Drug-Eluting Stents - Market Insights, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast - 2034

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Summary

Overview:

• The global drug-eluting stents market was valued at USD 2.79 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 5.53 billion by 2034.
• The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.88% during the forecast period 2026-2034, supported by the increasing incidence of cardiovascular disorders, rising product development activity, the growing burden of lifestyle-related disease, and the increasing preference for minimally invasive procedures.
• By type, the coronary stenting segment dominated the drug-eluting stents market with an 82% share in 2025.
• By scaffold, the cobalt-chromium segment dominated the drug-eluting stents market with a 46% share in 2025.
• By coating, the polymer-based coating segment dominated the drug-eluting stents market with a 68% share in 2025.
• By drug type, the everolimus segment dominated the drug-eluting stents market with a 51% share in 2025.
• By end-user, the hospitals segment dominated the drug-eluting stents market with a 66% share in 2025.
• North America accounted for the largest share of the drug-eluting stents market at 38% in 2025, while Asia-Pacific is anticipated to register the fastest growth through 2034.

A drug-eluting stent is a small expandable tube, placed within a narrowed or obstructed artery during a percutaneous catheter-based intervention, that is coated with a pharmacological agent released gradually into the vessel wall to inhibit the cellular proliferation responsible for restenosis. The device combines three engineered elements, and the market is organized upon them. The scaffold is the metallic or polymeric platform that provides radial strength and holds the vessel open, most commonly fabricated from cobalt-chromium, platinum-chromium, or nitinol alloys selected for their strength, thinness, and visibility under fluoroscopy. The coating is the carrier that governs the release of the drug, comprising polymer-based systems that may be biodegradable, resorbing after the drug has eluted, or non-biodegradable and permanent, alongside polymer-free systems that release the agent directly from the stent surface and avoid the inflammatory response that a retained polymer can provoke. The drug is the antiproliferative agent itself, principally the limus family, of which everolimus is the most widely used, together with paclitaxel and other agents. Applied across coronary and peripheral arterial territories, drug-eluting stents have largely displaced bare-metal stents by markedly reducing in-stent restenosis and the need for repeat revascularization. The contemporary market is defined by the movement toward ultrathin scaffolds and biodegradable-polymer and polymer-free designs, the expansion of drug-coated technology into peripheral disease, and the emergence of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds.

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Key Growth Drivers

• A very large global cardiovascular disease burden, with the World Heart Report stating that over half a billion people were living with cardiovascular disease worldwide.
• A high prevalence of coronary artery disease, with the British Heart Foundation Global Heart and Circulatory Diseases Factsheet reporting some 200 million people living with coronary artery disease worldwide.
• A large peripheral artery disease population, with the American Heart Association reporting some 200 million people living with peripheral artery disease globally and the Global Burden of Disease study reporting 56.4 million prevalent cases among those aged 40 to 70.
• A rising burden of atrial fibrillation and related cardiovascular conditions, with the American Heart Association estimating that over 12 million people will have atrial fibrillation globally by 2030.
• Growing instances of lifestyle-related disorders, including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, that accelerate atherosclerosis and the need for revascularization.
• Increasing preference for minimally invasive percutaneous procedures over open surgical revascularization, offering shorter recovery and lower complication rates.
• Rising product development and regulatory approval activity, refreshing scaffold, coating, and drug platforms across the leading manufacturers.

Key Companies in Drug-Eluting Stents Market

The competitive field is led by a small group of large medical technology companies operating full interventional cardiology franchises spanning scaffolds, coatings, and drug platforms, challenged by specialists in polymer-free and biodegradable-polymer technology and by cost-competitive regional manufacturers in Asia and Europe. The leading participants in the drug-eluting stents market include the following:

• Abbott Laboratories
• Medtronic plc
• Boston Scientific Corporation
• BIOTRONIK SE & Co. KG
• Terumo Corporation
• MicroPort Scientific Corporation
• B. Braun Melsungen AG
• Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.
• Biosensors International Group Ltd.
• Lepu Medical Technology Co. Ltd.

