The Future of Electric Aircraft and eVTOLs - 2nd Edition

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Executive Summary

1 Introduction

• 1.1 The aviation market
• 1.2 The concept of electric aviation
• 1.3 Drivers behind the electrification of aircraft and eVTOLs
  • 1.3.1 Reduced costs
  • 1.3.2 Regional travel market
  • 1.3.3 Emissions reductions
  • 1.3.4 Noise reductions
  • 1.3.5 Increased accessibility
  • 1.3.6 Economic development

2 Electric Aircraft and eVTOLs

• 2.1 Electric aircraft
  • 2.1.1 Retrofit
  • 2.1.2 Traditional design
  • 2.1.3 New design
  • 2.1.4 Size versus range
  • 2.1.5 Battery-electric, hydrogen-electric versus hybrid-electric aircraft
• 2.2 eVTOLs
  • 2.2.1 Wingless multicopter
  • 2.2.2 Lift-and-cruise (fixed wing)
  • 2.2.3 Tilted wing and/or propellers
• 2.3 Risk assessment regarding eVTOLs
  • 2.3.1 Certification
  • 2.3.2 Infrastructure
  • 2.3.3 Technology
  • 2.3.4 Operations
  • 2.3.5 Public awareness

3 Technology Overview

• 3.1 Battery-electric
• 3.2 Hydrogen-electric
• 3.3 Hybrid-electric
• 3.4 Airframes
• 3.5 Communications technology and autonomous flight
  • 3.5.1 Navigation and communications systems
  • 3.5.2 IoT connectivity
  • 3.5.3 A possible pathway to autonomous flights

4 Ecosystem and Regulatory Framework

• 4.1 Ecosystem
  • 4.1.1 Charging
  • 4.1.2 Battery power challenges
  • 4.1.3 Hydrogen power challenges
  • 4.1.4 Take-off and landing infrastructure - vertiports
  • 4.1.5 Airport infrastructure
  • 4.1.6 MRO
• 4.2 Regulatory framework
  • 4.2.1 Certification and standardisation
  • 4.2.2 Safety
  • 4.2.3 Airspace management
  • 4.2.4 Sustainability

5 Regional and Urban Air Mobility

• 5.1 Regional Air Mobility - possible market development and use cases
  • 5.1.1 How will the RAM market evolve - different scenarios
  • 5.1.2 User experience
• 5.2 Urban Air Mobility - possible market development and use cases
  • 5.2.1 How will the UAM market evolve - different scenarios
  • 5.2.2 User experience
• 5.3 Implications for regional and city planning
  • 5.3.1 Education
  • 5.3.2 Permits
  • 5.3.3 Short-term city planning
  • 5.3.4 Long-term city planning
  • 5.3.5 Regional planning
  • 5.3.6 Transport planning and integration

6 Company Profiles and Strategies

• 6.1 eVTOLs
  • 6.1.1 Aerofugia
  • 6.1.2 AIR
  • 6.1.3 Archer
  • 6.1.4 Aridge (XPeng AeroHT)
  • 6.1.5 AutoFlight
  • 6.1.6 CityAirbus NextGen
  • 6.1.7 EHang
  • 6.1.8 Eve Air Mobility
  • 6.1.9 Horizon Aircraft
  • 6.1.10 Jetson
  • 6.1.11 Joby Aviation
  • 6.1.12 LEO Flight
  • 6.1.13 Lilium
  • 6.1.14 Pivotal
  • 6.1.15 Sambo Motors
  • 6.1.16 SkyDrive
  • 6.1.17 Skyfly
  • 6.1.18 Supernal
  • 6.1.19 V-Space
  • 6.1.20 Vertical Aerospace
  • 6.1.21 Volocopter
  • 6.1.22 Wisk
• 6.2 Electric aircraft
  • 6.2.1 Beta Technologies
  • 6.2.2 Bye Aerospace
  • 6.2.3 Cosmic Aerospace
  • 6.2.4 Electra
  • 6.2.5 Electron Aerospace
  • 6.2.6 Elysian
  • 6.2.7 Eviation Aircraft
  • 6.2.8 Heart Aerospace
  • 6.2.9 Maeve Aerospace
  • 6.2.10 MD Aircraft
  • 6.2.11 Pipistrel
  • 6.2.12 Vaeridion
  • 6.2.13 VoltAero
• 6.3 Electric propulsion systems
  • 6.3.1 Ampaire
  • 6.3.2 Evolito
  • 6.3.3 H55
  • 6.3.4 MagniX
  • 6.3.5 Safran
  • 6.3.6 Wright Electric
  • 6.3.7 ZeroAvia

