EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America - 5th Edition

Table of Contents

List of Figures

Executive Summary

1 EV Charging in Europe and North America

• 1.1 The electric vehicle market
  • 1.1.1 Vehicle types
  • 1.1.2 The electric vehicle market in Europe
  • 1.1.3 The electric vehicle market in North America
• 1.2 EV charging infrastructure in Europe
• 1.3 EV charging infrastructure in North America
• 1.4 Market players
  • 1.4.1 Charge point operators (CPOs)
  • 1.4.2 E-mobility service providers (eMSPs)
  • 1.4.3 Hardware and software providers

2 Charging Technologies and Standards

• 2.1 Electric vehicle charging
  • 2.1.1 AC and DC
  • 2.1.2 Charging modes and levels
  • 2.1.3 Heat management
  • 2.1.4 Battery capacity and charging time
• 2.2 Connector Standards
  • 2.2.1 Type 1/SAE J1772
  • 2.2.2 North American Charging System (Tesla)/SAE J3400
  • 2.2.3 Type 2/IEC
  • 2.2.4 Combined Charging System (CCS)
  • 2.2.5 CHAdeMO
  • 2.2.6 GB/T
• 2.3 Connectivity and management software
  • 2.3.1 Cellular IoT gateways, routers and modems
  • 2.3.2 The Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP)
  • 2.3.3 Charging station management software
• 2.4 Payment solutions
  • 2.4.1 Mobile payments and RFID tags
  • 2.4.2 ISO 15118 – Plug & Charge
  • 2.4.3 Autocharge
  • 2.4.4 Payment terminals

3 Charge Point Operators

• 3.1 Europe
  • 3.1.1 Allego
  • 3.1.2 Atlante
  • 3.1.3 BP Pulse
  • 3.1.4 CEZ Group
  • 3.1.5 E.ON
  • 3.1.6 Electra
  • 3.1.7 EnBW
  • 3.1.8 Eneco eMobility
  • 3.1.9 Enel
  • 3.1.10 Equans (Bouygues Group)
  • 3.1.11 ESB Group
  • 3.1.12 Fastned
  • 3.1.13 Freshmile
  • 3.1.14 Iberdrola Group
  • 3.1.15 InstaVolt
  • 3.1.16 Ionity
  • 3.1.17 Izivia (EDF Business Services)
  • 3.1.18 Jolt Energy
  • 3.1.19 Mer (Statkraft)
  • 3.1.20 Plenitude On the Road (Eni)
  • 3.1.21 Powerdot
  • 3.1.22 Recharge
  • 3.1.23 Shell Recharge Solutions
  • 3.1.24 TotalEnergies
  • 3.1.25 Vattenfall
• 3.2 North America
  • 3.2.1 Blink Charging
  • 3.2.2 Electrify America
  • 3.2.3 EVgo
  • 3.2.4 Francis Energy
  • 3.2.5 Gravity
  • 3.2.6 Hydro-Quebec
  • 3.2.7 IONNA
  • 3.2.8 It’s Electric
  • 3.2.9 PowerFlex (EDF)
  • 3.2.10 Tesla
  • 3.2.11 Voltpost
  • 3.2.12 ZEF Energy

