Global Autonomous Driving Policies & Regulations and Automotive Market Access Research Report, 2025-2026

Description

Research on Intelligent Driving Regulations and Market Access: New Energy Vehicle Exports Double, and "Region-Specific Policies" Adapt to Regulatory Requirements of Various Countries in A Refined Manner.

Currently, with the slowdown in domestic market growth, automobile exports have become a hot trend. According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM), from January to November 2025, China's total automobile exports reached 6.343 million units, a year-on-year increase of 18.7%, and is expected to hit a historic high of 7 million units for the full year, of which new energy vehicle (NEV) exports totaled 2.315 million units, a year-on-year surge of 102.9%, with NEV exports alone reaching approximately 300,000 units in November, a year-on-year increase of about 2.6 times, demonstrating robust growth momentum.

Meanwhile, Chinese automakers are accelerating overseas factory construction. For example, brands such as Geely, Changan, BYD, Xpeng, Chery, and Great Wall are deploying local production projects by way of joint venture establishment and technological cooperation with local brands. The planned production capacity of their overseas factories put into operation in 2025 alone exceeds 1.2 million units.

Therefore, analyzing global autonomous driving policies & regulations and automotive market access policies of various countries has become a key focus for major automakers and suppliers. According to policies formulated by international standardization organizations, global autonomous driving regulations mainly include basic, safety, intelligent driving function, test scenario, and other standards. In addition, there are technical standards developed by market-oriented institutions, which, although not legally binding, provide a key technical framework for communication, network, and safety required by autonomous vehicles.

Safety Standards Based on UN WP.29/ISO/SAE Standards

Global autonomous driving safety standards are divided into four categories:

The global vehicle functional safety standard system revolves around the international standard ISO 26262, and on this basis, forms a multi-level standard and regulatory framework combined with regulations of various countries. Currently, three main models are adopted globally to promote the application of regulations: ISO 26262 regulations (e.g., EU); national standards based on ISO 26262 (e.g., China); and ISO 26262 as a recommended standard (e.g., US).

The safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) of road vehicles aims to address safety risks caused by insufficient intended functions of vehicles or limitations in implementation methods. It is mainly applicable to advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that rely on complex sensors and algorithms for situational awareness and have significant safety impacts, such as automatic emergency braking, lane keeping assist, and adaptive cruise control, as well as L1-L5 autonomous driving functions. International standards include ISO/PAS 21448:2022 "Road Vehicles - Safety of the Intended Functionality" and UN R157. According to the plan of ISO/TC22/SC32/WG8 (the working group responsible for the SOTIF standard), in the future ISO 21448 will evolve around four major directions: "universality, AI adaptation, technological integration, and scenario improvement".

The international regulatory system for automotive cybersecurity has formed a framework centered on UN WP.29 regulations and supported by standards such as ISO/SAE 21434. UN R155 (Cybersecurity Management System) and UN R156 (Software Update Management System) are key regulations, implemented in 54 contracting parties. China aligns with them through the GB 44495 standard but with stricter requirements. GB 44495-2024 "Technical Requirements for Vehicle Cybersecurity" is China's first mandatory national standard for vehicle cybersecurity, to be implemented in 2026. It requires automakers to establish a full-lifecycle cybersecurity management system and strengthen data localization and encryption requirements.

Similar to vehicle cybersecurity, the international regulatory system for automotive data security is based on key regulations formulated by UN WP.29, with countries/regions supplementing and improving according to their own regulatory needs, forming a pattern of "international framework + regional adaptation". UN R155 and UN R156 are international key standards for global vehicle cybersecurity, serving as the "access threshold" for intelligent connected vehicles to enter the EU market. For example, Chinese automakers such as BYD and Xpeng must obtain UN R155/R156 certification to enter the EU market.

Standards and Regulations for L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Keep Improving

As a key watershed for the transfer of driving rights from humans to systems, the planning for on-road use of L3 autonomous driving (conditional driving automation) has become a core issue for the global automotive industry and regulatory authorities. Since 2025, major economies such as China, the EU, the US, and Japan have accelerated the improvement of regulations, technological implementation, and commercial pilots for L3 autonomous driving.

Globally, all countries currently promoting on-road use of autonomous vehicles focus on L3 autonomous driving, with no involvement of L4 autonomous driving systems yet; Japan and Germany are in leading positions in on-road use regulations for L3 autonomous driving and promotion; among automakers, Mercedes-Benz is the most radical in launching L3 autonomous vehicles; China's L3 autonomous driving regulations are relatively lagging, hindering on-road use of L3 autonomous vehicles.

In addition, there is no fully unified international law for L3 autonomous driving globally. However, relevant regulations formulated under the leadership of the UN World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UN/WP.29) have become the basic framework adopted and coordinated by major global automotive markets, such as the Framework on Automated/Autonomous and Connected Vehicles, UN Regulation No. 157 (UN R157) - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS), and UN Regulation No. 155 (UN R155) - Cyber Security and Cyber Security Management System.

