Social Media Advertising Market- Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028F Segmented By Advertising Format, By Platform, By Industry, By Region and Competition

Description

Global Social Media Advertising market is anticipated to grow during the forecast period due to innovation and new ad formats, increasing video content, and rise of influencer marketing.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Scope

The global social media advertising market encompasses a wide range of activities and opportunities for businesses to leverage the power of social media platforms for advertising and promotion on a global scale.

Market Overview
Forecast Period	2024-2028
Market Size 2022	USD 191.12 Billion
Market Size 2028	USD 320.54 Billion
CAGR 2023-2028	9.2%
Fastest Growing Segment	Influencer Advertising
Largest Market	North America

The market is influenced by emerging trends and innovations, such as AR/VR ads and personalized targeting. Compliance with regulations and policies is an important aspect of the market, ensuring adherence to data privacy laws and platform guidelines. Overall, the global social media advertising market provides extensive opportunities for businesses to connect with their target audience, build brand awareness, and achieve marketing success on a global scale.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Overview

The global social media advertising market is a rapidly growing industry that encompasses the use of social media platforms to promote brands, products, and services to target audiences. Social media advertising has become an essential component of digital marketing strategies, with brands and businesses leveraging the reach and engagement of social media platforms to connect with their target audience.

The market is dominated by major players such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, Snapchat, and TikTok, which offer various advertising options and tools to help advertisers reach their target audience effectively. Advertisers can leverage various ad formats such as image ads, video ads, carousel ads, sponsored content, and influencer marketing to create engaging and effective advertising campaigns.

The global social media advertising market is driven by several factors, including the increasing adoption of social media platforms, the growth of mobile advertising, the use of video content and live streaming, the integration of augmented reality and virtual reality technologies, and the rise of social commerce. However, the market faces challenges such as market saturation, the constantly evolving nature of social media platforms, ad-blocking technology, ad fraud, and brand safety concerns.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Drivers

The global social media advertising market has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years and is expected to continue to expand at a significant rate. There are several factors driving this growth. Firstly, the increasing use of social media platforms by people worldwide has resulted in a surge in social media advertising. Social media platforms have a vast audience base that advertisers can target with personalized ads. This allows advertisers to reach a broad and diverse audience, making social media advertising a popular choice for companies of all sizes.

Secondly, the rise in mobile device usage has made it easier for advertisers to reach their target audience as people spend more time on social media platforms on their smartphones. This has resulted in a shift in advertising budgets towards mobile advertising, including social media advertising. Advertisers can now target mobile users with personalized and relevant ads that fit seamlessly into the user's mobile experience.

Cost-effectiveness is the key driver of the global social media advertising market. Social media advertising can be more cost-effective than traditional advertising mediums, allowing small businesses and startups to compete with larger brands. Social media advertising offers flexible pricing options, including Cost Per Click (CPC) and Cost Per Impression (CPM), allowing advertisers to control their ad spend and optimize their campaigns for maximum results.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Trends

The global social media advertising market is influenced by several trends that are shaping the industry. One of the most significant trends is the use of video content in social media advertising. Video content provides an engaging and interactive way to reach audiences, and platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook investing heavily in video ad formats and tools to help advertisers create and deliver compelling video ads. As a result, video ads are becoming more prevalent on social media platforms, and advertisers are increasingly utilizing this format to capture the attention of their target audience.

Live streaming is another trend that is shaping the global social media advertising market. Live streaming on social media platforms has become a popular way for brands to connect with their audiences in real-time. Live streaming events, product launches, and behind-the-scenes content provide a unique and authentic way for brands to engage with their followers. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Instagram have introduced live streaming features, and advertisers are increasingly leveraging this trend to reach their target audience in new and exciting ways.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Challenges

One of the most significant challenges is the competition for audience attention. Social media platforms are saturated with content and advertisers need to find creative ways to capture the attention of their target audience. This challenge is compounded by the fact that consumers have become more discerning and selective about the content they consume, making it difficult for advertisers to break through the noise and connect with their audience.

As platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter continue to update their algorithms and ad formats, advertisers are required to stay up to date with these changes to ensure their advertising strategies remain effective. Additionally, social media platforms may change their policies around data collection and advertising, which can have a significant impact on how advertisers collect and use data for advertising purposes.

The rise of ad-blocking technology is another challenge faced by the global social media advertising market. Ad-blocking software allows users to block ads from appearing on their devices, and as more users adopt this technology, it becomes more challenging for advertisers to reach their target audience effectively.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Opportunities

The global social media advertising market presents abundant opportunities for businesses to connect with their target audience and achieve their marketing objectives. With a rapidly expanding user base across popular platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn, businesses have access to a vast pool of potential customers. Furthermore, the advanced targeting capabilities offered by social media platforms allow businesses to precisely reach specific demographics, interests, and behaviors, ensuring their ads are seen by the right people at the right time. The diverse range of ad formats, including display ads, video ads, and influencer marketing, enables businesses to create engaging and visually appealing content that resonates with their audience. Mobile advertising on social media platforms is particularly valuable as it taps into the growing number of smartphone users. The availability of detailed analytics and insights empowers businesses to measure ad performance, optimize campaigns, and drive better results. Additionally, the integration of social commerce features allows businesses to directly sell their products within the social media environment, streamlining the purchase process. Collaborating with social media influencers, leveraging real-time engagement, and exploring international markets further contribute to the wide array of opportunities available in the global social media advertising market.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Segmentation

