PUBLISHER: Future Markets, Inc. | PRODUCT CODE: 1819078
PUBLISHER: Future Markets, Inc. | PRODUCT CODE: 1819078
The Global Nuclear Fusion Energy Market 2026-2046
Nuclear fusion energy stands at the precipice of commercial viability after decades of scientific pursuit. Unlike conventional nuclear fission, fusion promises abundant clean energy with minimal radioactive waste and no risk of meltdown, potentially revolutionizing global energy markets. The fusion industry has experienced unprecedented growth since 2021, with private and public investment hitting $10 billion by September 2025. This surge represents a dramatic shift from the historically government-dominated research landscape. Several approaches are competing for market dominance. Magnetic confinement fusion (tokamaks and stellarators) remains the most mature technology, with companies like Commonwealth Fusion Systems, TAE Technologies, and Tokamak Energy making significant advances. Inertial confinement fusion has gained momentum following NIF's breakthrough, while alternative approaches like magnetized target fusion (pursued by General Fusion) and Z-pinch technology (Zap Energy) have attracted substantial investment.
The fusion market currently consists primarily of pre-revenue technology developers, specialized component suppliers, and strategic investors. Major energy corporations including Chevron, Eni, and Shell have made strategic investments, signaling growing confidence in fusion's commercial potential. Government funding also remains crucial,. Near-term projections suggest the first commercial fusion power plants could begin operation between 2030-2035. Commonwealth Fusion Systems and UK-based First Light Fusion have both announced timelines targeting commercial plants by 2031-2032, though challenges remain in materials science, plasma stability, and engineering integration. The fusion energy sector could reach $40-80 billion by 2036 and potentially exceed $350 billion by 2050 if technological milestones are achieved. Initial deployment will likely focus on grid-scale baseload power generation, with hydrogen production and industrial heat applications following as the technology matures.
The fusion energy sector is experiencing unprecedented momentum, driven primarily by Big Tech's massive power demands for AI and data centres. The U.S. leads global fusion development with 29 companies pursuing various approaches to achieve commercial viability. Commonwealth Fusion Systems raised $863 million in Series B2 funding, with Nvidia joining as a first-time investor alongside Google, Khosla Ventures, and Bill Gates's Breakthrough Energy Ventures. Helion Energy secured $425 million with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman leading the round, while TAE Technologies closed $150 million with investments from Chevron and Google. Helion began construction of the Orion plant in Washington state, scheduled to deliver 50 MW to Microsoft data centers by 2028 under the world's first fusion power purchase agreement. Commonwealth Fusion Systems' SPARC demonstration facility in Massachusetts is 60% complete, with their commercial ARC facility planned for Virginia in the early 2030s under a 200 MW Google power purchase agreement. In September 2025, the Department of Energy expanded its Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program with $134 million in new funding. The program previously committed $46 million to eight startups that collectively raised $350 million in private funding. Recipients include Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Focused Energy, Thea Energy, Realta Fusion, Tokamak Energy, Type One Energy Group, Xcimer Energy, and Zap Energy. Big Tech companies are driving investment through power purchase agreements and direct investments. Google's partnerships with Commonwealth Fusion Systems and TAE Technologies include not just funding but access to AI capabilities and algorithms. Microsoft's agreement with Helion and partnerships with Nucor for a 500 MW plant demonstrate growing commercial confidence.
Regulatory frameworks are evolving, with the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission beginning to develop specific guidelines for fusion facilities distinct from fission regulations. Significant challenges remain, including technical hurdles in plasma confinement, tritium fuel cycle management, and first-wall materials capable of withstanding neutron bombardment. Economic viability also remains uncertain, with cost-competitiveness dependent on reducing capital expenses and achieving high capacity factors.
The nuclear fusion energy market represents one of the most promising frontier technology sectors, with potential to fundamentally reshape global energy systems. While technical and economic challenges persist, unprecedented private capital, technological breakthroughs, and climate urgency are accelerating development timelines. The industry is transitioning from pure research to commercialization phases, suggesting fusion may finally fulfill its long-promised potential within the coming decade.
"The Global Nuclear Fusion Energy Market 2026-2046" provides the definitive analysis of the emerging nuclear fusion energy market, covering the pivotal 20-year period when fusion transitions from laboratory experiments to commercial reality.
