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PUBLISHER: Arizton Advisory & Intelligence | PRODUCT CODE: 1253494

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PUBLISHER: Arizton Advisory & Intelligence | PRODUCT CODE: 1253494

Membrane Bioreactor Market - Global Outlook & Forecast 2023-2028

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The global membrane bioreactors market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.94% during 2022 to 2028

MARKET TRENDS AND DRIVERS

Increasing MBR Installations Due to Growing Urbanization

Growing urbanization affects the environment by diminishing the availability of resources due to population growth. It causes health complications due to pollution and congested living conditions. Water quality in urban areas is also low due to factory waste. Therefore, clean water has become the key objective in urban areas, boosting the demand for membrane bioreactors. With increasing awareness of the harmful effects of contaminated water, the demand for membrane bioreactors in water treatment systems is expected to rise. Moreover, increasing urbanization has increased the global demand for energy and water. With increasing production from power plants, the emission of effluents into water bodies needs to be under control, increasing the installation of membrane bioreactors. Following this, the membrane bioreactors market is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.

Limited Availability of Clean Water

The limited availability of clean water, one of the most crucial global challenges, presents a major threat to economic growth, ecosystem health, and water security. The challenge of supplying sufficient and safe drinking water is further complicated due to climate change and the pressure of industrialization and economic development. The industrial and public sectors consume significant amounts of freshwater while generating huge quantities of wastewater. If improperly treated, wastewater emission into the aquatic environment causes pollution, affecting public health and marine ecosystems. Due to the increasing demand for water, recycling, and wastewater recovery have become popular trends. Wastewater reuse reduces the volume and environmental threat of released wastewater and lowers the pressure on the ecosystem driven by freshwater withdrawal. A membrane bioreactor is a wastewater management technology that reduces wastewater emission and increases water usage efficiency, thus balancing preserving aquatic environments and exploiting freshwater resources.

INDUSTRY RESTRAINTS

High Capital & Operational Cost of MBRs

Utilizing membrane bioreactors (MBR) for new installations enables higher wastewater flow or improved treatment performance in a smaller space than a conventional design, i.e., a facility that utilizes sand filters and secondary clarifiers. Historically, membranes have been used for smaller-flow systems due to the soaring capital cost of the equipment and high operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. At present, however, there is an increased use in larger systems. Membrane bioreactor systems are appropriate for certain commercial and industrial applications. The high-quality effluent generated by membrane bioreactors makes it suitable for reuse and surface water emission applications necessitating extensive nutrients such as phosphorus removal. However, systems operating costs are also higher for membrane bioreactors due to the higher energy costs associated with sourcing to reduce membrane fouling, acting as a barrier to the growth of the membrane bioreactors market.

SEGMENTATION INSIGHTS

INSIGHTS BY MEMBRANE TYPE

The global membrane bioreactors market by membrane type is segmented as hollow fiber, flat sheet, and multi-tubular. In 2022, the hollow fiber segment held the largest market share and dominated the membrane-type segment. Further, hollow fiber is estimated to be the most swiftly developing segment during the forecast period. Hollow fiber (HF) configurations comprise one of the three major configurations for membrane bioreactor technology. Hollow fiber membranes are almost always vertically oriented, with the aerators fitted to the frame or integrated with the membrane module. The fibers are generally offered with some slack to enable them to move laterally in the flow of air bubbles to airlift the sludge across the fiber bundle. Hollow fiber membranes are used almost entirely in immersed MBRs for municipal and industrial applications. They are mostly used in large installations based on their lower membrane aeration energy demand. Hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors (HFB) are used for culturing highly metabolic cells, especially hepatocytes, that require improved mass transfer compared to other cell types.

Segmentation by Membrane Type

  • Hollow Fiber
  • Flat Sheet
  • Multi-Tubular

INSIGHTS BY SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

The submerged system configuration segment dominated the global membrane bioreactors market, accounting for a market share of over 57% in 2022. Submerged membrane bioreactors use a promising technology for water reclamation and wastewater treatment. It is a type of membrane bioreactor where two processes, separation and chemical reactions, occur simultaneously to produce a synergistic effect. This technology is employed in wastewater treatment for its lower sludge production and better effluent quality than conventional activated sludge processes.

Segmentation by System Configuration

  • Submerged
  • Side Stream

INSIGHTS BY APPLICATION

The municipal application segment held the largest global membrane bioreactors market share in 2022. Globally, population growth has increased the demand for treated water. The scarcity of water resources has increased the demand for water recycling and water treatment services. Most of the wastewater treatment capacity offered by membrane bioreactors is for municipal wastewater treatment, as the overall flow of sewage is larger than that of industrial effluent. Municipal wastewater is usually treated to fulfill the statutory requirements for discharge into environmental waters.

