Wood Flooring Global Market Report 2024

Description

Wood Flooring Global Market Report 2024 from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on wood flooring market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the coronavirus and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
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Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.

Where is the largest and fastest growing market for wood flooring? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The wood flooring market global report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

Scope

Markets Covered:

1) By Product: Solid Wood; Laminated Wood; Engineered Wood
2) By Distribution Channels: Home Centers; Flagship Stores; Specialty Stores; Online; Other Distribution Channels
3) By End Use: Residential; Commercial
Companies Mentioned: Mohawk Industries Inc.; Armstrong Flooring Inc.; Beaulieu International Group; Shaw Industries Group Inc.; Boral Limited
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Executive Summary

Wood flooring is a flooring product crafted from timber or various wood types, serving the dual purpose of providing insulation to the house and enhancing its aesthetic appeal.

The key products within the realm of wood flooring include solid wood, laminated wood, and engineered wood. Solid wood is a type of lumber directly derived from trees. These wood flooring products are made available through diverse distribution channels, including home centers, flagship stores, specialty stores, online platforms, and others. The end uses for wood flooring span both residential and commercial applications.

The wood flooring market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides wood flooring market statistics, including the wood flooring industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with wood flooring market share, detailed wood flooring market segments, market trends, and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the wood flooring industry. This wood flooring market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

The wood flooring market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $50.39 billion in 2023 to $53.48 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1%. The growth observed in the historical period can be attributed to several factors, including the aesthetic appeal and natural look of wood flooring, increased activities in housing construction and renovation, consumer preference for durable and long-lasting flooring options, heightened environmental awareness and a focus on sustainability, as well as shifts in interior design trends.

The wood flooring market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $67.56 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to several factors, including the rising demand for customization in wood flooring, increased adherence to green building standards and certifications, growing concerns related to health and wellness, the surge in e-commerce and online retail platforms, and economic factors influencing the construction industry. Key trends expected during the forecast period include a preference for wide planks and unique textures in wood flooring, a focus on customization and personalization, the popularity of reclaimed and vintage wood flooring options, an increased demand for engineered wood flooring, and a growing emphasis on green labeling and consumer awareness regarding sustainable and environmentally friendly choices.

The escalating demand for eco-friendly housing facilities is expected to drive the growth of the wood flooring market in the foreseeable future. Housing designs prioritizing eco-friendliness, including elements like roofing and flooring, contribute to sustainable living by utilizing materials that are environmentally benign. Wood flooring, being derived from natural sources, aligns with sustainable housing preferences. For example, the Realtors and Sustainability Survey Report in March 2021 revealed that 65% of surveyed real estate professionals in the US acknowledged the high value of energy-efficient features in properties. Over 50% recognized client interest in sustainability, with around one-third of respondents involved in transactions concerning homes with green or eco-friendly attributes. Hence, the surge in demand for environmentally conscious housing is a significant driver of growth for the wood flooring market.

The burgeoning construction sector is poised to be a driving force behind the expansion of the wood flooring market. Embracing diverse applications due to its versatility and aesthetic appeal, wood flooring remains a preferred choice in construction endeavors. The sector encompasses various activities related to infrastructure development, including buildings, roads, bridges, and utility systems. Reports from September 2021 by Oxford Economics indicated a global construction output of $10.7 trillion in 2020, projected to increase by 42%-a $4.5 trillion surge-to reach $15.2 trillion by 2030. This exponential growth underscores the pivotal role of the construction industry in propelling the wood flooring market forward.

Technological innovations emerge as a prominent trend driving evolution within the wood flooring market. Market leaders are harnessing innovative technologies to introduce cutting-edge products, consolidating their positions. A notable instance is Bjelin d.o.o.'s introduction of the hardened wood 3.0 floor range in April 2023. This updated line incorporates enhanced colors, formats, and technologies, including the revolutionary 5G Dry technology developed by Bjelin's sister company, Valinge Innovation. This water-resistant floor locking system ensures swift, hassle-free installation with a durable, sealed joint. Moreover, the range employs the patented Woodura technology, a sustainable method that creates real wood floors three times stronger than traditional counterparts while utilizing the same lumber volume, resulting in tenfold higher output. These innovative advancements highlight the industry's commitment to leveraging technology for enhanced wood flooring solutions.

Prominent companies in the wood floorings market are embracing innovative strategies to maintain their competitive edge. Notably, in September 2021, Cali Bamboo LLC introduced 'Legends,' a robust vinyl plank series designed to offer both realism and comfort. This new line features a substantial WPC core and a notable half-inch thickness, providing exceptional durability and a realistic appearance. Legends boasts 100% waterproof properties and employs a click-lock system for easy, glue-free or nail-free installation in various spaces. Equipped with a pet-friendly wear layer of 20 mil, it ensures ease of cleaning and heightened scratch resistance. Furthermore, being FloorScore certified for indoor air quality (IAQ) and supported by a 50-year home guarantee, the planks assure quality and longevity.

