PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1284200
PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1284200
Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Forecasts to 2028 - Global Analysis By Aircraft Type (Business Jet, Commercial Aircraft & Regional Aircraft), Technology (Recirculating Technology & Vacuum Technology), Component, End User & By Geography
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market is accounted for $1.62 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach $2.17 billion by 2028 growing at a CAGR of 4.9% during the forecast period. The lavatory is one of the most important interior elements in an airplane cabin; it must withstand high speeds and abrasion without leaking a drop. It must also be strong, consume the least amount of water feasible to lighten the aircraft, improve fuel efficiency, and endure frequent usage by passengers. From airline to airline and from aircraft to aircraft, lavatory designs differ. Its design has been continuously enhanced by manufacturers, who used new, cutting-edge materials to make it lighter. They also decreased the size of the restrooms without sacrificing passenger comfort.
According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), international passenger demand (RPK) decreased by 75.6%, and domestic passenger demand decreased by 48.8% in 2020.
Market Dynamics:
Driver:
Innovation and development of touch free aircraft lavatories
The airlines have begun putting in touch-free lavatory fixtures including foot-operated toilet flushing switches, infrared trash bins, and hand sanitizer dispensers. The airlines take hygienic measures by using intensive cleaning procedures, high-efficiency particle absorption HEPA filters, mask use, and social seclusion. The touch-free restroom is anticipated to be a component of the airline solution package. Major aircraft carriers are also intensifying their post-flight electrostatic sprayer bathroom cleaning operations. These effective initiatives are transforming the restroom system to a touch-free one.
Restraint:
Stringent safety regulations
To prevent property and environmental damage, human harm, and even death, the government has issued strict safety standards for airplane lavatory systems. The galley, the cabin, the restrooms, and the luggage hold all provide unique circumstances that occasionally call for different standards. The latest improvements in lavatory accessibility that follow standards come at a significant expense to the aircraft management. These rules are hindering the expansion of the segments.
Opportunity:
Technological advancements
The market for aircraft restroom systems is quite competitive. Gaining a revenue share requires both competitive pricing and advancements in component technology. With each passing year, aircraft lavatory systems get more sophisticated and include new features often. Significant industrial companies including Yokohama Aerospace, Asia Spirit, and The Nordam Group are heavily investing. This will probably accelerate the market's growth in the near future.
Threat:
Closure of jumbo jets
The jumbo-jets featured extra lavatories so that travelling was hassle-free. A COVID epidemic has led to the elimination of commercial jumbo jets like the Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 since the need for four-engine aircraft has decreased. The market's ability to grow is severely impacted by ceasing manufacture of commercial jumbo planes.
COVID-19 Impact:
The COVID-19 pandemic had a terrible impact on the market for airplane lavatory systems since air traffic had drastically decreased. Due to several airline's delays or cancellations of the aircraft purchases, the market for lavatory systems became unsure. As a result, there was an outrageous decline in the market for airplane restroom systems.
The recirculating technology segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period
The recirculating technology segment is estimated to have a lucrative growth. A waste tank with a flushing fluid inside is linked to the valve-controlled drain line of an aircraft's recirculating toilet system. This method eliminates all odours from the lavatory. Recirculated air and outside air are used to ventilate the cabin. The amount of ambient air has an influence on aviation's carbon footprint. Less danger and enhanced safety qualities are driving the segment's growth.
The OEM segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period
The OEM segment is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR growth during the forecast period. Many OEM firms are expanding their businesses through acquisition, and some are starting their own production facilities for certain of their parts and components. Companies are becoming more interested in creating their own supply chain networks for parts and components as they see the advantages of upstream and downstream supply chain control. This aspect is driving the segment's growth.