Factors Contributing to the Growth of the Drug-Eluting Stents Market

Market Drivers

Increasing Incidence of Cardiovascular Disorders

The foundational driver of the drug-eluting stents market is the very large and rising global burden of cardiovascular disease, which generates the volume of revascularization procedures on which the entire category depends. The World Heart Report stated that over half a billion people were living with cardiovascular diseases globally, and the British Heart Foundation Global Heart and Circulatory Diseases Factsheet reported that some 200 million people are living with coronary artery disease worldwide, the principal indication for coronary stenting. The American Heart Association estimates that over 12 million people will have atrial fibrillation globally by 2030, reflecting the broader expansion of cardiovascular disease, and the burden extends beyond the coronary territory, with the American Heart Association reporting some 200 million people living with peripheral artery disease globally and the Global Burden of Disease study identifying 56.4 million prevalent cases of peripheral artery disease among those aged 40 to 70. Because obstructive atherosclerotic disease in both the coronary and peripheral circulations is increasingly managed through percutaneous catheter-based revascularization rather than open surgery, and because a drug-eluting stent is implanted in the great majority of these procedures, the rising prevalence of cardiovascular disorders translates directly and predictably into device demand. As these conditions become more widespread globally, the need for effective, minimally invasive treatments such as stenting continues to grow, making the cardiovascular disease burden the most durable driver of the market.

Growing Instances of Lifestyle-Related Disorders

The rising global prevalence of lifestyle-related metabolic disorders is a powerful driver of the drug-eluting stents market, because these conditions accelerate atherosclerosis and enlarge the population requiring revascularization, frequently at younger ages. Diabetes, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, and smoking each contribute to the endothelial injury, inflammation, and plaque formation that narrow the coronary and peripheral arteries, and their combined burden is climbing across both developed and developing economies as diets change and sedentary lifestyles spread with urbanization. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention note that about 47% of Americans have at least one of the three principal risk factors of high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking, illustrating how widely the underlying risk is distributed even in a well-resourced health system. Diabetic patients in particular develop more diffuse and rapidly progressive coronary disease and are more prone to restenosis after intervention, which increases both the volume of procedures and the clinical value of the antiproliferative drug elution that defines the category. Because cardiovascular disorders are rising among middle-aged individuals as well as the elderly, the demand for effective diagnostic and treatment options is increasing significantly, fueling investment in innovative technologies and expanding the market. As the metabolic-disease epidemic is a durable and worsening global trend, it provides a large, structural, and accelerating source of demand.

Market Restraints

Despite a large and structurally expanding demand base, the drug-eluting stents market faces material constraints that temper the pace and value of growth. The most significant is the risk and complications associated with the devices themselves. Although drug-eluting stents markedly reduce in-stent restenosis relative to bare-metal alternatives, they carry risks including late and very late stent thrombosis, a rare but frequently catastrophic event historically associated with delayed endothelial healing over durable polymers, as well as neoatherosclerosis within the stented segment, stent fracture or malapposition, vessel dissection or perforation during deployment, and restenosis that still occurs in a meaningful minority of cases, particularly in diabetic patients, small vessels, and long or complex lesions. These risks necessitate prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy, which itself carries a bleeding hazard that is especially problematic in elderly and anticoagulated patients, and the resulting trade-off between thrombotic and bleeding risk constrains device selection. Product recalls and safety actions affecting stent systems have periodically disrupted supply and eroded clinician confidence.

The second constraint is the stringent regulatory approval process. The pathway for these implantable, drug-device combination products is long, costly, and demanding of extensive randomized clinical evidence and post-market surveillance from authorities such as the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Union Medical Device Regulation, which raises the barrier to entry, delays market access, and concentrates the market among manufacturers with regulatory scale.