Report contents include:
- Commercial Fusion Technology Assessment: Detailed comparison of tokamak, stellarator, spherical tokamak, field-reversed configuration (FRC), inertial confinement fusion (ICF), magnetized target fusion (MTF), Z-pinch, and pulsed power approaches with SWOT analysis and technological maturity evaluation
- Fusion Fuel Cycle Economic Analysis: Quantitative assessment of tritium supply constraints, breeding requirements, and economic implications of D-T, D-D, and aneutronic fuel cycles with strategic recommendations for mitigating supply bottlenecks
- Critical Materials Supply Chain Vulnerability: Strategic analysis of high-temperature superconductor manufacturing capacity, lithium-6 isotope enrichment capabilities, plasma-facing material production, and specialized component bottlenecks with geopolitical risk assessment
- AI and Digital Twin Implementation: Evaluation of machine learning applications in plasma control, predictive maintenance, reactor optimization, and fusion simulation with case studies of successful AI implementations accelerating fusion development
- Comparative LCOE Projections: Evidence-based levelized cost of electricity projections for fusion compared to advanced fission, renewables with storage, and hydrogen technologies across multiple timeframes and deployment scenarios
- Investment and Funding Analysis: Detailed breakdown of $9.8B+ in fusion investments by technology approach, geographic region, company stage, and investor type with proprietary data on valuation trends and funding efficiency metrics
- Fusion Plant Integration Models: Technical assessment of grid integration approaches, operational flexibility capabilities, cogeneration potential for process heat/hydrogen, and comparative analysis of modular versus utility-scale deployment strategies
- Regulatory Framework Evolution: Analysis of emerging fusion-specific regulations across major jurisdictions with timeline projections for licensing pathways and recommendations for regulatory engagement strategies
- Market Adoption Projections: Quantitative market penetration modelling by geography, sector, and application with comprehensive analysis of rate-limiting factors including supply chain constraints, regulatory hurdles, and competing technology evolution
- Profiles of 46 companies in the nuclear fusion energy market. Companies profiled include Acceleron Fusion, Anubal Fusion, Astral Systems, Avalanche Energy, Blue Laser Fusion, Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), Electric Fusion Systems, Energy Singularity, First Light Fusion, Focused Energy, Fuse Energy, General Fusion, HB11 Energy, Helical Fusion, Helion Energy, Hylenr, Kyoto Fusioneering, Marvel Fusion, Metatron, NearStar Fusion, Neo Fusion, Novatron Fusion Group and more....
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 1.1. What is Nuclear Fusion?
- 1.2. Future Outlook
- 1.3. Recent Market Activity
- 1.3.1. Investment Landscape and Funding Trends
- 1.3.2. Government Support and Policy Framework
- 1.3.3. Technical Approaches and Innovation
- 1.3.4. Commercial Partnerships and Power Purchase Agreements
- 1.3.5. Regional Development and Manufacturing
- 1.3.6. Regulatory Environment and Licensing
- 1.3.7. Challenges and Technical Hurdles
- 1.3.8. Market Projections and Timeline
- 1.3.9. Investment Ecosystem Evolution
- 1.3.10. Global Competitive Landscape
- 1.4. Competition with Other Power Sources
- 1.5. Investment Funding
- 1.6. Materials and Components
- 1.7. Commercial Landscape
- 1.8. Applications and Implementation Roadmap
- 1.9. Fuels
2. INTRODUCTION
- 2.1. The Fusion Energy Market
- 2.1.1. Historical evolution
- 2.1.2. Market drivers
- 2.1.3. National strategies
- 2.2. Technical Foundations
- 2.2.1. Nuclear Fusion Principles
- 2.2.1.1. Nuclear binding energy fundamentals
- 2.2.1.2. Fusion reaction types and characteristics
- 2.2.1.3. Energy density advantages of fusion reactions