Segmentation by Application

  • Municipal
  • Industrial

INSIGHTS BY SYSTEM TYPE

The global membrane bioreactors market by system type is segmented into gravity-based and pressure-driven. In 2022, the gravity-based segment held the largest share of the market. Gravity-based systems are immersed and usually utilize flat sheet or hollow fiber membranes equipped in bioreactors or subsequent membrane tanks. Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration is one of the most favorable membrane bioreactor configurations and runs at an ultra-low pressure by gravity, needing minimum energy. It can treat different types of water, including diluted wastewater and surface water, with varying contaminant levels. It also primarily reveals attractive potential in water reuse or seawater pre-treatment.

Segmentation by System Type

  • Gravity-based
  • Pressure-driven

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

The APAC region was the largest market for membrane bioreactors in 2022, accounting for over 39% of the global membrane bioreactors market share. Due to the increasing adoption of technically advanced products in the region, the region is expected to witness exponential growth during the forecast period. Rapid urbanization due to the migration of people from rural to urban areas is improving the standard of living in countries such as India, which offers various opportunities to expand the market in the country. Growing investments by the public sector in developing existing water and wastewater treatment systems with membrane bioreactor technology are also boosting market growth.

Segmentation by Geography

  • APAC
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • South Korea
    • Australia
  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
  • Latin America
    • Brazil
    • Mexico
  • Middle East & Africa
    • GCC
    • South Africa

COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

The global membrane bioreactors (MBR) market is fairly fragmented, with many small and medium-sized manufacturers accounting for a major industry share. Major vendors are adopting innovative technologies to retain their position. Over the last few years, the industry has witnessed several acquisitions, strengthening companies' ability to offer multiple technologies and comprehensive solutions. However, the market is dominated by large players holding a significant industry share. Prominent players with a dominant presence in the global membrane bioreactors market include Evoqua Water Technologies, KUBOTA Corporation, Mitsubishi Chemical Aqua Solutions, and Veolia.

Key Vendors

  • Evoqua Water Technologies
  • KUBOTA Corporation
  • Mitsubishi Chemical Aqua Solutions
  • Veolia

Other Prominent Vendors

  • Alfa Laval
  • Aquatech International
  • Asahi Kasei
  • BioprocessH2O
  • CITIC Envirotech
  • Culligan
  • HUBER SE
  • Koch Separation Solutions
  • Newterra
  • Pall Corporation
  • Parkson Corporation
  • Pentair
  • Saur
  • Siemens
  • Toray Industries
  • WEHRLE
  • Ovivo
  • Smith & Loveless
  • Lenntech
  • DuPont
  • Hinada
  • MANN+HUMMEL
  • MARTIN Membrane Systems
  • Sanitherm
  • Sumitomo Electric Industries
  • Triqua International

KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED:

  • 1. How big is the membrane bioreactors market?
  • 2. What is the growth rate of the global membrane bioreactors market?
  • 3. Who are the key players in the global membrane bioreactors (MBR) market?
  • 4. Which region holds the leading global membrane bioreactors market share?
  • 5. What are the rising trends in the membrane bioreactors market?
Product Code: ARZ230317

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

3 RESEARCH PROCESS

4 SCOPE & COVERAGE

  • 4.1 MARKET DEFINITION
    • 4.1.1 INCLUSIONS
    • 4.1.2 EXCLUSIONS
    • 4.1.3 MARKET ESTIMATION CAVEATS
  • 4.2 BASE YEAR
  • 4.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
  • 4.4 MARKET SEGMENTS
    • 4.4.1 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 4.4.2 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 4.4.3 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY APPLICATION
    • 4.4.4 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY TYPE OF SYSTEM
    • 4.4.5 MARKET SEGMENTATION BY GEOGRAPHY

5 REPORT ASSUMPTIONS & CAVEATS

  • 5.1 KEY CAVEATS
  • 5.2 CURRENCY CONVERSION
  • 5.3 MARKET DERIVATION

6 MARKET AT A GLANCE

7 PREMIUM INSIGHTS

  • 7.1 MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 7.2 MARKET DYNAMICS: KEY TRENDS, DRIVERS, AND RESTRAINTS
    • 7.2.1 MARKET TRENDS
    • 7.2.2 MARKET ENABLERS
    • 7.2.3 MARKET RESTRAINTS
  • 7.3 SEGMENT ANALYSIS
  • 7.4 GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
  • 7.5 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE
  • 7.6 ABOUT THE REPORT