The third constraint is severe pricing pressure. The maturity of coronary stenting, the entry of capable low-cost manufacturers, national price caps in markets such as India, and volume-based procurement programs in China have compressed average selling prices substantially, so that unit growth increasingly outpaces value growth. Additional constraints include competition from drug-coated balloons and from optimal medical therapy in selected patients, and the volatility that tariffs on imported components and finished devices add to cost and supply. Together, these clinical, regulatory, and economic factors ensure that growth, while structurally supported, proceeds unevenly across segments and geographies. Source: peer-reviewed literature; regulatory authorities; company disclosures.

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Segment Analysis

The global drug-eluting stents market is segmented by type (coronary stenting and peripheral stenting), by scaffold (platinum-chromium, cobalt-chromium, nitinol, and others), by coating (polymer-based coating, comprising biodegradable and non-biodegradable, and polymer-free coating), by drug type (everolimus, paclitaxel, and others), by end-user (hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, and specialty clinics), and by geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Rest of the World).

By Type

Dominant Subsegment: Coronary Stenting.

Dominant: Coronary Stenting ~ 82%

The coronary stenting segment accounted for an 82% share of the drug-eluting stents market in 2025. Coronary stenting dominates the type structure because coronary artery disease is the largest single indication for percutaneous revascularization and because the drug-eluting stent originated in and remains overwhelmingly concentrated in the coronary circulation. The British Heart Foundation Global Heart and Circulatory Diseases Factsheet reports that some 200 million people are living with coronary artery disease worldwide, and percutaneous coronary intervention is among the most frequently performed interventional procedures globally, with a drug-eluting stent implanted in the great majority of cases. The dominance of the segment rests on the strength of the clinical evidence base, which established that antiproliferative elution substantially reduces in-stent restenosis and target lesion revascularization relative to bare-metal stents, on mature and generally favorable reimbursement in the developed markets, and on the breadth of device sizes and designs available to treat the full range of coronary anatomy including bifurcations, small vessels, long lesions, and chronic total occlusions. Peripheral stenting constitutes the second segment and the faster-growing one, addressing the very large peripheral artery disease population that the American Heart Association places at some 200 million people globally, and it is served principally by self-expanding nitinol drug-eluting platforms developed for the femoropopliteal and below-the-knee territories where restenosis after conventional treatment has historically been high. Coronary stenting is expected to retain its dominant share throughout the forecast period, even as peripheral stenting grows faster.

By Scaffold

Dominant Subsegment: Cobalt-Chromium.

Dominant: Cobalt-Chromium ~ 46%

The cobalt-chromium segment accounted for a 46% share of the drug-eluting stents market in 2025. Cobalt-chromium dominates the scaffold structure because the alloy offers the most favorable combination of radial strength, radiopacity, and biocompatibility for coronary stent platforms, and because its high strength permits the ultrathin strut designs that define contemporary device performance. Thinner struts reduce the degree of vessel wall injury at deployment, improve deliverability through tortuous and calcified anatomy, lower the disturbance to blood flow that predisposes to thrombosis, and accelerate the endothelial healing that permits shorter dual antiplatelet regimens; these advantages have made cobalt-chromium the material of choice across the majority of the leading coronary drug-eluting stent families. The alloy also provides sufficient radiopacity for accurate fluoroscopic placement without the additional density required of earlier stainless steel designs. Platinum-chromium constitutes the second scaffold segment and an important one, offering greater radiopacity and enhanced conformability that some operators prefer for precise positioning and for treating complex anatomy. Nitinol serves a distinct and essential role as the self-expanding platform for peripheral applications, where its superelasticity and shape memory allow the stent to resist the external compression, bending, and torsion to which the femoropopliteal vessels are subjected, making it the standard for the peripheral segment. Other materials, including stainless steel and the bioresorbable polymers used in fully absorbable scaffolds, complete the structure. Cobalt-chromium is expected to retain its leading share throughout the forecast period.