- 2.2.2. Power Production Fundamentals
- 2.2.2.1. Q factor
- 2.2.2.2. Electricity production pathways
- 2.2.2.3. Engineering efficiency
- 2.2.2.4. Heat transfer and power conversion systems
- 2.2.3. Fusion and Fission
- 2.2.3.1. Safety profile
- 2.2.3.2. Waste management considerations and radioactivity
- 2.2.3.3. Fuel cycle differences and proliferation aspects
- 2.2.3.4. Engineering crossover and shared expertise
- 2.2.3.5. Nuclear industry contributions to fusion development
- 2.2.1. Nuclear Fusion Principles
- 2.3. Regulatory Framework
- 2.3.1. International regulatory developments and harmonization
- 2.3.2. Europe
- 2.3.3. Regional approaches and policy implications
3. NUCLEAR FUSION ENERGY MARKET
- 3.1. Market Outlook
- 3.1.1. Fusion deployment
- 3.1.2. Alternative clean energy sources
- 3.1.3. Application in data centers
- 3.1.4. Deployment rate limitations and scaling challenges
- 3.2. Technology Categorization by Confinement Mechanism
- 3.2.1. Magnetic Confinement Technologies
- 3.2.1.1. Tokamak and spherical tokamak designs
- 3.2.1.2. Stellarator approach and advantages
- 3.2.1.3. Field-reversed configurations (FRCs)
- 3.2.1.4. Comparison of magnetic confinement approaches
- 3.2.1.5. Plasma stability and confinement innovations
- 3.2.2. Inertial Confinement Technologies
- 3.2.2.1. Laser-driven inertial confinement
- 3.2.2.2. National Ignition Facility achievements and challenges
- 3.2.2.3. Manufacturing and scaling barriers
- 3.2.2.4. Commercial viability
- 3.2.2.5. High repetition rate approaches
- 3.2.3. Hybrid and Alternative Approaches
- 3.2.3.1. Magnetized target fusion
- 3.2.3.2. Pulsed Magnetic Fusion
- 3.2.3.3. Z-Pinch Devices
- 3.2.3.4. Pulsed magnetic fusion
- 3.2.4. Emerging Alternative Concepts
- 3.2.5. Compact Fusion Approaches
- 3.2.1. Magnetic Confinement Technologies
- 3.3. Fuel Cycle Analysis
- 3.3.1. Commercial Fusion Reactions
- 3.3.1.1. Deuterium-Tritium (D-T) fusion
- 3.3.1.2. Alternative reaction pathways (D-D, p-B11, He3)
- 3.3.1.3. Comparative advantages and technical challenges
- 3.3.1.4. Aneutronic fusion approaches
- 3.3.2. Fuel Supply Considerations
- 3.3.2.1. Tritium supply limitations and breeding requirements
- 3.3.2.2. Deuterium abundance and extraction methods
- 3.3.2.3. Exotic fuel availability
- 3.3.2.4. Supply chain security and strategic reserves
- 3.3.1. Commercial Fusion Reactions
- 3.4. Ecosystem Beyond Power Plant OEMs
- 3.4.1. Component manufacturers and specialized suppliers
- 3.4.2. Engineering services and testing infrastructure
- 3.4.3. Digital twin technology and advanced simulation tools
- 3.4.4. AI applications in plasma physics and reactor operation
- 3.4.5. Building trust in surrogate models for fusion
- 3.5. Development Timelines
- 3.5.1. Comparative Analysis of Commercial Approaches
- 3.5.2. Strategic Roadmaps and Timelines
- 3.5.2.1. Major Player Developments
- 3.5.3. Public funding for fusion energy research
- 3.5.4. Integrated Timeline Analysis
- 3.5.4.1. Technology approach commercialization sequence
- 3.5.4.2. Fuel cycle development dependencies
- 3.5.4.3. Cost trajectory projections
4. KEY TECHNOLOGIES
- 4.1. Magnetic Confinement Fusion
- 4.1.1. Tokamak and Spherical Tokamak
- 4.1.1.1. Operating principles and technical foundation
- 4.1.1.2. Commercial development
- 4.1.1.3. SWOT analysis
- 4.1.1.4. Roadmap for commercial tokamak fusion
- 4.1.2. Stellarators
- 4.1.2.1. Design principles and advantages over tokamaks
- 4.1.2.2. Wendelstein 7-X
- 4.1.2.3. Commercial development
- 4.1.2.4. SWOT analysis
- 4.1.3. Field-Reversed Configurations
- 4.1.3.1. Technical principles and design advantages
- 4.1.3.2. Commercial development
- 4.1.3.3. SWOT analysis
- 4.1.1. Tokamak and Spherical Tokamak
- 4.2. Inertial Confinement Fusion
- 4.2.1. Fundamental operating principles
- 4.2.2. National Ignition Facility
- 4.2.3. Commercial development
- 4.2.4. SWOT analysis
- 4.3. Alternative Approaches
- 4.3.1. Magnetized Target Fusion