In a strategic move in May 2022, Bauwerk Group AG, a Switzerland-based parquet manufacturer, successfully acquired Somerset Hardwood Flooring, a US-based manufacturer of hardwood flooring products. This acquisition signifies a pivotal step for Bauwerk, intending to fortify its global footprint and bolster its market presence in the North American flooring sector. Through this merger, Bauwerk aims to leverage Somerset Hardwood Flooring's strengths to augment its offerings and solidify its position in the competitive North American market.

Major companies operating in the wood flooring market report are Mohawk Industries Inc., Armstrong Flooring Inc., Beaulieu International Group, Shaw Industries Group Inc., Boral Limited, Mannington Mills Inc., Tarkett S.A., British Hardwoods Flooring, Kahrs Group, E.P. Co. Inc., Wickes Ltd., Home Legend LLC, Somerset Hardwood Flooring Inc., Provenza Floors Inc., Doma Flooring GmbH, East Teak Fine Hardwoods Inc., Forestry Innovation Consulting India Pvt. Ltd., Frank A. Edmunds & Co. Inc., Greenlam Industries Ltd., AHF Products, UNILIN Group, CLASSEN Group, Pergo, Flooring Innovations, EGGER Group, HomerWood Laminate Flooring, Barlinek SA, Brumark Corporation, Goodfellow Inc., Bruce Evans Flooring LLC

Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the wood flooring market in 2023. The regions covered in the wood flooring market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.

The countries covered in the wood flooring market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain.

The wood flooring market consists of sales of composite wooden flooring, parquet flooring, bamboo flooring, and cork flooring. Values in this market are 'factory gate' values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Product Code: r13180

1. Executive Summary

2. Wood Flooring Market Characteristics

3. Wood Flooring Market Trends And Strategies

4. Wood Flooring Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Wood Flooring Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Wood Flooring Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Wood Flooring Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Wood Flooring Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Wood Flooring Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Solid Wood
Laminated Wood
Engineered Wood
6.2. Global Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Home Centres
Flagship Stores
Speciality Stores
Online
Other Distribution Channels
6.3. Global Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Residential
Commercial

7. Wood Flooring Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Wood Flooring Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Wood Flooring Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Wood Flooring Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Wood Flooring Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Wood Flooring Market

9.1. China Wood Flooring Market Overview
9.2. China Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Wood Flooring Market

10.1. India Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Wood Flooring Market

11.1. Japan Wood Flooring Market Overview
11.2. Japan Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.4. Japan Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Wood Flooring Market

12.1. Australia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Wood Flooring Market

13.1. Indonesia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Wood Flooring Market

14.1. South Korea Wood Flooring Market Overview
14.2. South Korea Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.4. South Korea Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Wood Flooring Market

15.1. Western Europe Wood Flooring Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Wood Flooring Market

16.1. UK Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Wood Flooring Market

17.1. Germany Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Wood Flooring Market

18.1. France Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.2. France Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.3. France Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Wood Flooring Market

19.1. Italy Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.2. Italy Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.3. Italy Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Wood Flooring Market

20.1. Spain Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.2. Spain Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.3. Spain Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Wood Flooring Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Wood Flooring Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Wood Flooring Market

22.1. Russia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Wood Flooring Market

23.1. North America Wood Flooring Market Overview
23.2. North America Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Wood Flooring Market

24.1. USA Wood Flooring Market Overview
24.2. USA Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Wood Flooring Market

25.1. Canada Wood Flooring Market Overview
25.2. Canada Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Wood Flooring Market

26.1. South America Wood Flooring Market Overview
26.2. South America Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Wood Flooring Market

27.1. Brazil Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Wood Flooring Market

28.1. Middle East Wood Flooring Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Wood Flooring Market

29.1. Africa Wood Flooring Market Overview
29.2. Africa Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By Distribution Channel, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Wood Flooring Market, Segmentation By End User, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Wood Flooring Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Wood Flooring Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Wood Flooring Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. Mohawk Industries Inc.
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Armstrong Flooring Inc.
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. Beaulieu International Group
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. Shaw Industries Group Inc.
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Boral Limited
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Global Wood Flooring Market Competitive Benchmarking

32. Global Wood Flooring Market Competitive Dashboard

33. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Wood Flooring Market

34. Wood Flooring Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

34.1 Wood Flooring Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
34.2 Wood Flooring Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
34.3 Wood Flooring Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
- 34.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
- 34.3.2 Competitor Strategies

35. Appendix

35.1. Abbreviations
35.2. Currencies
35.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
35.4. Research Inquiries
35.5. The Business Research Company
35.6. Copyright And Disclaimer