In China, the implementation of L3 autonomous driving achieved a milestone breakthrough at the end of 2025, with two L3 production models approved for on-road use. BAIC Arcfox aS (L3 version) and Changan Deepal SL03 will pilot on-road use on designated highways and expressways in Beijing and Chongqing respectively, marking the entry of L3 autonomous driving into the stage of regulatory implementation -> pilot promotion -> commercial exploration.

In 2026, it is planned to realize large-scale commercialization of L3 autonomous driving, focusing on promoting "vehicle-road-cloud integration" (roadside units + vehicle perception + cloud computing), reducing the system's reliance on single-vehicle intelligence, and improving adaptability to complex scenarios. Currently, there is no dedicated national law on autonomous driving, but ministerial regulations, local legislation, and access pilots have provided legal space for limited commercial exploration of L3 autonomous driving, with restrictions mainly reflected in strict scenario constraints and liability definition.

In addition, global L4 autonomous driving is still in the stage of fixed-road testing and operation. There are global regulations defining L4 autonomous driving, and regional countries have issued their own guiding regulations, but the implementation rules and standards have not yet formed a system, and are formulated with typical functions as test priorities.

US L4 autonomous driving regulations present a two-tier system of "federal framework leadership + state-level differentiated implementation". At the federal level, policy guidelines clarify basic principles, while at the state level, specific rules are formulated according to local needs.

China's L4 autonomous driving regulatory system has formed a two-tier structure of national top-level design + local pilot exploration, covering core links such as access management, on-road use, safety assurance, and liability determination. It aims to balance technological innovation and safety regulations, promote the transition of L4 autonomous driving from testing to large-scale application. It is in a leading position globally.

With Region-Specific Policies" for Refined Adaptation, Global Automotive Market Access Regulations Focus on Environmental Protection and Safety

The main automotive market access management models globally are divided into the "self-certification" represented by the US and the "type approval" system represented by the EU, Japan, etc.

The US adopts a combination of self-certification and strict post-supervision, with parallel management of automotive product access divided into two parts: safety and environmental protection:

In terms of safety, it is managed by the US Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT/NHTSA), implementing DOT certification, which is a complete enterprise self-certification model. The government does not conduct pre-approval but implements strict post-supervision and random inspections.

In terms of environmental protection, it is managed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with EPA certification, which is in the form of government approval but incorporates a large number of self-certification elements.

In addition, California has independent CARB certification with stricter emission standards than federal regulations. The core feature of this model is that enterprises are fully responsible for their own products, and the government conducts tough post-supervision through a strict product recall system.

During Trump's two terms, US automotive industry regulations and policies have gradually strengthened the "US local production" friendly system. Meanwhile, NEV incentives have been terminated early, California's ban on fuel-powered vehicles has been revoked, and NEVs have been excluded from the CAFE fuel consumption evaluation system, with industrial policies shifting rapidly towards pragmatism and stability.

The EU, Japan, South Korea, and most ASEAN countries generally adopt a mandatory type approval system, where vehicles must be tested by government-designated or authorized technical service institutions and approved by government authorities before sale.

EU: The core is the Whole Vehicle Type Approval (WVTA), requiring vehicles to meet approximately 60 EU directives or regulations covering safety, environmental protection, energy efficiency, etc. After passing, they can circulate in all EU member states. Its management system also includes component E-mark certification, strict REACH regulations (chemical management), new battery regulations (requiring carbon footprint statements, battery passports, etc.), and End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) directives.

Japan: After October 2022, Japan officially passed an act to achieve mutual recognition of some items with EU certification. This means that the Japan's previous mandatory requirement for safety, emission, fuel consumption, and noise tests in Japan's whole vehicle type testing to be conducted by institutions designated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) is no longer mandatory, and instead can be replaced by EU-certified E-mark certification.

South Korea: It basically adopts the US model and experience, managing the safety and environmental protection of automotive products separately. Different government departments formulate and implement corresponding technical regulatory systems in accordance with legal authorizations, and conduct product certification and approval for automotive products according to technical regulations. In terms of safety, automotive products must comply with the Korean Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (KMVSS), and some components also need to pass mandatory KC certification.

ASEAN countries: There are significant differences in systems among countries. Thailand implements a "dual-track system" where UN ECE standards and Thai Industrial Standards Institute (TISI) run in parallel; Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam among others mainly adopt the Whole Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) system based on ECE regulations or national standards.