The global Social Media Advertising market is segmented into advertising format, platform, Industry, and region. Based on advertising format, the market is segmented into sponsored ads, display ads, video ads, influencer advertising, and others like social media stories, native advertising, etc. Based on platform, the market is segmented into web and application. Based on the industry, the market is segmented into real estate, BFSI, healthcare, retail, media & entertainment, travel & tourism, and others like automotive, government, etc. The market analysis studies regional segmentation, divided into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa, and South America.

Global Social Media Advertising Market Company Profiles

Google LLC, Meta Platforms, Inc., Twitter, Inc., ByteDance Ltd. (TikTok), Snap Inc., Pinterest, Inc., LinkedIn Corporation, Tencent Holdings Ltd., Weibo Corporation, and Kakao Co., Ltd. etc. are the market players in the global Social Media advertising market during the forecast period.

Report Scope:

In this report, the global Social Media Advertising market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

Social Media Advertising Market, By Advertising Format:

Sponsored Ads
Display Ads
Video Ads
Influencer Advertising
Others

Social Media Advertising Market, By Platform:

Web
Application

Social Media Advertising Market, By Industry:

Real Estate
BFSI
Healthcare
Retail
Media & Entertainment
Travel & Tourism
Others

Social Media Advertising Market, By Region:

Asia-Pacific
- China
- India
- Japan
- South Korea
- Australia

North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico

Europe
- Germany
- France
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Spain

Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- South Africa
- Turkey

South America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Colombia

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the global Social Media Advertising market.

Available Customizations:

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

1. Introduction

1.1. Market Overview
1.2. Key Highlights of the Report
1.3. Market Coverage
1.4. Market Segments Covered
1.5. Research Tenure Considered

2. Research Methodology

2.1. Objective of the Study
2.2. Baseline Methodology
2.3. Key Industry Partners
2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
2.5. Forecasting Methodology
2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

3.1. Market Overview
3.2. Market Forecast
3.3. Key Regions
3.4. Key Segments

4. Voice of Customer Analysis

4.1. Platform Preference
4.2. Frequency of Advertisement
4.3. Preferred Advertising Format

5. Global Social Media Advertising Market Outlook

5.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 5.1.1. By Value
5.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis (Sponsored Ads, Display Ads, Video Ads, Influencer Advertising, And Others (Social Media Stories, Native Advertising, etc.))
- 5.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis (Web and Application)
- 5.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis (Real Estate, BFSI, Healthcare, Retail, Media & Entertainment, Travel & Tourism, Others (Automotive, Government, etc.))
- 5.2.4. By Regional Market Share Analysis
  - 5.2.4.1. Asia-Pacific Market Share Analysis
  - 5.2.4.2. North America Market Share Analysis
  - 5.2.4.3. Europe Market Share Analysis
  - 5.2.4.4. Middle East & Africa Market Share Analysis
  - 5.2.4.5. South America Market Share Analysis
- 5.2.5. By Top 5 Companies Market Share Analysis, Others (2022)
5.3. Global Social Media Advertising Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
- 5.3.1. By Advertising Format Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
- 5.3.2. By Platform Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
- 5.3.3. By Industry Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment
- 5.3.4. By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

6. Asia-Pacific Social Media Advertising Market Outlook

6.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 6.1.1. By Value
6.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
- 6.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
- 6.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
- 6.2.4. By Country Market Share Analysis
  - 6.2.4.1. China Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 6.2.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.1.1.1. By Value
    - 6.2.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.1.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.1.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.1.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 6.2.4.2. India Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 6.2.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.2.1.1. By Value
    - 6.2.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.2.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.2.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.2.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 6.2.4.3. Japan Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 6.2.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.3.1.1. By Value
    - 6.2.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.3.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.3.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.3.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 6.2.4.4. South Korea Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 6.2.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.4.1.1. By Value
    - 6.2.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.4.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.4.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.4.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 6.2.4.5. Australia Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 6.2.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.5.1.1. By Value
    - 6.2.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 6.2.4.5.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.5.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 6.2.4.5.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis

7. North America Social Media Advertising Market Outlook

7.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 7.1.1. By Value
7.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
- 7.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
- 7.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
- 7.2.4. By Country Market Share Analysis
  - 7.2.4.1. United States Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 7.2.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.2.4.1.1.1. By Value
    - 7.2.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.2.4.1.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 7.2.4.1.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 7.2.4.1.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 7.2.4.2. Canada Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 7.2.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.2.4.2.1.1. By Value
    - 7.2.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.2.4.2.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 7.2.4.2.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 7.2.4.2.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 7.2.4.3. Mexico Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 7.2.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 7.2.4.3.1.1. By Value
    - 7.2.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 7.2.4.3.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 7.2.4.3.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 7.2.4.3.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis

8. Europe Social Media Advertising Market Outlook

8.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 8.1.1. By Value
8.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 8.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
- 8.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
- 8.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
- 8.2.4. By Country Market Share Analysis
  - 8.2.4.1. Germany Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 8.2.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.1.1.1. By Value
    - 8.2.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.1.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.1.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.1.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 8.2.4.2. France Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 8.2.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.2.1.1. By Value
    - 8.2.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.2.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.2.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.2.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 8.2.4.3. United Kingdom Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 8.2.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.3.1.1. By Value
    - 8.2.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.3.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.3.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.3.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 8.2.4.4. Italy Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 8.2.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.4.1.1. By Value
    - 8.2.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.4.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.4.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.4.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 8.2.4.5. Spain Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 8.2.4.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.5.1.1. By Value
    - 8.2.4.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 8.2.4.5.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.5.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 8.2.4.5.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis

9. Middle East & Africa Social Media Advertising Market Outlook

9.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 9.1.1. By Value
9.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 9.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
- 9.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
- 9.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
- 9.2.4. By Country Market Share Analysis
  - 9.2.4.1. Saudi Arabia Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 9.2.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.1.1.1. By Value
    - 9.2.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.1.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.1.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.1.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 9.2.4.2. UAE Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 9.2.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.2.1.1. By Value
    - 9.2.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.2.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.2.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.2.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 9.2.4.3. South Africa Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 9.2.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.3.1.1. By Value
    - 9.2.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.3.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.3.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.3.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 9.2.4.4. Turkey Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 9.2.4.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.4.1.1. By Value
    - 9.2.4.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 9.2.4.4.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.4.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 9.2.4.4.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis

10. South America Social Media Advertising Market Outlook

10.1. Market Size & Forecast
- 10.1.1. By Value
10.2. Market Share & Forecast
- 10.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
- 10.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
- 10.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
- 10.2.4. By Country Market Share Analysis
  - 10.2.4.1. Brazil Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 10.2.4.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.2.4.1.1.1. By Value
    - 10.2.4.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.2.4.1.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 10.2.4.1.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 10.2.4.1.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 10.2.4.2. Colombia Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 10.2.4.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.2.4.2.1.1. By Value
    - 10.2.4.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.2.4.2.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 10.2.4.2.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 10.2.4.2.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis
  - 10.2.4.3. Argentina Social Media Advertising Market Outlook
    - 10.2.4.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
    - 10.2.4.3.1.1. By Value
    - 10.2.4.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
    - 10.2.4.3.2.1. By Advertising Format Market Share Analysis
    - 10.2.4.3.2.2. By Platform Market Share Analysis
    - 10.2.4.3.2.3. By Industry Market Share Analysis

11. Market Dynamics

11.1. Drivers
- 11.1.1. Advanced Analytics
- 11.1.2. Mobile Advertising
- 11.1.3. Growing Use of Social Media
11.2. Challenges
- 11.2.1. Ad Blockers
- 11.2.2. Ad Fraud

12. Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Social Media Advertising Market

13. Market Trends & Developments

13.1. Personalization and Targeting
13.2. Programmatic Advertising
13.3. Video Advertising
13.4. Use of Artificial Intelligence
13.5. Influencer Marketing

14. Porter's Five Forces Model

14.1. Competitive Rivalry
14.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
14.3. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
14.4. Threat of New Entrants
14.5. Threat of Substitutes

15. SWOT Analysis

15.1. Strengths
15.2. Weaknesses
15.3. Opportunities
15.4. Threats

16. Competitive Landscape

16.1. Company Profiles
- 16.1.1. Google LLC
  - 16.1.1.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.1.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.1.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.1.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.1.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.1.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.2. Meta Platforms, Inc.
  - 16.1.2.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.2.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.2.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.2.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.2.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.2.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.3. Snap Inc.
  - 16.1.3.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.3.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.3.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.3.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.3.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.3.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.4. Twitter, Inc.
  - 16.1.4.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.4.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.4.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.4.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.4.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.4.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.5. Pinterest, Inc.
  - 16.1.5.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.5.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.5.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.5.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.5.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.5.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.6. LinkedIn Corporation
  - 16.1.6.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.6.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.6.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.6.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.6.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.6.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.7. Tencent Holdings Ltd.
  - 16.1.7.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.7.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.7.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.7.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.7.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.7.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.8. Weibo Corporation
  - 16.1.8.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.8.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.8.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.8.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.8.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.8.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.9. Kakao Co., Ltd.
  - 16.1.9.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.9.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.9.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.9.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.9.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.9.6. Key Management Personnel
- 16.1.10. ByteDance Ltd. (TikTok)
  - 16.1.10.1. Company Details
  - 16.1.10.2. Product & Services
  - 16.1.10.3. Financials (As Per Availability)
  - 16.1.10.4. Key Market Focus & Geographical Presence
  - 16.1.10.5. Recent Developments
  - 16.1.10.6. Key Management Personnel

17. Strategic Recommendations/Action Plan

17.1. Key Focus Areas
17.2. Target Region

18. About Us & Disclaimer

(Note: The companies list can be customized based on the client requirements.)