7 Market Forecasts and Scenarios

• 7.1 Market segmentation
• 7.2 Market size
  • 7.2.1 Commercial eVTOLs
  • 7.2.2 Privately owned eVTOLs
  • 7.2.3 Battery-electric aircraft with 1-4 passenger seats
  • 7.2.4 Battery, hydrogen and hybrid-electric aircraft with 5-9 passenger seats
  • 7.2.5 Battery, hydrogen and hybrid-electric aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats
  • 7.2.6 The current non-binding and firm order stock of electric aircraft and eVTOLs
  • 7.2.7 IoT connectivity
• 7.3 Market value
  • 7.3.1 Market value of eVTOLs
  • 7.3.2 Market value of electric aircraft
• 7.4 Business models and use cases
• 7.5 Concluding remarks
• List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: IATA strategy towards net zero
• Figure 2.1: Example of a retrofit design
• Figure 2.2: Example of a traditional design
• Figure 2.3: Example of a new design
• Figure 2.4: Linear and nodal transportation networks
• Figure 2.5: Example of wingless multicopter design
• Figure 2.6: Example of lift-and-cruise design
• Figure 2.7: Example of tilted propeller design
• Figure 3.1: Schematic of the main propulsion technologies
• Figure 3.2: Schematic of energy efficiency for electric and fuel cell propulsion
• Figure 4.1: The ecosystem of advanced air mobility
• Figure 4.2: Examples of vertiport designs
• Figure 4.3: Commercial certification of electric aircraft (forecast)
• Figure 4.4: Commercial certification of piloted eVTOLs (forecast)
• Figure 4.5: Sensor technologies to be used for eVTOLs
• Figure 4.6: eVTOL control centre
• Figure 5.1: Potential market for different aircraft types
• Figure 5.2: Commercial implementation steps
• Figure 5.3: Examples of potential eVTOL use cases
• Figure 6.1: The number of global eVTOL concepts
• Figure 6.2: Aerofugia - AE200-100 specifications
• Figure 6.3: AIR - AIR One for personal use specifications
• Figure 6.4: A prototype of AIR's two-seat eVTOL for personal use
• Figure 6.5: Archer - Midnight specifications
• Figure 6.6: Aridge's Land Aircraft Carrier comprising a land vehicle and an eVTOL
• Figure 6.7: AutoFlight - V2000EM Prosperity specifications
• Figure 6.8: EHang - EH216-S and VT35 specifications
• Figure 6.9: Eve Air Mobility - Eve-100 specifications
• Figure 6.10: Horizon Aircraft - Cavorite X7 specifications
• Figure 6.11: Horizon Aircraft's hybrid-electric VTOL with a fan-in-wing design
• Figure 6.12: Jetson - Jetson ONE specifications
• Figure 6.13: Joby - S4 specifications
• Figure 6.14: LEO Flight - JetBike specifications
• Figure 6.15: Pivotal - Helix specifications
• Figure 6.16: Pivotal's Helix one-seat eVTOL for personal use
• Figure 6.17: Sambo Motors - B-33x specifications
• Figure 6.18: SkyDrive - SD-05 specifications
• Figure 6.19: Skyfly - Axe specifications
• Figure 6.20: Supernal - S-A2 specifications
• Figure 6.21: V-Space - VS-210, VS-300 and VS-500 specifications
• Figure 6.22: Vertical Aerospace - Valo specifications
• Figure 6.23: Vertical Aerospace's Valo eVTOL with four passenger seats
• Figure 6.24: Volocopter - VoloCity and VoloXPro specifications
• Figure 6.25: Wisk - Generation 6 specifications
• Figure 6.26: Beta Technologies - Alia CX300 CTOL specifications
• Figure 6.27: Beta Technologies - Alia A250 VTOL specifications
• Figure 6.28: Beta Technologies - H500A and V600A electric engine specifications
• Figure 6.29: Beta Technologies' A250 VTOL in the front and two AX300 CTOLs in the back
• Figure 6.30: Bye Aerospace - eFlyer 2 specifications
• Figure 6.31: Bye Aerospace's two-seat electric aircraft
• Figure 6.32: Electra - EL9 specifications
• Figure 6.33: Electra's EL9 hybrid-electric aircraft with nine passenger seats
• Figure 6.34: Electron Aerospace - Electron 5 specifications
• Figure 6.35: Eviation Aircraft - Alice specifications
• Figure 6.36: Heart Aerospace - ES-30 specifications
• Figure 6.37: Maeve Aerospace - MJ500 specifications
• Figure 6.38: Maeve Aerospace's MJ500 hybrid-electric regional aircraft
• Figure 6.39: MD Aircraft - MDA1 eViator specifications
• Figure 6.40: Pipistrel - Velis Electro specifications
• Figure 6.41: Pipistrel's Velis Electro aircraft with two seats
• Figure 6.42: Vaeridion - Microliner specifications
• Figure 6.43: VoltAero - Cassio 330 specifications
• Figure 6.44: Evolito - Electric motor specifications
• Figure 6.45: MagniX - EPUs and battery specifications
• Figure 6.46: Safran - Electric engine specifications
• Figure 6.47: ZeroAvia - Hydrogen-electric powertrain specifications
• Figure 7.1: Electric passenger aircraft timeline
• Figure 7.2: Passenger eVTOL timeline
• Figure 7.3: Shipments of commercial eVTOLs (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.4: Shipments of privately owned eVTOLs (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.5: Shipments of electric aircraft with 1-4 passenger seats (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.6: Shipments of electric aircraft with 5-9 passenger seats (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.7: Shipments of electric aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.8: Connected vehicles in commercial and private use (World 2025-2050)
• Figure 7.9: Commercial eVTOL market value (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.10: Private eVTOL market value (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.11: Market value of electric aircraft with 1-4 passenger seats (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.12: Market value of electric aircraft with 5-9 passenger seats (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.13: Market value of electric aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats (2021-2050)
• Figure 7.14: Use case: eVTOL vertiport in a small city
• Figure 7.15: Use case: eVTOL vertiport in a dense urban area
• Figure 7.16: Use case: Regional airport/airfield - an initial scenario