Connected Infrastructure for Electric Buses - 3rd Edition

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Executive Summary

1. Public Transport in Europe and North America

• 1.1. Modal split of passenger transport
• 1.2. Bus fleets and public transport utilisation
• 1.3. Electric vehicle types and electric bus fleet statistics
  • 1.3.1. Hybrid electric vehicles
  • 1.3.2. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
  • 1.3.3. Battery electric vehicles
  • 1.3.4. Electric bus fleet statistics
• 1.4. Market shares for electric bus and coach OEMs
• 1.5. Organisation and contracting in public transport
  • 1.5.1. Legal framework in Europe
  • 1.5.2. Legal framework in North America
  • 1.5.3. Organisational forms and regional differences

2. ITS Technologies and Solutions

• 2.1. Public transport ITS infrastructure
  • 2.1.1. Vehicle segment
  • 2.1.2. Roadside segment
  • 2.1.3. Back-office segment
  • 2.1.4. Traveller segment
  • 2.1.5. GNSS segment
  • 2.1.6. Network segment
• 2.2. Public transport management
  • 2.2.1. Planning and scheduling tools
  • 2.2.2. Computer aided dispatch systems
  • 2.2.3. Traffic signal priority
  • 2.2.4. Depot management
• 2.3. Traveller management
  • 2.3.1. Passenger information
  • 2.3.2. Entertainment
  • 2.3.3. Fare payment
• 2.4. Driver management
  • 2.4.1. Driving data registration and analysis
  • 2.4.2. Video-based driver monitoring
  • 2.4.3. Insurance risk management
• 2.5. Vehicle management
  • 2.5.1. Vehicle diagnostics and maintenance planning
  • 2.5.2. On-board security solutions
• 2.6. Charging station management
  • 2.6.1. Station management
  • 2.6.2. Energy management
  • 2.6.3. The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)

3. Charging Technologies and Standards

• 3.1. Electric vehicle charging
  • 3.1.1. AC and DC
  • 3.1.2. Charging modes and levels
• 3.2. Connector standards
  • 3.2.1. Type 1
  • 3.2.2. Type 2
  • 3.2.3. Combined Charging System (CCS)
  • 3.2.4. Megawatt Charging System (MCS)
  • 3.2.5. North American Charging Standard (Tesla)
  • 3.2.6. CHAdeMO
  • 3.2.7. GB/T
• 3.3. Electric bus charging
  • 3.3.1. OppCharge
  • 3.3.2. Depot charging
  • 3.3.3. Opportunity charging
  • 3.3.4. Battery capacity and charging time

4. Market Forecasts and Trends

• 4.1. Market analysis
  • 4.1.1. Electric bus forecast
  • 4.1.2. Market value forecast - public transport ITS for electric buses
  • 4.1.3. Market value forecast - bus charging stations
• 4.2. Value chain analysis
  • 4.2.1. Automotive industry players
  • 4.2.2. ITS and telematics industry players
  • 4.2.3. Charging station industry players
• 4.3. Industry trends
  • 4.3.1. Open architectures alter the ITS value chain
  • 4.3.2. Connected charging stations are a requirement for public transport operations
  • 4.3.3. Opportunity charging regains traction
  • 4.3.4. New entrants increase the competition among the bus OEMs
  • 4.3.5. Standards improving interoperability are essential for the electric bus market
  • 4.3.6. The electric bus market continues to grow despite economic uncertainty
  • 4.3.7. Energy supply will be an increasingly important issue for electric bus fleets
  • 4.3.8. Centralised power cabinets may save space and money in electric fleet depots
  • 4.3.9. The rising importance of cybersecurity

5. OEM Products and Strategies

• 5.1. Bluebus (Bollore Group)
• 5.2. BYD
• 5.3. CaetanoBus (Salvador Caetano Group)
• 5.4. Daimler Truck
  • 5.4.1. Mercedes-Benz
  • 5.4.2. Thomas Built Buses
• 5.5. Ebusco
• 5.6. Gillig
• 5.7. Irizar e-mobility (Irizar Group)
• 5.8. Iveco Group
• 5.9. NFI Group
  • 5.9.1. Alexander Dennis
  • 5.9.2. New Flyer
  • 5.9.3. Motor Coach Industries
• 5.10. Phoenix Motor
• 5.11. Rampini
• 5.12. Solaris Bus and Coach
• 5.13. Switch Mobility
• 5.14. TRATON Group
  • 5.14.1. International Motors
  • 5.14.2. MAN Truck & Bus
  • 5.14.3. Scania
• 5.15. VDL Bus & Coach (VDL Groep)
• 5.16. Volvo Group
• 5.17. Wrightbus
• 5.18. Yutong Group

6. Aftermarket Solution Providers

• 6.1. Actia
• 6.2. Atron
• 6.3. BP Pulse
• 6.4. Clever Devices
• 6.5. Consat Telematics
• 6.6. EQUANS
• 6.7. FARA (Modaxo)
• 6.8. GIRO
• 6.9. INIT
• 6.10. IVU
• 6.11. Optibus
• 6.12. Pilotfish
• 6.13. PSI Transcom
• 6.14. Questar Auto Technologies
• 6.15. Saga Tenix
• 6.16. Sycada
• 6.17. Telia Company
• 6.18. Trapeze Group (Modaxo)
• 6.19. Twaice
• 6.20. Verkehrsautomatisierung Berlin (Hanning & Kahl)
• 6.21. Vontas (Modaxo)
• 6.22. Webfleet
• 6.23. ZF