Product Code: JAF049

1 Global/China Autonomous Driving Organizations/Institutions and Major Regulations

1.1 Summary of Global Autonomous Driving Standardization and Market Access Regulations
Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Basic and Safety Standards (1)
Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Basic and Safety Standards (2)
Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Specific Autonomous Driving Function Standards
Summary of Major Global Autonomous Driving Regulations: Autonomous Driving Test Scenarios and Other Standards
Summary of Technical Standards of Global Autonomous Driving Industry
Summary of Global/Chinese Autonomous Driving Safety Standards
Europe - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
Europe - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
East Asia/Southeast Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
East Asia/Southeast Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
Central Asia/Middle East/South Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
Central Asia/Middle East/South Asia - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
North America/South America - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (1)
North America/South America - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations (2)
Other Regions - Summary of Automotive Market Access Regulations
1.2 Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations
List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (1)
List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (2)
List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (3)
List of Global Autonomous Driving Regulatory Bodies and Major Regulations (4)
ISO - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
ISO - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
UNECE WP.29 - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
UNECE WP.29 - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
SAE - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
IEC - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
ITU - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
UL - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
AEC - Summary and Trends of Core Autonomous Driving Regulations
1.3 Global Autonomous Driving Certification Bodies and Certification Regulations
EU (EN) - Summary of Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
EU (EN) - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
EU (EN) - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations: Coverage of Areas
ETSI - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
ANSI - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
5GAA - Autonomous Driving Certification Regulations
1.4 Automotive Safety Evaluation and Certification System
Distribution of Major Global NCAPs
List of Major Global NCAPs (1)
List of Major Global NCAPs (2)
List of Major Global NCAPs (3)
1.5 Chinese Autonomous Driving Technology Going Global
Differences in Driving Behavior of Autonomous Driving Users Worldwide
Global Road Condition Challenges: Taking Differences in European Roads as an Example (1)
Global Road Condition Challenges: Taking Differences in European Roads as an Example (2)
Global Road Condition Challenges: Corner Cases in European Lane Micro-Scenarios (1)
Global Road Condition Challenges: Corner Cases in European Lane Micro-Scenarios (2)
Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (1)
Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (2)
Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (3)
Supplier Certification/Overseas Layout (4)
1.6 International Certification Management
Global Autonomous Driving Technology Certification Regulations
Automotive Function Certification Process
Automotive Function Testing Institutions (1)
Automotive Function Testing Institutions (2)
Testing Capabilities of CAERI
1.7 Artificial Intelligence Regulations
Summary of Artificial Intelligence Laws in Major Countries Worldwide (1)
Summary of Artificial Intelligence Laws in Major Countries Worldwide (5)
US - Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence
EU - Cloud and AI Development Act (1)
EU - Cloud and AI Development Act (2)
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Top-Level Design (1)
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Top-Level Design (2)
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Artificial Intelligence+ Action Opinions
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Artificial Intelligence + Transportation
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - Artificial Intelligence + Transportation: Market Progress
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - National Standards (1)
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - National Standards (2)
China's Artificial Intelligence Regulatory System - National Standards: Core Standards of Foundation Model Security
1.8 Automotive Carbon Emissions/Carbon Footprint
Summary of Global Regulations (1)
Summary of Global Regulations (2)
Summary of Global Regulations (3)
Summary of Global Regulations (4)
EU Battery Regulation (1)
EU Battery Regulation (2)
EU Battery Regulation (3)
China's Automotive Carbon Footprint Regulatory System
Distribution of Carbon Trading Platforms in China
Chinese Carbon Trading Platforms - Carbon Exchanges/Trading Products/Trading Rules
1.9 Regulations on the Export of Used Cars from China
Regulations
Guidelines on Matters Related to the Application for Export Licenses for Used Cars and Modified Vehicles (Enterprise Version) (1)
Guidelines on Matters Related to the Application for Export Licenses for Used Cars and Modified Vehicles (Enterprise Version) (2)
Announcement on Matters Related to the Export of Used Cars
Application Process for Used Car Export in China
1.10 Data on the Export of New Energy Vehicles from China
Export Volume of New Energy Vehicles from China
Export Volume of New Energy Passenger Cars from China Far Exceeds That of Other Models
Strong Export Growth of PHEVs from China, 2023-2025
Distribution of China's New Energy Vehicle Export Destinations
Characteristics of China's Vehicle Exports
Distribution of China's New Energy Vehicle Export Destinations and Export Value

2 Global/China L2-L4 Autonomous Driving Development Planning and Major Regulations

2.1 Global L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Planning
Legal On-Road Use Planning
Major International Regulations
Guidance Documents by Country
L3+ International Regulations (Current)
L3+ Regulations Planned
2.2 L2 Autonomous Driving
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Development Trends of Global DCAS Regulations
Changes in Core Technical Requirements of Global DCAS
Global Certification Logic and Market Access

02 Series of Amendments to UN Regulation No. 171

DCAS Was Officially Necessary for Access to EU
Global DCAS Certification Requirements
Materials Required for Global DCAS Type Approval
Testing and Verification of Global DCAS Type Approval
Global UN R171 DCAS Certification
Global VS. China
China's Mandatory National Standards and Regulations (1)
China's Mandatory National Standards and Regulations (2)
China's Mandatory National Standards and Regulations (3)
Summary of Chinese Standards (1)
Summary of Chinese Standards (2)
2.3 L3 Autonomous driving
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (5)
Global - On-Road Use Planning Timetable
Global - Accident Liability Determination (1)
Global - Accident Liability Determination (2)
Global - Framework Document for Automated/Autonomous Vehicles Establishes Core Safety Requirements and Key Principles for L3 and Higher Automated/Autonomous Vehicles
Global - Framework Document for Automated/Autonomous Vehicles: Working Principles
UN Regulation No. 157 - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS)
UN Regulation No. 157: Main Test Items
UN Regulation No. 157: System Security and Fail-Safe Response Technical Requirements
UN Regulation No. 157: Requirements for Human-Machine Interface and Operator Information Technology
UN Regulation No. 157: Technical Requirements for Data Storage, Cybersecurity and OTA