4 Hardware and Software Providers

• 4.1 Europe
  • 4.1.1 ABB E-mobility
  • 4.1.2 ADS-TEC Energy
  • 4.1.3 Alfen
  • 4.1.4 Alpitronic
  • 4.1.5 Amina Charging
  • 4.1.6 AMPECO
  • 4.1.7 Amperfied (Heidelberg Druckmaschinen)
  • 4.1.8 AmpSociety
  • 4.1.9 Charge Amps
  • 4.1.10 Chargecloud
  • 4.1.11 Circutor
  • 4.1.12 Compleo Charging Solutions
  • 4.1.13 CTEK
  • 4.1.14 DBT Group
  • 4.1.15 Driivz
  • 4.1.16 E-Totem
  • 4.1.17 Easee
  • 4.1.18 Eaton
  • 4.1.19 Efacec
  • 4.1.20 Ekoenergetyka
  • 4.1.21 Elli
  • 4.1.22 eNovates
  • 4.1.23 EO Charging
  • 4.1.24 Etrel
  • 4.1.25 EVBox
  • 4.1.26 Evtec
  • 4.1.27 Garo
  • 4.1.28 GreenFlux
  • 4.1.29 i-charging
  • 4.1.30 IES Synergy
  • 4.1.31 Ingeteam
  • 4.1.32 Juice Technology
  • 4.1.33 KEBA
  • 4.1.34 Kempower
  • 4.1.35 Kostad
  • 4.1.36 L-Charge
  • 4.1.37 Last Mile Solutions
  • 4.1.38 Legrand
  • 4.1.39 Mennekes Group
  • 4.1.40 Monta
  • 4.1.41 Ohme
  • 4.1.42 Pod (EDF)
  • 4.1.43 Rolec Services
  • 4.1.44 Schneider Electric
  • 4.1.45 Siemens
  • 4.1.46 Smartlab
  • 4.1.47 Teltonika
  • 4.1.48 Tritium
  • 4.1.49 Virta
  • 4.1.50 Wallbox
  • 4.1.51 Wirelane
  • 4.1.52 Zaptec
• 4.2 North America
  • 4.2.1 Ampure
  • 4.2.2 BorgWarner
  • 4.2.3 BTC Power (E.ON)
  • 4.2.4 ChargePoint
  • 4.2.5 Dcbel
  • 4.2.6 Delta Electronics
  • 4.2.7 Electreon Wireless
  • 4.2.8 Elmec
  • 4.2.9 Enphase Energy
  • 4.2.10 EV Connect (Schneider Electric)
  • 4.2.11 EvoCharge (Phillips & Temro)
  • 4.2.12 EVPassport
  • 4.2.13 Flo
  • 4.2.14 Lincoln Electric
  • 4.2.15 SK Signet
  • 4.2.16 SWTCH
  • 4.2.17 Tellus Power Green
• 4.3 Additional hardware vendors

5 Market Analysis and Trends

• 5.1 Market analysis
  • 5.1.1 Market forecast
  • 5.1.2 Regional market analysis
  • 5.1.3 Government incentives and investments
• 5.2 Value chain analysis
  • 5.2.1 EV charging hardware vendors
  • 5.2.2 Software providers and charge point operators
  • 5.2.3 Automotive industry players
  • 5.2.4 Mergers and acquisitions
• 5.3 Market trends
  • 5.3.1 The electric vehicle market continues to grow in spite of market uncertainty
  • 5.3.2 The business case for connected charging stations continues to improve
  • 5.3.3 M&As drive consolidation in the EV charging landscape
  • 5.3.4 Going public gives access to growth capital
  • 5.3.5 Demand for public and destination charging to increase rapidly in Europe
  • 5.3.6 Open architectures alter the EV charging value chain
  • 5.3.7 A modular design improves the case for DC charging
  • 5.3.8 Car OEMs offer branded eMSP services to lower barriers to EV adoption
  • 5.3.9 Fast charging gains presence also in more urban locations
  • 5.3.10 Heavy commercial vehicle charging emerges as a new segment
  • 5.3.11 New EV charging concepts using existing electrical installations in cities
  • 5.3.12 Bi-directional charging moves towards commercialisation