7. Charging Station Providers

• 7.1. ABB E-Mobility
• 7.2. BTC Power (E.ON)
• 7.3. Camber
• 7.4. ChargePoint
• 7.5. Chargepoly
• 7.6. Circontrol
• 7.7. Efacec
• 7.8. Ekoenergetyka
• 7.9. Hitachi Energy
• 7.10. IES Synergy
• 7.11. InCharge Energy (ABB)
• 7.12. Kempower
• 7.13. SBRS (Shell Group)
• 7.14. Siemens
• 7.15. Tritium
• 7.16. XCharge

8. Case Studies: Electric Bus Projects

• 8.1. Arriva
• 8.2. Association du Transport Urbain du Quebec (ATUQ)
• 8.3. Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG)
• 8.4. Keolis
• 8.5. Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA)
• 8.6. Nobina
• 8.7. Qbuzz
• 8.8. RATP Group
• 8.9. Ruter
• 8.10. Toronto Transit Commission (TTC)
• 8.11. Transdev
• 8.12. VR Group
• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: Modal split of passenger transport on land (EU25+EFTA+UK 2022)
• Figure 1.2: Modal split of passenger transport on land (North America 2022)
• Figure 1.3: Bus statistics - stock, new registrations & pkm/capita (EU25+EFTA+UK)
• Figure 1.4: Bus statistics - vehicle stock, new registrations & passenger-km (NA)
• Figure 1.5: Battery-electric buses - vehicle stock & new registrations (EU25+EFTA+UK)
• Figure 1.6: Battery-electric buses - vehicle stock & new registrations (North America)
• Figure 1.7: Electric bus & coach (>8t) market shares, by group & brand (Europe 2024)
• Figure 1.8: Electric transit buses (greater than or equal to 30 ft) built for APTA members, by brand (NA 2023)
• Figure 1.9: Overview of the national targets in the Clean Vehicles Directive
• Figure 2.1: Public transport ITS infrastructure overview
• Figure 2.2: Examples of on-board equipment installed in public transport vehicles
• Figure 2.3: ITS equipment in buses in the US (2024)
• Figure 2.4: Example of public transport ITS back-office segment
• Figure 2.5: Mobile network operators in Europe and North America (2024)
• Figure 2.6: Fare payment technologies
• Figure 2.7: Example of a dashboard for management of charging stations
• Figure 3.1: Charging using alternating current (left) and direct current (right)
• Figure 3.2: Charging modes
• Figure 3.3: Charging levels
• Figure 3.4: Type 1 connector and socket
• Figure 3.5: Type 2 connector and socket
• Figure 3.6: CCS-1 and CCS-2 connectors and sockets
• Figure 3.7: Layout of the MCS connector
• Figure 3.8: NACS (Tesla) connector and plug
• Figure 3.9: CHAdeMO connector and socket and outline of the ChaoJi connector
• Figure 3.10: GB/T standard connectors and sockets for AC and DC charging
• Figure 3.11: Overview of opportunity charging using pantograph
• Figure 3.12: Theoretical charging time for a 350-kWh battery
• Figure 4.1: Market forecast for electric buses (Europe and North America 2024-2029)
• Figure 4.2: Market value of public transport ITS for electric buses (Europe 2024-2029)
• Figure 4.3: Market value of public transport ITS for electric buses (NA 2024-2029)
• Figure 4.4: Market value for bus charging stations (Europe 2024-2029)
• Figure 4.5: Market value for bus charging stations (North America 2024-2029)
• Figure 4.6: OEM telematics strategies for electric buses
• Figure 4.7: Electric bus ITS providers in Europe and North America
• Figure 4.8: Charging station providers for buses (2024)
• Figure 5.1: The FleetLink dashboard from BYD
• Figure 5.2: Comparison of MAN eManager offerings
• Figure 6.1: Overview of the BP Pulse software's functionality
• Figure 6.2: IVN5 on-board computer from Clever Devices
• Figure 6.3: Overview over Consat's system
• Figure 6.4: Overview of INIT's solutions for electric vehicles
• Figure 6.5: Overview of IVU.suite
• Figure 6.6: Schematic of IVU electric bus solutions
• Figure 6.7: Optibus' platform for public transit scheduling and planning
• Figure 6.8: Pilotfish's Energy Economy sensor and driver trip report
• Figure 6.9: Overview of PSI Transcom's PSIeDMS start functionality
• Figure 6.10: View from Tenix Charge
• Figure 6.11: Telia Company's MIIPS 6520
• Figure 6.12: Overview of the Trapeze System
• Figure 6.13: Twaice battery health estimation and end-of-life prediction
• Figure 7.1: HVC150 and pantograph from ABB
• Figure 7.2: ChargePoint Express Plus featuring pantograph and DataHub
• Figure 7.3: Axon Side 360 and Sat 400 from Ekoenergetyka
• Figure 7.4: Keywatt S180 for buses from IES Synergy