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Region Analysis

Dominant Region: North America

Dominant: North America ~ 38% (Largest)

North America accounted for a 38% share of the global drug-eluting stents market in 2025. The region holds a dominant position globally, attributable to the high incidence of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and their associated risk factors, combined with significant advancement in product development and regulatory approval, the presence of the leading market participants, and a well-established and advanced healthcare infrastructure. The National Institutes of Health reported that 20.5 million people in the United States were living with coronary artery disease, and data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicate that 805,000 people in the United States have a myocardial infarction each year on average, while the same source notes that about 47% of Americans have at least one of the three key risk factors of high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking. The Canadian Institute for Health Information reported that 2.4 million Canadians were affected by heart disease, adding materially to the regional burden. Because cardiovascular disorders are rising in the region among middle-aged individuals as well as the elderly, demand for more effective diagnostic and treatment options is increasing significantly, fueling investment in innovative technologies. Product development activity further boosts the market, exemplified by the United States approval of a drug-coated balloon indicated to treat coronary in-stent restenosis. The presence of Abbott, Medtronic, and Boston Scientific with their strong distribution networks ensures widespread availability, and supportive reimbursement provides substantial growth opportunity. The region is expected to retain its dominant position throughout the forecast period.

Fastest Growing Region: Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific is projected to register the fastest compound annual growth rate in the drug-eluting stents market through 2034. The region is emerging as the principal growth engine of the market, propelled by an enormous and rapidly aging population, a sharply rising burden of coronary and peripheral artery disease driven by urbanization, dietary change, and the diabetes epidemic, and the rapid expansion of interventional cardiology capacity. Governments across the region are increasing healthcare budgets and investing in new hospitals and cardiac catheterization laboratories, particularly in China and India, which are expanding both the number of centers able to perform percutaneous intervention and the workforce of trained operators, converting a very large and previously undertreated disease burden into treated procedures. Rising disposable income, growing health awareness, and the gradual extension of insurance coverage and public reimbursement further increase the population able to access intervention. A distinctive feature of the region is the strength of its domestic manufacturers, with Chinese and Indian companies producing capable drug-eluting stents at price points suited to their home markets and increasingly exporting to other emerging economies, which accelerates volume adoption even as national price caps and volume-based procurement programs compress average selling prices and mean that unit growth outpaces value growth. China contributes the largest incremental volume, supported by a vast population and a substantial domestic industry; Japan combines a deeply aged population with advanced interventional practice and premium device adoption; and India represents a substantial long-term opportunity as access broadens. Regional growth is expected to exceed the global average across every segment.

Regional Commentary

North America

North America leads on value, innovation, and regulatory precedence, holding a 38% share in 2025. The region combines a high coronary and peripheral disease burden with advanced catheterization infrastructure, favorable reimbursement, high healthcare spending, and the presence of Abbott, Medtronic, and Boston Scientific. The National Institutes of Health report 20.5 million people in the United States living with coronary artery disease, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report 805,000 annual myocardial infarctions, and the Canadian Institute for Health Information reports 2.4 million Canadians affected by heart disease. The United States is the reference market for new scaffold, coating, and antiplatelet-labeling approvals. Near-term dynamics are shaped by ultrathin and biodegradable-polymer platforms, shortened dual antiplatelet therapy, peripheral expansion, and the outpatient migration of elective procedures.

Europe

Europe is a large and innovation-oriented market, supported by aging populations across Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and Spain that carry a high burden of coronary and peripheral artery disease, together with well-established interventional practice and generally supportive reimbursement across national health systems. European manufacturers are prominent innovators in biodegradable-polymer and polymer-free technology, and the region is frequently an early market for new platforms, exemplified by CE Mark approval of self-expanding drug-eluting stents for superficial femoral artery lesions. The European Union Medical Device Regulation has raised the evidentiary burden for new approvals and reshaped product availability in favor of manufacturers with regulatory scale, while competitive tendering exerts continued pressure on price.