8 INTRODUCTION

  • 8.1 OVERVIEW
    • 8.1.1 BENEFITS OF MBR OVER CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
  • 8.2 COMPONENTS OF MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS
  • 8.3 MBR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
    • 8.3.1 NUTRIENT REMOVAL
    • 8.3.2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESS PARAMETERS IN MBRS
  • 8.4 MBR COSTS OVERVIEW
  • 8.5 MEMBRANES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
    • 8.5.1 TRENDS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT INDUSTRY
  • 8.6 GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS

9 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES & TRENDS

  • 9.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR HIGH-QUALITY EFFLUENTS
  • 9.2 INCREASING MBR INSTALLATIONS DUE TO GROWING URBANIZATION
  • 9.3 ADVANCES IN MBR TECHNOLOGY

10 MARKET GROWTH ENABLERS

  • 10.1 LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF CLEAN WATER
  • 10.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF STRINGENT ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
  • 10.3 GROWING DEMAND FOR HOSPITAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
  • 10.4 RISING CONCERN REGARDING WATERBORNE DISEASES

11 MARKET RESTRAINTS

  • 11.1 HIGH CAPITAL & OPERATIONAL COST OF MBRS
  • 11.2 ADVANCED SYSTEMS REQUIRE SKILLED WORKFORCE
  • 11.3 MEMBRANE FOULING

12 MARKET LANDSCAPE

  • 12.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 12.2 FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS
    • 12.2.1 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
    • 12.2.2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS
    • 12.2.3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS
    • 12.2.4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES
    • 12.2.5 COMPETITIVE RIVALRY

13 MEMBRANE TYPE

  • 13.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
  • 13.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 13.3 HOLLOW FIBER
    • 13.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 13.3.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
  • 13.4 FLAT SHEET
    • 13.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 13.4.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
  • 13.5 MULTI-TUBULAR
    • 13.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 13.5.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

14 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

  • 14.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
  • 14.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 14.3 SUBMERGED
    • 14.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 14.3.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
  • 14.4 SIDE STREAM
    • 14.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 14.4.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

15 APPLICATION

  • 15.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
  • 15.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 15.3 MUNICIPAL
    • 15.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 15.3.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
  • 15.4 INDUSTRIAL
    • 15.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 15.4.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

16 SYSTEM TYPE

  • 16.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
  • 16.2 MARKET OVERVIEW
  • 16.3 GRAVITY BASED
    • 16.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 16.3.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
  • 16.4 PRESSURE DRIVEN
    • 16.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 16.4.2 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY

17 GEOGRAPHY

  • 17.1 MARKET SNAPSHOT & GROWTH ENGINE
  • 17.2 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW

18 APAC

  • 18.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 18.2 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 18.2.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 18.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 18.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 18.4 APPLICATION
    • 18.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 18.5 SYSTEM TYPE
    • 18.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 18.6 KEY COUNTRIES
    • 18.6.1 CHINA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 18.6.2 INDIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 18.6.3 JAPAN: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 18.6.4 SOUTH KOREA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 18.6.5 AUSTRALIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

19 NORTH AMERICA

  • 19.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 19.2 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 19.2.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 19.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 19.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 19.4 APPLICATION
    • 19.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 19.5 SYSTEM TYPE
    • 19.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 19.6 KEY COUNTRIES
    • 19.6.1 US: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 19.6.2 CANADA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

20 EUROPE

  • 20.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 20.2 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 20.2.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 20.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 20.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 20.4 APPLICATION
    • 20.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 20.5 SYSTEM TYPE
    • 20.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 20.6 KEY COUNTRIES
    • 20.6.1 GERMANY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 20.6.2 UK: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 20.6.3 FRANCE: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 20.6.4 ITALY: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 20.6.5 RUSSIA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

21 LATIN AMERICA

  • 21.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 21.2 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 21.2.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 21.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 21.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 21.4 APPLICATION
    • 21.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 21.5 SYSTEM TYPE
    • 21.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 21.6 KEY COUNTRIES
    • 21.6.1 BRAZIL: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 21.6.2 MEXICO: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

22 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

  • 22.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 22.2 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 22.2.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 22.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 22.3.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 22.4 APPLICATION
    • 22.4.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 22.5 SYSTEM TYPE
    • 22.5.1 MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
  • 22.6 KEY COUNTRIES
    • 22.6.1 GCC: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST
    • 22.6.2 SOUTH AFRICA: MARKET SIZE & FORECAST