Region with largest share:
North America is projected to hold the largest market share during the forecast period. This region is home to the manufacturing facilities of major commercial aircraft air framers, tier players, sub-system and component suppliers, and raw material suppliers. This region has several topmost manufacturers. Boeing is the largest buyer of airplane lavatories in the area. It also has stringent regulations by regulatory bodies such as FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
Region with highest CAGR:
Asia Pacific is projected to have the highest CAGR over the forecast period. China and India are predicted to be the growth engines in Asia-Pacific. The most obvious factors responsible for the highest growth of the region are the rising demand for commercial aircraft to accommodate rising passenger traffic, along with the high focus on developing commercial and regional aircraft locally (COMAC C919) and the opening of manufacturing facilities by key players.
Key players in the market:
Some of the key players profiled in the Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market include Collins Aerospace, Safran Group, Yokohama Aerospace America, Inc, Boeing Company, Diehl Aerosystems, MAC Aero Interiors, JAMCO Corporation, AIM Altitude, The Nordam Group LLC, AeroAid Ltd, CIRCOR Aerospace and Defense, Inc, AVIC Cabin Systems, Euro Composites, HAECO Cabin Solutions and The Gill Corporation.
Key Developments:
In January 2022, The Boeing Company signed an agreement with Collins Aerospace to be the long-term provider of next-generation lavatories for the 737 family of aircraft. The new lavatory system optimizes the passenger experience, improves airline operability and helps pave the way for future technology integration.
In September 2021, MAC Aero Interiors started developing a new product line of touchless lavatories solutions. The Smart Touchless Lavatory aims to meet safety and trust for airlines and passengers.
Aircraft Types Covered:
- Business Jet
- Commercial Aircraft
- Regional Aircraft
Technologies Covered:
- Recirculating Technology
- Vacuum Technology
Components Covered:
- Toilet Assembly
- Plumbing System
- Waste & Water Tank Assembly
- Electric & Electronic Components
- Lavatory Cabin
- Other Components
End Users Covered:
- Aftermarket
- OEM
Regions Covered:
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Japan
- China
- India
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Qatar
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
What our report offers:
- Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Covers Market data for the years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2025, and 2028
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
Free Customization Offerings:
All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options::
- Company Profiling
- Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
- SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
- Regional Segmentation
- Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
- Competitive Benchmarking
- Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Preface
- 2.1 Abstract
- 2.2 Stake Holders
- 2.3 Research Scope
- 2.4 Research Methodology
- 2.4.1 Data Mining
- 2.4.2 Data Analysis
- 2.4.3 Data Validation
- 2.4.4 Research Approach
- 2.5 Research Sources
- 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
- 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
- 2.5.3 Assumptions
3 Market Trend Analysis
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Drivers
- 3.3 Restraints
- 3.4 Opportunities
- 3.5 Threats
- 3.6 Technology Analysis
- 3.7 End User Analysis
- 3.8 Emerging Markets
- 3.9 Impact of Covid-19
4 Porters Five Force Analysis
- 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
- 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- 4.3 Threat of substitutes
- 4.4 Threat of new entrants
- 4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market, By Aircraft Type
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Business Jet
- 5.3 Commercial Aircraft
- 5.4 Regional Aircraft
6 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market, By Technology
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Recirculating Technology
- 6.3 Vacuum Technology
7 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market, By Component
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Toilet Assembly
- 7.3 Plumbing System
- 7.4 Waste & Water Tank Assembly
- 7.5 Electric & Electronic Components
- 7.6 Lavatory Cabin
- 7.7 Other Components
8 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market, By End User
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Aftermarket
- 8.3 OEM
9 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market, By Geography
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 North America
- 9.2.1 US
- 9.2.2 Canada
- 9.2.3 Mexico
- 9.3 Europe
- 9.3.1 Germany
- 9.3.2 UK
- 9.3.3 Italy
- 9.3.4 France
- 9.3.5 Spain
- 9.3.6 Rest of Europe
- 9.4 Asia Pacific
- 9.4.1 Japan
- 9.4.2 China
- 9.4.3 India
- 9.4.4 Australia
- 9.4.5 New Zealand
- 9.4.6 South Korea
- 9.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 9.5 South America
- 9.5.1 Argentina
- 9.5.2 Brazil
- 9.5.3 Chile
- 9.5.4 Rest of South America
- 9.6 Middle East & Africa
- 9.6.1 Saudi Arabia
- 9.6.2 UAE
- 9.6.3 Qatar
- 9.6.4 South Africa
- 9.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
10 Key Developments
- 10.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
- 10.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
- 10.3 New Product Launch
- 10.4 Expansions
- 10.5 Other Key Strategies
11 Company Profiling
- 11.1 Collins Aerospace
- 11.2 Safran Group
- 11.3 Yokohama Aerospace America, Inc
- 11.4 Boeing Company
- 11.5 Diehl Aerosystems
- 11.6 MAC Aero Interiors
- 11.7 JAMCO Corporation
- 11.8 AIM Altitude
- 11.9 The Nordam Group LLC
- 11.10 AeroAid Ltd
- 11.11 CIRCOR Aerospace and Defense, Inc
- 11.12 AVIC Cabin Systems
- 11.13 Euro Composites
- 11.14 HAECO Cabin Solutions
- 11.15 The Gill Corporation
List of Tables
- Table 1 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Region (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 2 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aircraft Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 3 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Business Jet (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 4 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Commercial Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 5 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Regional Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 6 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 7 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Recirculating Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 8 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Vacuum Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 9 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Component (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 10 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Toilet Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 11 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Plumbing System (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 12 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Waste & Water Tank Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 13 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Electric & Electronic Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 14 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Lavatory Cabin (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 15 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Other Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 16 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 17 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 18 Global Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By OEM (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 19 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 20 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aircraft Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 21 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Business Jet (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 22 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Commercial Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 23 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Regional Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 24 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 25 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Recirculating Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 26 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Vacuum Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 27 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Component (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 28 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Toilet Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 29 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Plumbing System (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 30 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Waste & Water Tank Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 31 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Electric & Electronic Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 32 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Lavatory Cabin (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 33 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Other Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 34 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 35 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 36 North America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By OEM (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 37 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 38 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aircraft Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 39 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Business Jet (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 40 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Commercial Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 41 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Regional Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 42 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 43 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Recirculating Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 44 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Vacuum Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 45 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Component (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 46 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Toilet Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 47 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Plumbing System (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 48 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Waste & Water Tank Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 49 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Electric & Electronic Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 50 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Lavatory Cabin (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 51 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Other Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 52 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 53 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 54 Europe Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By OEM (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 55 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 56 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aircraft Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 57 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Business Jet (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 58 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Commercial Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 59 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Regional Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 60 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 61 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Recirculating Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 62 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Vacuum Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 63 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Component (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 64 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Toilet Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 65 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Plumbing System (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 66 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Waste & Water Tank Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 67 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Electric & Electronic Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 68 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Lavatory Cabin (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 69 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Other Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 70 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 71 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 72 Asia Pacific Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By OEM (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 73 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 74 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aircraft Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 75 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Business Jet (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 76 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Commercial Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 77 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Regional Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 78 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 79 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Recirculating Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 80 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Vacuum Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 81 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Component (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 82 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Toilet Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 83 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Plumbing System (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 84 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Waste & Water Tank Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 85 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Electric & Electronic Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 86 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Lavatory Cabin (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 87 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Other Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 88 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 89 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 90 South America Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By OEM (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 91 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Country (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 92 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aircraft Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 93 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Business Jet (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 94 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Commercial Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 95 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Regional Aircraft (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 96 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 97 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Recirculating Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 98 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Vacuum Technology (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 99 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Component (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 100 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Toilet Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 101 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Plumbing System (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 102 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Waste & Water Tank Assembly (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 103 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Electric & Electronic Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 104 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Lavatory Cabin (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 105 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Other Components (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 106 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 107 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By Aftermarket (2020-2028) ($MN)
- Table 108 Middle East & Africa Commercial Aircraft Lavatory System Market Outlook, By OEM (2020-2028) ($MN)