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific is the fastest-growing region, propelled by an enormous aging population, a rapidly rising burden of coronary and peripheral artery disease, the diabetes epidemic, and expanding catheterization capacity. Government investment in hospitals and cardiac centers, particularly in China and India, is converting untreated disease into procedures, and capable domestic manufacturers supply cost-effective devices that broaden access. China contributes the largest incremental volume and a substantial domestic industry, Japan combines deep aging with advanced practice and premium adoption, and India offers a large long-term opportunity. National price caps and volume-based procurement compress selling prices, so unit growth outpaces value growth, but regional expansion exceeds the global average across every segment.

Rest of World

The Rest of the World comprises the Middle East, Africa, and South America. Access is highly stratified. The Gulf Cooperation Council states and the larger South American markets, particularly Brazil, have invested in cardiac catheterization capacity and increasingly perform contemporary percutaneous intervention with premium drug-eluting devices, representing growing markets, while much of Africa lacks the catheterization laboratories, trained interventional workforce, and financing required, so a large share of obstructive coronary disease is never revascularized. Cost and limited reimbursement constrain premium device adoption in developing countries. Regional growth will be driven by investment in cardiac care infrastructure, the rising cardiovascular burden, government health initiatives, and lower-cost devices from regional and Asian manufacturers.

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Competitive Landscape

The global drug-eluting stents market is classified as Moderately Consolidated. A small group of large medical technology companies dominates the developed markets through established coronary stent franchises, extensive randomized clinical evidence, strong interventional cardiologist relationships, and global distribution, while capable regional manufacturers in Asia and Europe hold substantial and growing positions in their home and emerging markets on the strength of cost competitiveness. Competition centers on strut thickness and deliverability, coating technology and the duration of antiplatelet therapy the device permits, the depth of the clinical evidence base, and increasingly on price, and product launches, clinical trials, and tendering intensify rivalry. The competitive landscape is evaluated across the following dimensions:

• Market concentration: Moderately consolidated, with a small group of large medical technology companies holding the majority of value in the developed markets through established coronary franchises, alongside capable regional manufacturers that hold substantial unit share in Asia and the emerging markets.
• Leading players: Abbott leads with its everolimus-eluting XIENCE family, Medtronic competes through its Resolute and Onyx zotarolimus platforms, Boston Scientific through its platinum-chromium SYNERGY and Promus families, and BIOTRONIK and Terumo through bioabsorbable-polymer and ultrathin designs, with MicroPort, Meril, Biosensors, and Lepu contesting the emerging markets.
• Geographic reach: The leading participants maintain global commercial and interventional-education organizations, while regional manufacturers including Meril, MicroPort, Lepu, and Sahajanand leverage cost advantages to serve large domestic markets and to expand across the emerging economies.
• Product portfolio strength: Competitive advantage rests on breadth across scaffold, coating, and drug platforms together with a full range of sizes and lengths, since operators select a device for the specific anatomy and increasingly for the antiplatelet regimen it permits in high bleeding risk patients.
• Pipeline strength: Development is concentrated in ultrathin-strut scaffolds, biodegradable-polymer and polymer-free coatings, shortened dual antiplatelet therapy labeling, dedicated peripheral and below-the-knee platforms, and bioresorbable vascular scaffolds.
• Strategic partnerships: Collaboration spans large randomized clinical trial programs and registries conducted with academic and interventional centers, distribution agreements extending regional manufacturers into new geographies, and alliances integrating stents with intravascular imaging and physiology platforms.
• M&A activity: Acquisition and consolidation have shaped the field, spanning the earlier absorption of pioneering stent innovators by the diversified leaders and continued transactions extending vascular intervention portfolios and adding drug-coated and peripheral capabilities.
• Innovation focus: Innovation is shifting toward thinner and more deliverable scaffolds, coatings that permit shorter antiplatelet therapy, peripheral and below-the-knee applications, bioresorbable scaffolds, and the integration of artificial intelligence and intravascular imaging into stent sizing and optimization.
• Regulatory standing: United States premarket approval and European Union Medical Device Regulation certification are decisive competitive credentials given the drug-device combination nature of these products, and the sequence of platform and antiplatelet-labeling approvals has become a principal axis of competition among the leaders.