01 Series of Amendments to UN Regulation No. 157 - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS) (1)

01 Series of Amendments to UN Regulation No. 157 - Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS) (2)

Road Test Application and Operation Regulatory Framework in China
List of China's Autonomous Driving Regulations
Production Vehicle Models in China
Autonomous Driving Planning of Chinese OEMs
China's Guidelines for Safe Transportation Services of Autonomous Vehicles (Trial)
China's Notice on Piloting Market Access and On-Road Use of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (1)
China's Notice on Piloting Market Access and On-Road Use of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (2)
2.4 L4 Autonomous Driving
Summary of Global Regulations (1)
Summary of Global Regulations (2)
Summary of Global Regulations (6)
Core of US L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations
China's L4 Autonomous Driving Industry Competition in 2026
China's L4 Autonomous Driving Development History and Future Trends
China's L4 Autonomous Driving Regulatory System
China's Administrative Measures for Road Testing and Demonstration Application of Autonomous Vehicles (Revised in 2025)
2.5 Summary of China's Autonomous Driving Technical Standards
Summary of China's Automotive Information Perception and Fusion Standards
Summary of L2 Autonomous Driving System Standards (1)
Summary of L2 Autonomous Driving System Standards (2)
Summary of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving System Standards
Summary of Automotive Connectivity Functions and Software Standards
2.6 Forecast for Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate in Chinese Passenger Cars
Forecast for China's Passenger Car Sales Volume and Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate
Forecast for Autonomous Driving Penetration Rate in Chinese Passenger Cars (Detailed)