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Figures

• Figure 1.1: EV fleet and new registrations (EU+EFTA+UK 2024/2025)
• Figure 1.2: BEV fleet and new registrations (EU+EFTA+UK 2024/2025)
• Figure 1.3: PHEV fleet and new registrations (EU+EFTA+UK 2024/2025)
• Figure 1.4: EV fleet and new registrations (North America 2024/2025)
• Figure 1.5: BEV fleet and new registrations (North America 2024/2025)
• Figure 1.6: PHEV fleet and new registrations (North America 2024/2025)
• Figure 1.7: Public AC charging points (EU+EFTA+UK 2025)
• Figure 1.8: Public DC charging points (EU+EFTA+UK 2025)
• Figure 1.9: BEVs per public charging point and AFIR power metrics (EU+EFTA+UK 2025)
• Figure 1.10: Public AC charging points by connector standard (North America 2025)
• Figure 1.11: Public DC charging points by connector standard (North America 2025)
• Figure 1.12: BEVs per public charging point and AFIR metrics (North America 2025)
• Figure 2.1: Charging using alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)
• Figure 2.2: Charging modes
• Figure 2.3: Charging levels
• Figure 2.4: Examples of battery capacity for different car models
• Figure 2.5: Theoretical charging duration for a 90-kWh battery
• Figure 2.6: Type 1 connector and socket
• Figure 2.7: NACS connector and socket
• Figure 2.8: Type 2 connector and socket
• Figure 2.9: CCS-1 and CCS-2 connectors and sockets
• Figure 2.10: CHAdeMO connector and socket and outline of the ChaoJi connector
• Figure 2.11: GB/T standard connectors and sockets for AC and DC charging
• Figure 2.12: Common features in cellular IoT gateways and routers
• Figure 2.13: Examples of routers used in EV charging applications
• Figure 2.14: Overview of a cluster configuration
• Figure 2.15: Example of a dashboard for management of charging operations
• Figure 2.16: Example of RFID card and tag
• Figure 2.17: Examples of payment terminals for EV charging stations
• Figure 3.1: An Allego fast charging location
• Figure 3.2: Waybox and Waypole from Enel
• Figure 3.3: A Fastned charging location
• Figure 3.4: An Ionity charging site
• Figure 3.5: Jolt’s MerlinOne mobile charger and swap truck
• Figure 3.6: Shell Recharge’s first fully electric forecourt in the UK
• Figure 3.7: The Blink Series 9 DC charging station and the new Shasta AC wallbox
• Figure 3.8: A Francis Energy charging station
• Figure 3.9: A Gravity charging site in New York
• Figure 3.10: Tesla’s Supercharger
• Figure 3.11: Tesla’s Wall Connector
• Figure 3.12: Voltpost Air charging station
• Figure 4.1: The OM X-Series with OM Solo and Duo
• Figure 4.2: ADS-TEC Energy’s ChargePost and ChargeBox
• Figure 4.3: The Hypercharger HYC400 Series 2
• Figure 4.4: The Amina M wallbox
• Figure 4.5: AMPECO’s CoOperator dashboard
• Figure 4.6: The Circontrol Sonic One
• Figure 4.7: CHARGESTORM CONNECTED 3i and NJORD GO
• Figure 4.8: The Driivz suite dashboard
• Figure 4.9: The Easee Charge Max wallbox
• Figure 4.10: The INCH Pro
• Figure 4.11: Troniq High Power from EVBox
• Figure 4.12: Juice Booster 3 with connector and adapters
• Figure 4.13: KeContact P40 and M20 from KEBA
• Figure 4.14: Kempower Satellite and Station Charger
• Figure 4.15: Ecotap’s Single Wall Charger and DC120 chargers
• Figure 4.16: E-mobility Gateway and Amtron Compact from Mennekes
• Figure 4.17: Siemens Sicharge Flex
• Figure 4.18: Teltonika’s EVC 2
• Figure 4.19: The Tritium TRI-FLEX dispenser
• Figure 4.20: Quasar 2 from Wallbox
• Figure 4.21: Ampure Go 2 and Ampure Boost
• Figure 4.22: The Gen 4 All-in-One and Public Dispenser EV chargers
• Figure 4.23: ChargePoint Home Flex, Express Solo and an Express dispenser
• Figure 4.24: The Ara home energy station from Dcbel
• Figure 4.25: Flo Home X6 and Flo Ultra
• Figure 4.26: Velion 150 kW from Lincoln Electric
• Figure 4.27: Additional hardware suppliers
• Figure 5.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2025–2030)
• Figure 5.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2025–2030)
• Figure 5.3: Market value by segment (Europe 2025–2030)
• Figure 5.4: Installed base and shipments in major European markets (2025–2030)
• Figure 5.5: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2025–2030)
• Figure 5.6: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2025–2030)
• Figure 5.7: Market value by segment (North America 2025–2030)
• Figure 5.8: Policies active in major electric vehicle countries in Europe (Q2-2026)
• Figure 5.9: Installed base of charging points by vendor (Europe 2025)
• Figure 5.10: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe 2025)
• Figure 5.11: Installed base of charging points by vendor (North America 2025)
• Figure 5.12: Installed base of DC charging points by vendor (North America 2025)
• Figure 5.13: Connected charging points by software vendor (Europe 2025)
• Figure 5.14: Connected charging points by software vendor (North America 2025)
• Figure 5.15: Public charging networks (North America Q2-2026)
• Figure 5.16: Public DC charging networks (North America Q2-2026)
• Figure 5.17: M&As among companies active in EV charging (2017–2026)
• Figure 5.18: lPOs and listings via SPAC mergers (2014–2026)