- 4.3.1.1. Technical overview and operating principles
- 4.3.1.2. Commercial development
- 4.3.1.3. SWOT analysis
- 4.3.1.4. Roadmap
- 4.3.2. Z-Pinch Fusion
- 4.3.2.1. Technical principles and operational characteristics
- 4.3.2.2. Commercial development
- 4.3.2.3. SWOT analysis
- 4.3.3. Pulsed Magnetic Fusion
- 4.3.3.1. Technical overview of pulsed magnetic fusion
- 4.3.3.2. Commercial development
- 4.3.3.3. SWOT analysis
- 4.3.1. Magnetized Target Fusion
5. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
- 5.1. Critical Materials for Fusion
- 5.1.1. High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS)
- 5.1.1.1. Second-generation (2G) REBCO tape manufacturing process
- 5.1.1.2. Global value chain
- 5.1.1.3. Demand projections and manufacturing bottlenecks
- 5.1.1.4. SWOT analysis
- 5.1.2. Plasma-Facing Materials
- 5.1.2.1. First wall challenges and material requirements
- 5.1.2.2. Tungsten and lithium solutions for plasma-facing components
- 5.1.2.3. Radiation damage and lifetime considerations
- 5.1.2.4. Supply chain
- 5.1.3. Breeder Blanket Materials
- 5.1.3.1. Choice between solid-state and fluid (liquid metal or molten salt) blanket concepts
- 5.1.3.2. Technology readiness level
- 5.1.3.3. Value chain
- 5.1.4. Lithium Resources and Processing
- 5.1.4.1. Lithium demand in fusion
- 5.1.4.2. Lithium-6 isotope separation requirements
- 5.1.4.3. Comparison of lithium separation methods
- 5.1.4.4. Global lithium supply-demand balance
- 5.1.1. High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS)
- 5.2. Component Manufacturing Ecosystem
- 5.2.1. Specialized capacitors and power electronics
- 5.2.2. Vacuum systems and cryogenic equipment
- 5.2.3. Laser systems for inertial fusion
- 5.2.4. Target manufacturing for ICF
- 5.3. Strategic Supply Chain Considerations
- 5.3.1. Critical minerals
- 5.3.2. China's dominance
- 5.3.3. Public-private partnerships
- 5.3.4. Component supply
6. BUSINESS MODELS FOR NUCLEAR FUSION ENERGY
- 6.1. Commercial Fusion Business Models
- 6.1.1. Value creation
- 6.1.2. Fusion commercialization
- 6.1.3. Industrial process heat applications
- 6.2. Investment Landscape
- 6.2.1. Funding Trends and Sources
- 6.2.1.1. Public funding mechanisms and programs
- 6.2.1.2. Venture capital
- 6.2.1.3. Corporate investments
- 6.2.1.4. Funding by approach
- 6.2.2. Value Creation
- 6.2.2.1. Pre-commercial technology licensing
- 6.2.2.2. Component and material supply opportunities
- 6.2.2.3. Specialized service provision
- 6.2.2.4. Knowledge and intellectual property monetization
- 6.2.1. Funding Trends and Sources
7. FUTURE OUTLOOK AND STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITES
- 7.1. Technology Convergence and Breakthrough Potential
- 7.1.1. AI and machine learning impact on development
- 7.1.2. Advanced computing for design optimization
- 7.1.3. Materials science advancement
- 7.1.4. Control system and diagnostics innovations
- 7.1.5. High-temperature superconductor advancements
- 7.2. Market Evolution
- 7.2.1. Commercial deployment
- 7.2.2. Market adoption and penetration
- 7.2.3. Grid integration and energy markets
- 7.2.4. Specialized application development paths
- 7.2.4.1. Marine propulsion
- 7.2.4.2. Space applications
- 7.2.4.3. Industrial process heat applications
- 7.2.4.4. Remote power applications
- 7.3. Strategic Positioning for Market Participants
- 7.3.1. Component supplier opportunities
- 7.3.2. Energy producer partnership strategies
- 7.3.3. Technology licensing and commercialization paths
- 7.3.4. Investment timing considerations
- 7.3.5. Risk diversification approaches
- 7.4. Pathways to Commercial Fusion Energy
- 7.4.1. Critical Success Factors
- 7.4.1.1. Technical milestone achievement requirements
- 7.4.1.2. Supply chain development imperatives
- 7.4.1.3. Regulatory framework evolution
- 7.4.1.4. Capital formation mechanisms
- 7.4.1.5. Public engagement and acceptance building
- 7.4.2. Key Inflection Points