3 Global/Chinese Major Autonomous Driving Products and Technical Regulation Layout

3.1 Autonomous Driving Classification and Definition
Global VS. China
Autonomous Driving Classification and Popularization Timetable
Summary of Definition, Classification, and Coding Regulations Worldwide
SAE's Autonomous Driving Classification Regulations
ISO's Autonomous Driving Terminology/Definition
Summary of Definition, Classification, and Coding Regulations in China
China's National Standard for Autonomous Driving Classification
China's National Standard for Autonomous Driving Terminology and Definition
China's National Standard for Autonomous Driving System Design and Operation Conditions
China's National Standard for Intelligent Connected Vehicle Marks
3.2 Road Vehicle Functional Safety
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations
Automotive Functional Safety + Artificial Intelligence
Global Development Trends
Changes in Global Core Technical Requirements
Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)
ASIL for Different Automotive Functional Hardware Worldwide
Safety Lifecycle
List of Chinese Standards
China's Multi-Standard Correlation
Chinese Standards VS. Global Standards
Chinese Chip Functional Safety Regulations (1)
Chinese Chip Functional Safety Regulations (2)
Chinese Chip Functional Safety Regulations (3)
China's Review and Assessment Methods
China's ASIL Determination Methods
3.3 SOTIF of Road Vehicles
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations
Global Development Trends
Changes in Global Core Technical Requirements
International SOTIF Standards (1)
International SOTIF Standards (2)
International SOTIF Standards (5)
List of Chinese Standards
Chinese SOTIF Standards
3.4 Automotive Cybersecurity
Global Regulations/Standard Systems
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
ISO/SAE 21434:2021 Road Vehicles - Cybersecurity Engineering
UN R155 VS. ISO 21434
UN/WP.29 R155
UN/WP.29 R155: Compliance
UN/WP.29 R155: Cyber Security Management System (CSMS)
UN/WP.29 R155: Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) (1)
UN/WP.29 R155: Vehicle Type Approval (VTA) (2)
UN/WP.29 R155: Review
UN/WP.29 R155: Latest Development and Regional Expansion in 2026
UN/WP.29 R156
UN/WP.29 R156: Certification Process Diagram
UN/WP.29 R156: Vehicle Software Upgrade
UN/WP.29 R156: SUMS (1)
UN/WP.29 R156: SUMS (2)
UN/WP.29 R156: Draft Amendments to the EU Vehicle Framework Regulations
UN/WP.29 R156: Review
Summary of Global/Chinese Standards (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Standards (2)
ISO/SAE 21434:2021 - Road Vehicles - Cybersecurity Engineering
ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Framework
ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Threats
ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Process Management (1)
ISO/SAE 21434:2021: Cybersecurity Process Management (2)
ISO/TR 4804:2020
ISO/TR 4804:2020: 12 Top-Level Security Principles
ISO/TR 4804:2020: Autonomous Driving Capabilities
ISO/TR 4804:2020: Minimal Risk Condition (MRC) and Minimal Risk Manoeuvre (MRM)
ISO/TR 4804:2020: General Logical Architecture
List of Chinese Standards
Chinese Vehicle Information Security Service Organizations
China's GB 444 Series Mandatory National Standards for Automotive Data Security
China's GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security: Overall Structure and Coverage
China's GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security: Information Security System Requirements
China's GB 44495-2024 Technical Requirements for Vehicle Information Security: Basic/Technical Requirements
China's GB 44496-2024 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Software Upgrades: Scope of Application
China's GB 44496-2024 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Software Upgrades: Standard Framework
China's GB 44496-2024 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Software Upgrades: Testing Procedure
China's GB/T 46194-2025 Road Vehicle Information Security Engineering
China's GB/T 44774-2024 Automotive Information Security Emergency Response Management Specification
China's GB/T 40861-2021 General Technical Requirements for Automotive Information Security
China's GB/T GB/T 40856-2021 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive Information Interaction Systems
China's GB/T 40855-2021 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Electric Vehicle Remote Service and Management Systems
China's GB/T 40857-2021 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Automotive Gateways
China's GB/T 41578-2022 Information Security Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems
China's GB/T 44778-2024 Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Information Security of Automotive Diagnostic Interfaces
Chinese Cybersecurity + Artificial Intelligence
3.5 Automotive Data Security
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
EU VS. US
Core Points of Global Data Anonymization
Core Points of Global Cross-Border Data Transmission (1)
Core Points of Global Cross-Border Data Transmission (2)
Global Mid-to-High-Level Autonomous Driving Data Export Compliance and Closed Loop
Main Types of Data in China's Automotive Industry
China's Data Security Regulatory Framework
Summary of China's Data Security Regulations
Definition and Classification of Automotive Data in China
Upgrades to China's Provisions on Automotive Data Security Management (Revised) in 2025
China's Provisions on Automotive Data Security Management (Trial) (1)
China's Provisions on Automotive Data Security Management (Trial) (2)
List of Chinese Standards
China's Basic Requirements for Spatiotemporal Data Security Processing of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
China's GB/T 44464-2024 General Requirements for Automotive Data
China's GB/T 44497-2024 Autonomous Driving Data Recording Systems of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (1)
China's GB/T 44497-2024 Autonomous Driving Data Recording Systems of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (2)
China's Notification on the Testing Results of Five Safety Requirements for Vehicle Data Processing
China's Key Requirements for Information Storage (1)
China's Key Requirements for Information Storage (2)
3.6 Regulations on Automotive Data Export
Transborder Data Flows - International Background
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
EU Data Export Regulations
US Data Export Regulations
China Data Export Regulations
3.7 Automotive HMI/Perception Assessment
Chinese Regulations
GB/T 45314-2025 Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Hands-free Calling and Voice Interaction of Road Vehicles
Test Equipment for Perception Function Assessment of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
3.8 Automotive Navigation Maps
Development Features
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
China's Regulations on Surveying/Mapping and Basemaps for Autonomous Vehicles (1)
China's Regulations on Surveying/Mapping and Basemaps for Autonomous Vehicles (2)
China's National Standards for Maps and Positioning
China's Security Requirements for Surveying and Mapping
China's National Geographic Information Standards System
China's Development Plan for Autonomous Vehicle Basemaps 2030
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap System
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Standard System (Updated) (1)
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Standard System (Updated) (2)
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Standard System (Updated) (3)
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Surveying/Mapping Qualification Application and Approval
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Cooperation with Qualified Units
China's Autonomous Vehicle Basemap Qualification Approval Cases
3.9 Chinese HD Maps
Summary of Regulations (1)
Summary of Regulations (2)
National Regulations: Advanced Autonomous Driving Maps
National Regulations: Incremental Updates of Autonomous Driving Maps (1)
National Regulations: Incremental Updates of Autonomous Driving Maps (2)
National Guiding Documents + Local Management Measures (1)
National Guiding Documents + Local Management Measures (2)
Shifting Focus to L4 and Above Autonomous Driving
Advanced Autonomous Driving Map Qualification Permit
3.10 AEB System (AEBS)
Global Regulatory Layout
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (5)
3.11 Lane Keeping Assist (LKA)
System Composition
Global Regulatory Layout
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (6)
3.12 Automotive Steering System
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations
UN Regulation No. 79
Overall Development Trends of Chinese Regulations
Changes in the Trends of Basic Regulations in China
China's Compulsory National Standard GB17675-2025 (1)
China's Compulsory National Standard GB17675-2025 (2)
China's GB/T 45829-2025 (1): Safety Requirements
China's GB/T 45829-2025 (2): Test Methods
3.13 Rear Collision Warning (RCW)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
GB 20072-2024 Rear Collision Safety Requirements for Passenger Cars
3.14 Side Collision
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (4)
GB 20071-2025 Occupant Protection in Side Collision of Vehicles
GB 20071-2025 VS. UN R95 VS. C-NCAP 2021 (1)
GB 20071-2025 VS. UN R95 VS. C-NCAP 2021 (2)
GB 20071-2025 VS. UN R95 VS. C-NCAP 2021 (3)
3.15 Driver Attention Monitoring System (DAMS)
Summary of Global Regulations
Chinese Regulations
EU Regulations
3.16 Advanced Driver Distraction Warning (ADDW)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Mandatory Regulations/Standards (1)
Mandatory Regulations/Standards (2)
3.17 Door Opening Warning (DOW)
China Promotes Global Regulations
3.18 Blind Spot Detection (BSD)
Architecture composition
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (1)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (2)
Summary of Global/Chinese Regulations (3)
3.19 Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration
Evolution of Global Communication Standards: Global Shift to C-V2X Is a Foregone Conclusion
Summary of China's Programmatic Policies
China's Five Ministries and Commissions Promote the Pilot Application of "Vehicle-road-cloud Integration" of Intelligent Connected Vehicles
Summary of Chinese Local Policies (1)
Summary of Chinese Local Policies (2)
Summary of Chinese Local Policies (3)
Summary of Chinese Local Policies (4)
Zhejiang Province's Intelligent Connected Vehicle Industry Development Action Plan (2025-2027)
Jinan's Pilot Construction Plan for Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration in the Starting Area of New and Old Kinetic Energy Conversion
Beijing Releases First Batch of Local Standards for Vehicle-Road-Cloud Integration