23 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

  • 23.1 COMPETITION OVERVIEW

24 KEY COMPANY PROFILES

  • 24.1 EVOQUA WATER TECHNOLOGIES
    • 24.1.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 24.1.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
    • 24.1.3 KEY STRATEGIES
    • 24.1.4 KEY STRENGTHS
    • 24.1.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
  • 24.2 KUBOTA CORPORATION
    • 24.2.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 24.2.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
    • 24.2.3 KEY STRATEGIES
    • 24.2.4 KEY STRENGTHS
    • 24.2.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
  • 24.3 MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL AQUA SOLUTIONS
    • 24.3.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 24.3.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
    • 24.3.3 KEY STRATEGIES
    • 24.3.4 KEY STRENGTHS
    • 24.3.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES
  • 24.4 VEOLIA
    • 24.4.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 24.4.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
    • 24.4.3 KEY STRATEGIES
    • 24.4.4 KEY STRENGTHS
    • 24.4.5 KEY OPPORTUNITIES

25 OTHER PROMINENT VENDORS

  • 25.1 ALFA LAVAL
    • 25.1.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.1.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.2 AQUATECH INTERNATIONAL
    • 25.2.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.2.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.3 ASAHI KASEI
    • 25.3.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.3.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.4 BIOPROCESSH2O
    • 25.4.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.4.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.5 CITIC ENVIROTECH
    • 25.5.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.5.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.6 CULLIGAN
    • 25.6.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.6.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.7 HUBER SE
    • 25.7.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.7.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.8 KOCH SEPARATION SOLUTIONS
    • 25.8.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.8.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.9 NEWTERRA
    • 25.9.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.9.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.10 PALL CORPORATION
    • 25.10.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.10.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.11 PARKSON CORPORATION
    • 25.11.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.11.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.12 PENTAIR
    • 25.12.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.12.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.13 SAUR
    • 25.13.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.13.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.14 SIEMENS
    • 25.14.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.14.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.15 TORAY INDUSTRIES
    • 25.15.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.15.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.16 WEHRLE
    • 25.16.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.16.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.17 OVIVO
    • 25.17.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.17.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.18 SMITH & LOVELESS
    • 25.18.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.18.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.19 LENNTECH
    • 25.19.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.19.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.20 DUPONT
    • 25.20.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.20.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.21 HINADA
    • 25.21.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.21.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.22 MANN+HUMMEL
    • 25.22.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.22.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.23 MARTIN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
    • 25.23.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.23.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.24 SANITHERM
    • 25.24.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.24.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.25 SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES
    • 25.25.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.25.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS
  • 25.26 TRIQUA INTERNATIONAL
    • 25.26.1 BUSINESS OVERVIEW
    • 25.26.2 PRODUCT OFFERINGS

26 REPORT SUMMARY

  • 26.1 KEY TAKEAWAYS
  • 26.2 STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS

27 QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY

  • 27.1 MARKET BY GEOGRAPHY
  • 27.2 APAC
    • 27.2.1 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 27.2.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 27.2.3 APPLICATION
    • 27.2.4 SYSTEM TYPE
  • 27.3 NORTH AMERICA
    • 27.3.1 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 27.3.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 27.3.3 APPLICATION
    • 27.3.4 SYSTEM TYPE
  • 27.4 EUROPE
    • 27.4.1 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 27.4.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 27.4.3 APPLICATION
    • 27.4.4 SYSTEM TYPE
  • 27.5 LATIN AMERICA
    • 27.5.1 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 27.5.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 27.5.3 APPLICATION
    • 27.5.4 SYSTEM TYPE
  • 27.6 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA
    • 27.6.1 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 27.6.2 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 27.6.3 APPLICATION
    • 27.6.4 SYSTEM TYPE
  • 27.7 MEMBRANE TYPE
    • 27.7.1 HOLLOW FIBER
    • 27.7.2 FLAT SHEET
    • 27.7.3 MULTI-TUBULAR
  • 27.8 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
    • 27.8.1 SUBMERGED
    • 27.8.2 SIDE STREAM
  • 27.9 APPLICATION
    • 27.9.1 MUNICIPAL
    • 27.9.2 INDUSTRIAL
  • 27.10 SYSTEM TYPE
    • 27.10.1 GRAVITY-BASED
    • 27.10.2 PRESSURE-DRIVEN

28 APPENDIX

  • 28.1 ABBREVIATIONS
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