- 7.4.2.1. Scientific and engineering breakeven demonstrations
- 7.4.2.2. First commercial plant commissioning
- 7.4.2.3. Manufacturing scale-up
- 7.4.2.4. Cost reduction
- 7.4.2.5. Policy support
- 7.4.3. Long-Term Market Impact
- 7.4.3.1. Global energy system transformation
- 7.4.3.2. Decarbonization
- 7.4.3.3. Geopolitical energy
- 7.4.3.4. Societal benefits and economic development
- 7.4.3.5. Quality of life
- 7.4.1. Critical Success Factors
8. COMPANY PROFILES (46 company profiles)
9. APPENDICES
- 9.1. Report scope
- 9.2. Research methodology
- 9.3. Glossary of Terms
10. REFERENCES
List of Tables
- Table 1. Comparison of Nuclear Fusion Energy with Other Power Sources
- Table 2. Private and public funding for Nuclear Fusion Energy 2021-2025
- Table 3. Nuclear Fusion Energy Investment Funding, by company
- Table 4. Key Materials and Components for Fusion
- Table 5.Commercial Landscape by Reactor Class
- Table 6. Market by Reactor Type
- Table 7. Applications by Sector
- Table 8. Fuels in Commercial Fusion
- Table 9. Commercial Fusion Market by Fuel
- Table 10. Market drivers for commercialization of nuclear fusion energy
- Table 11. National strategies in Nuclear Fusion Energy
- Table 12. Fusion Reaction Types and Characteristics
- Table 13. Energy Density Advantages of Fusion Reactions
- Table 14. Q values
- Table 15. Electricity production pathways from fusion energy
- Table 16. Engineering efficiency factors
- Table 17. Heat transfer and power conversion
- Table 18. Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission
- Table 19. Pros and cons of fusion and fission
- Table 20. Safety aspects
- Table 21. Waste management considerations and radioactivity
- Table 22. International regulatory developments
- Table 23. Regional approaches to fusion regulation and policy support
- Table 24. Reactions in Commercial Fusion
- Table 25. Alternative clean energy sources
- Table 26. Deployment rate limitations and scaling challenges
- Table 27. Comparison of magnetic confinement approaches
- Table 28. Plasma stability and confinement innovations
- Table 29. Inertial Confinement Technologies
- Table 30. Inertial confinement fusion Manufacturing and scaling barriers
- Table 31. Commercial viability of inertial confinement fusion energy
- Table 32. High repetition rate approaches
- Table 33. Hybrid and Alternative Approaches
- Table 34. Emerging Alternative Concepts
- Table 35. Compact fusion approaches
- Table 36. Comparative advantages and technical challenges
- Table 37. Aneutronic fusion approaches
- Table 38. Tritium self-sufficiency challenges for D-T reactors
- Table 39. Supply chain considerations
- Table 40. Component manufacturers and specialized suppliers
- Table 41. Engineering services and testing infrastructure
- Table 42. Digital twin technology and advanced simulation tools
- Table 43. AI applications in plasma physics and reactor operation
- Table 44. Comparative Analysis of Commercial Nuclear Fusion Approaches
- Table 45. Field-reversed configuration (FRC) developer timelines
- Table 46. Inertial, magneto-inertial and Z-pinch deployment
- Table 47. Commercial plant deployment projections, by company
- Table 48. Pure inertial confinement fusion commercialization
- Table 49. Public funding for fusion energy research
- Table 50. Technology approach commercialization sequence
- Table 51. Fuel cycle development dependencies
- Table 52. Cost trajectory projections
- Table 53. Conventional Tokamak versus Spherical Tokamak
- Table 54. ITER Specifications
- Table 55. Design principles and advantages over tokamaks
- Table 56. Stellarator vs. Tokamak Comparative Analysis
- Table 57. Stellarator Commercial development
- Table 58. Technical principles and design advantages
- Table 59. Commercial Timeline Assessment
- Table 60. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) operating principles
- Table 61. Inertial Confinement Fusion commercial development
- Table 62. Inertial Confinement Fusion funding