4 European Autonomous Driving Regulations and Automotive Market Access

4.1 Europe - Automobiles/New Energy Vehicles/Vehicle-to-Charging-Pile Ratio
Total Automobile Sales Volume
New Car Registrations by Country
EU Automobile Import
Vehicle-to-Charging-Pile Ratio
EU Charging Infrastructure
Charging Infrastructure (AC/DC)
Share of Battery-Electric Vehicles and Availability of Charging Piles
4.2 Automobile Production Bases
Automobile Production in Countries
Automobile Production Base Layout
Layout of Chinese Enterprises
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Vehicle Manufacturing)
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Batteries) (1)
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Batteries) (2)
4.3 Major Automotive Regulations
Summary of Major Automotive Regulations (1)
Summary of Major Automotive Regulations (2)
Summary of Major Automotive Regulations (3)
Evolution of Emission Regulations
Euro 7 Emission Regulations
EU Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
Revisions to EU Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
Main Revisions to New EU Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
4.4 Autonomous Driving Regulations
List of Regulations in Major Countries
Autonomous Driving Framework Regulations
Autonomous Driving Management Models
Autonomous Driving Policy Institutes
Unified CCAM Platform for Autonomous Driving
Evaluation Dimensions of Euro NCAP
Star Rating Standards of Euro NCAP
New Requirements of "Euro NCAP 2026"
Intelligent Connected Vehicle Roadmap (1)
Intelligent Connected Vehicle Roadmap (2)
Autonomous Driving Data Security Regulations
EU Autonomous Driving Technical Certification Regulations
List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (1)
List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (2)
List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (3)
List of Mandatory Regulations for Autonomous Driving Technology (5)
ELKS, LDWS
European Union (EU) Regulation 2024/2689
General Safety Regulation (GSR)
General Safety Regulation (GSR): ADAS
General Safety Regulation (GSR): List
General Safety Regulation (GSR): Revised Draft
4.5 Germany
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Autonomous Driving Regulations (1)
Autonomous Driving Regulations (2)
Autonomous Driving Access Certification Regulations
Autonomous Driving Legislative System
Autonomous Driving Legislation
Ethical Guidelines for Autonomous Driving
L4 Autonomous Driving Regulations
Special Regulations on Autonomous Driving Licensing And Operation Supervision
4.6 France
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Autonomous Driving Access Certification Regulations
AVEthics
New Energy Vehicle/Charging Station Planning
4.7 Hungary
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Autonomous Driving Access Certification Regulations
Company Registration Process
Autonomous Driving Framework Regulations
Autonomous Driving Data Security
Autonomous Driving Data Collection, Processing and Storage
5G and Communication for Autonomous Driving
ZalaZONE
4.8 Spain
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
ES-AV Program
Autonomous Driving
Automotive Development
4.9 United Kingdom
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Market Analysis
DRIVE35
GB Type Approval
Autonomous Driving Regulatory Framework
Automated Vehicles Act 2024
Automated Vehicles and Sanctions Systems
Autonomous Driving Roadmap 2025-2030
Legal Framework for Autonomous Vehicles
Wayve
Autonomous Vehicle Testing Projects (1)
Autonomous Vehicle Testing Projects (2)
Autonomous Vehicle Testing Projects (3)
Italy - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Netherlands - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Belgium - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Luxembourg - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Denmark - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Ireland - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Greece - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Portugal - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Austria - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Finland - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Sweden - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Poland - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Czech Republic - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Slovakia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Estonia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Latvia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Lithuania - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Slovenia - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Cyprus - Summary of Information on New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving Summary of information related to driving
Malta - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
Romania - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
Bulgaria - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving
Croatia - Summary of information related to new energy vehicles and autonomous driving