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Recent Developmental Activities

In March 2024, Boston Scientific Corporation announced that it had received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the AGENT Drug-Coated Balloon, indicated to treat coronary in-stent restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Strategic significance: the approval of the first drug-coated balloon for coronary in-stent restenosis in the United States addressed a persistent limitation of stenting, namely the treatment of restenosis within a previously implanted device, and extended the antiproliferative principle into a leave-nothing-behind adjacent modality that both complements and competes with repeat stenting.

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Segmentation

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Assessment by Type

• Coronary Stenting
• Peripheral Stenting

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Assessment by Scaffold

• Platinum-Chromium
• Cobalt-Chromium
• Nitinol
• Others

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Assessment by Coating

• Polymer-Based Coating
• Biodegradable
• Non-Biodegradable
• Polymer-Free Coating

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Assessment by Drug Type

• Everolimus
• Paclitaxel
• Others

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Assessment by End-User

• Hospitals
• Ambulatory Surgical Centers
• Specialty Clinics

Drug-Eluting Stents Market Assessment by Geography

• North America
• United States Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Canada Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Mexico Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Europe
• France Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Germany Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• United Kingdom Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Italy Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Spain Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Rest of Europe Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Asia-Pacific
• China Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Japan Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• India Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Australia Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• South Korea Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Rest of Asia-Pacific Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Rest of the World
• Middle East Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• Africa Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)
• South America Drug-Eluting Stents Market Size in USD million (2023-2034)

Key Takeaways from the Drug-Eluting Stents Market Report Study

• Market size analysis for the current drug-eluting stent market size (2025), and market forecast for 9 years (2026 to 2034).
• Top key product/technology developments, mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, and joint ventures that happened over the last 3 years.
• Key companies dominating the global drug-eluting stent market.
• Various opportunities available for competitors in the drug-eluting stent market space.
• What are the top-performing segments in 2025? How will these segments perform in 2034?
• Which are the top-performing regions and countries in the current drug-eluting stent market scenario?
• Which are the regions and countries where companies should concentrate their opportunities for drug-eluting stent market growth in the future?

Target audience who can benefit from this drug-eluting stent market report study

• Radiofrequency ablation devices product providers
• Research organizations and consulting companies
• Radiofrequency ablation devices-related organizations, associations, forums, and other alliances.
• Government and corporate offices
• Start-up companies, venture capitalists, and private equity firms
• Distributors and traders dealing in drug-eluting stent
• Various end-users who want to know more about the drug-eluting stent market and the latest technological developments in the drug-eluting stent market.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Q1. At what rate is the drug-eluting stents market expected to grow?

The global drug-eluting stents market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 7.88% during the forecast period from 2026 to 2034.

Q2. What is the current and projected size of the drug-eluting stents market?

The global drug-eluting stents market was valued at USD 2.79 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 5.53 billion by 2034.

Q3. Which region dominates the drug-eluting stents market?

North America dominated the drug-eluting stents market with a 38% share in 2025, driven by the high incidence of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction and their risk factors, advanced healthcare infrastructure, favorable reimbursement, and the presence of Abbott, Medtronic, and Boston Scientific, with the National Institutes of Health reporting 20.5 million people in the United States living with coronary artery disease and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reporting 805,000 myocardial infarctions each year. Asia-Pacific is projected to record the fastest compound annual growth rate through 2034, driven by an aging population, a rising cardiovascular burden, and expanding catheterization capacity across China, Japan, and India.