- Table 63. Timeline of laser-driven inertial confinement fusion
- Table 64. Alternative Approaches
- Table 65. Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) Technical overview and operating principles
- Table 66. Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) commercial development
- Table 67. Z-pinch fusion Technical principles and operational characteristics
- Table 68. Z-pinch fusion commercial development
- Table 69. Commercial Viability Assessment
- Table 70. Pulsed magnetic fusion commercial development
- Table 71. Critical Materials for Fusion
- Table 72. Global Value Chain
- Table 73. Demand Projections and Manufacturing Bottlenecks for HTC
- Table 74. First wall challenges and material requirements
- Table 75. Ceramic, Liquid Metal and Molten Salt Options
- Table 76. Comparison of solid-state and fluid (liquid metal or molten salt) blanket concepts
- Table 77. Technology Readiness Level Assessment for Breeder Blanket Materials
- Table 78. Alternatives to COLEX Process for Enrichment
- Table 79. Comparison of Lithium Separation Methods
- Table 80. Competition with Battery Markets for Lithium
- Table 81. Key Components Summary by Fusion Approach
- Table 82. Fusion Energy for industrial process heat applications
- Table 83. Public funding mechanisms and programs
- Table 84. Corporate investments
- Table 85. Component and material supply opportunities
- Table 86. Control system and diagnostic innovations
- Table 87. High-temperature superconductor (HTS) technology advancements
- Table 88. Market adoption patterns and penetration rates
- Table 89. Grid integration and energy market impacts
- Table 90. Specialized application development paths
- Table 91. Energy producer partnership strategies
- Table 92. Technology licensing and commercialization paths
- Table 93. Risk diversification approaches
- Table 94. Technical milestone achievement requirements
- Table 95. Supply chain development imperatives
- Table 96. Capital Formation Mechanisms
- Table 97. Glossary of Terms
List of Figures
- Figure 1. The fusion energy process
- Figure 2. A fusion power plant
- Figure 3. Experimentally inferred Lawson parameters
- Figure 4. ITER nuclear fusion reactor
- Figure 5. Comparing energy density and CO2 emissions of major energy sources
- Figure 6. Timeline and Development Phases
- Figure 7. Schematic of a D-T fusion reaction
- Figure 8. Comparison of conventional tokamak and spherical tokamak
- Figure 9. Interior of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
- Figure 10. Wendelstein 7-X plasma and layer of magnets
- Figure 11. Z-pinch device
- Figure 12. Sandia National Laboratory's Z Machine
- Figure 13. ZAP Energy sheared-flow stabilized Z-pinch
- Figure 14. Kink instability
- Figure 15. Helion's fusion generator
- Figure 16. Tokamak schematic
- Figure 17. SWOT Analysis of Conventional and Spherical Tokamak Approaches
- Figure 18. Roadmap for Commercial Tokamak Fusion
- Figure 19. SWOT Analysis of Stellarator Approach
- Figure 20. SWOT Analysis of FRC Technology
- Figure 21. SWOT Analysis of ICF for Commercial Power
- Figure 22. SWOT Analysis of Magnetized Target Fusion
- Figure 23. Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) Roadmap
- Figure 24. SWOT Analysis of Z-Pinch Reactors
- Figure 25. SWOT Analysis and Timeline Projections for Pulsed Magnetic Fusion
- Figure 26. SWOT Analysis of HTS for Fusion
- Figure 27. Value Chain for Breeder Blanket Materials
- Figure 28. Lithium-6 isotope separation requirements
- Figure 29. Commercial Deployment Timeline Projections
- Figure 30. Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS) Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC)
- Figure 31. General Fusion reactor plasma injector
- Figure 32. Helion Polaris device
- Figure 33. Novatron's nuclear fusion reactor design
- Figure 34. Realta Fusion Tandem Mirror Reactor
- Figure 35. Proxima Fusion Stellaris fusion plant
- Figure 36. ZAP Energy Fusion Core