5 Automotive Market in and Access to East Asia/Southeast Asia

5.1 Japan
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy/Access Regulations
Detailed Rules for Vehicle Access Regulations (1)
Detailed Rules for Vehicle Access Regulations (4)
Autonomous Driving Regulatory Framework
Main Autonomous Driving Regulations and Organizations
Main Autonomous Driving Institutions and Organizations
Status Quo of Autonomous Driving Testing
Autonomous Driving Demonstration Test Projects
Development and Direction of Autonomous Driving Application Fields
Technical Progress of Autonomous Driving
Provisions of the Road Traffic Act on Autonomous Driving
Action Report and Policy on Realizing Autonomous Driving (Version 4.0)
Action Plan for Realizing and Popularizing Autonomous Driving (Version 5.0)
Driving Environment Classification for Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous Vehicle Service Classification
Vehicle Import Routes
5.2 South Korea
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Promotion Regulations
Latest Requirements for Automotive Cybersecurity and Software Upgrades
South Korea VS Global Automotive Cybersecurity/Software Update Regulations
L3 Autonomous Driving Standards
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025 (1)
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025 (2)
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025 (3)
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy in 2025
L3/L4 Autonomous Driving Planning
Automotive Certification System
Automotive Certification: Safety Projects
Automotive Certification: Environmental Protection Projects
Autonomous Driving Regulatory Agencies
Automotive Development and Regulations in Southeast Asia
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Vehicle Manufacturing) (1)
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Vehicle Manufacturing) (2)
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Vehicle Manufacturing) (3)
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Battery Manufacturing)
Overseas Investment Projects of Chinese Enterprises (Partial)
Automobile/New Energy Vehicle Sales Volume (1)
Automobile/New Energy Vehicle Sales Volume (2)
Automobile Sales Volume in Major Countries in 2025
Regional Automotive/Automotive Driving Market Development
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Regulations
Automotive Certification Regulations
5.4 Thailand
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Summary of New Energy Vehicle Related Regulations
Major Certification Bodies in the Automotive Industry
Automotive Industry Regulations
Measures Adjustment of EV 3.0 and EV 3.5
BOI Policy Supports the New Energy Vehicle Industry
Electric Vehicle Development Plan
Electric Vehicle Subsidy Incentive Regulations
Automotive Access Regulations
Type Approval Process and Standards
Imported Vehicle Emission Certification and Certification Process
Automotive Driving Project
Summary of Electric Vehicle/Autonomous Driving Going Global
Overview of ASEAN Automotive Production Base Development
5.5 Malaysia
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Electrification Strategy
Automotive Market Overview
Automotive Access Agencies
Automotive Access Regulations
Autonomous Driving Regulations
EEV Certification Requires L3 Autonomous Driving as Standard
5.6 Singapore
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Green Plan 2030
Autonomous Driving Layout of Chinese Enterprises
Automotive Certification Agencies
Automotive Certification Systems
Automotive Safety Standards and Regulations
Electric Vehicle Promotion and Subsidy Regulations
Autonomous Driving Regulations
TR 68 Guidelines
TR 68 Guidelines: Basic Behavior - Driving Strategies for Autonomous Vehicle Behavior
TR 68 Guidelines: Basic Behavior - Safe Distance & Vehicle Handling
TR 68 Guidelines: Safety & Cybersecurity Guidelines and Assessment Framework
TR 68 Guidelines: Vehicle Data Types and Formats
Autonomous Driving Operating Areas
Autonomous Driving Operating Project Assessment Methods
Autonomous Driving Standards Certification Center
Autonomous Driving Road Test Projects
Summary of Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Driving Going Global
5.7 Indonesia
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
List of New Energy Vehicle Regulations
Charging Facility Network Layout
Automotive Market Overview
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Process
New Energy Enterprise/Import Subsidy Regulations
Automotive Access Authorities
Automotive Technical Standards System
Vehicle Type Approval
Component Type Approval
Vehicle Type Approval Summary
5.8 Philippines
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
New Energy Vehicle Classification Regulations (1)
New Energy Vehicle Classification Regulations (2)
Automotive Market Overview
Automotive Related Access Regulations
Automotive Component Related Access Regulations
5.9 Vietnam
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Cửa khẩu Tan Thanh Autonomous Driving Project
Automotive Market Overview
Charging Infrastructure
Automotive-Related Access Regulations

