11. Infinera Corporation
- 10.11.1. Company Overview
- 10.11.2. Financial Performance
- 10.11.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.11.4. Recent Development
10.12. Juniper Networks, Inc.
- 10.12.1. Company Overview
- 10.12.2. Financial Performance
- 10.12.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.12.4. Recent Development
10.13. Megaport
- 10.13.1. Company Overview
- 10.13.2. Financial Performance
- 10.13.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.13.4. Recent Development
10.14. Nokia Corporation
- 10.14.1. Company Overview
- 10.14.2. Financial Performance
- 10.14.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.14.4. Recent Development
10.15. ZTE Corporation
- 10.15.1. Company Overview
- 10.15.2. Financial Performance
- 10.15.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.15.4. Recent Development