6 Automotive Market in and Access to Central Asia/Middle East/SAARC

6.1 Automotive Development and Regulations in Central Asia
Overview of Automotive Industry in Five Central Asian Countries
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
EAEU's Automotive Technical Standard System
EAEU's Vehicle Certification Process
EAEU's Vehicle Certification Documents
EAEU's Vehicle/Component Certification Testing Items
EAEU's eCall System Based on GLONASS
ERA-GLONASS
EAEU's eCall System Based on GLONASS
6.2 Uzbekistan
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Characteristics of Automotive Industry Development
Chinese Enterprise Production Bases
Autonomous Driving Project
Export Certification Standards for Chinese Enterprises' Autonomous Driving
New Car Import Regulations
Used Car Import Regulations
6.3 Russia
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Export Certification Standards for Chinese Enterprises' Autonomous Driving
Related Regulations for Autonomous Driving
Status Quo of Autonomous Driving Testing (1)
Status Quo of Autonomous Driving Testing (2)
Autonomous Driving Projects
Overseas Investment Projects of Chinese Enterprises
6.4 Kazakhstan
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Chinese Enterprises' Production Bases
Chinese Enterprises' Autonomous Driving Export Certification Standards
Situation of Chinese Automobiles Going Global
6.5 Automotive Development and Regulations in Middle East
Middle East - Development of Chinese Independent Brands in the Middle East
Middle East - Layout of Chinese Enterprises
Middle East - Autonomous Driving Investment
Gulf Region - GCC Standardization Organization (GSO)
Gulf Region - GSO’s Standards and Regulations (1)
Gulf Region - GSO’s Standards and Regulations (2)
Gulf Region - Saudi Standards
Middle East - Automotive Access Regulations
6.6 Turkey
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Industry Development
Automotive Sales as of November 2025
Automotive Driving Regulations
Automotive Driving Access Permit
Foreign Trade Agreements
New Energy Vehicle Import Regulations
Charging Station Development
6.7 Iran
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Vehicle Type Approval
Vehicle Type Approval Process
Automotive Technical Standards System
6.8 UAE
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Development of the Driving Industry
Autonomous Driving Projects
6.9 Israel
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Autonomous Driving R&D
Automotive Autonomous Driving Companies
6.10 Automotive Development and Regulations in South Asia
Overseas Investment Projects of Chinese Enterprises
Layout of Chinese Enterprises
6.11 India
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Industry Standard AIS
Automotive Technical Regulations: Mandatory Airbag Regulations
Charging Infrastructure Regulations
Automotive Access Certification Regulations
Automotive Access Certification: Institutions and Processes
6.12 Pakistan
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Electric Vehicle Development
7 Automotive Market in and Access to North/South America
7.1 Automotive Development and Regulations in North America
NAFTA 2.0
NAFTA - Automobile Origin Rules
Production Bases of Chinese Enterprises (Vehicle Manufacturing)
Chinese Enterprises' Production Bases (Related to Battery Manufacturing)
7.2 USA
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automobile Sales Volume (2024-2025)
Changes in New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policies
CAFE Bill (1)
CAFE Bill (2)
New Energy Vehicle Development Planning
Layout of Chinese Enterprises' Production Bases
Software and Hardware Bans on Intelligent Connected Vehicles
L4 and Above Regulatory Procedures (AV-STEP)
Autonomous Driving Institutions
Free Trade Agreements with Other Countries
Autonomous Driving Policy Framework
AV 1.0~AV 5.0
List of Mandatory Technical Regulations
AEB Regulations
Status Quo of Autonomous Driving Testing
7.3 Mexico
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Overview of the Automotive Industry
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy
New Energy Vehicle Planning
Automotive Industry/Electronics Manufacturing Plant Construction
Plant Construction Plan of Chinese Enterprises
Layout of OEMs
7.4 Automotive Development and Regulations in South America
Introduction
Automotive Market Access Regulations
Overseas Investment Projects of Chinese Enterprises
Latin NCAP
Latin NCAP’s Testing Protocol
Latin NCAP’s Safety Assistance System Evaluation Method (1)
Latin NCAP’s Safety Assistance System Evaluation Method (2)
Latin NCAP’s Safety Assistance System Evaluation Method (3)
Latin NCAP’s Vehicle Model Evaluation (1)
Latin NCAP’s Vehicle Model Evaluation (2)
7.5 Brazil
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Market Situation (1)
Automotive Market Situation (2)
New Energy Vehicle Subsidy Policy
Chinese Enterprises' Factory Construction Plan
Automotive Regulatory Agencies
Automotive Certification System
Automotive Certification Process
Component Type Approval
Motor Vehicle Type Approval (1)
Motor Vehicle Type Approval (2)
Motor Vehicle Type Approval (3)
7.6 Chile
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Industry Overview
Automotive Sales
Vehicle Type Approval (1)
Vehicle Type Approval (2)
General Safety Regulations and Market Access Projects
7.7 Colombia
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Sales
Automotive Import Tariff Reduction and Exemption Regulations
Automotive Access Certification Regulations
7.8 Peru
Key Points of Electric Vehicle Law
Automotive Access Certification Regulations
Automotive Competitive Landscape
7.9 Argentina
New Energy Vehicle Policies and Sales
Automotive Market Characteristics
8 Other Regional Automotive Markets and Access
8.1 Australia
Summary of New Energy Vehicle Information and Autonomous Driving Testing Status
Automotive Driving Organizations
Automotive Certification System
Vehicle Type Approval Regulations
Vehicle Market Supervision Requirements
8.2 New Zealand
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
New Energy Vehicle Subsidies
Automotive Certification Regulations
Vehicle Access Regulations
8.3 Automotive Development and Regulations in Africa
Major National Policies and Planning
Automotive Competitive Landscape
Automotive Market Access Regulations
8.4 South Africa
Summary of Information Related to New Energy Vehicles and Autonomous Driving
Automotive Market Overview
Automotive Technical Standard System
Vehicle Type Approval
Summary of Vehicle Type Approval