The Global Quantum Sensors Market 2026-2046

Description

List of Tables

Quantum sensing represents a new generation of precision measurement technologies that exploit second-generation quantum mechanical phenomena - superposition, entanglement, and quantum coherence - to surpass the fundamental limits of classical measurement systems. By using quantum particles such as photons or atoms as sensing elements, these devices detect extraordinarily small changes in physical quantities including magnetic fields, gravity, rotation, temperature, time, and electromagnetic spectra, often at the nanoscale and frequently through non-invasive means.

The quantum sensors landscape encompasses a diverse range of device types, including atomic clocks, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre diamond sensors, quantum gravimeters, quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers, single photon detectors, and quantum radio frequency (RF) sensors. Each platform offers distinct advantages across a broad spectrum of end-use industries spanning healthcare and life sciences, defence and military, environmental monitoring, telecommunications, oil and gas exploration, financial services, and autonomous navigation.

The market is currently transitioning from an emerging phase to an active growth phase, a shift expected to consolidate over the next five to ten years. Sensors are achieving improved precision, stability, and form factors suitable for commercial deployment, while economies of scale and advances in integrated photonics, MEMS vapour cell fabrication, and solid-state laser technologies are steadily reducing costs. Industry roadmaps project that commercial unit prices will fall below $10,000 by approximately 2027-2028, with costs dropping below $5,000 per unit by 2030, enabling wider industrial adoption and integration into high-end commercial equipment.

Miniaturisation is a defining trend. Quantum RF sensors are approaching smartphone-sized packages, and prototype chip-scale atomic magnetometers have already demonstrated volumes below 100 cm3. Further reductions to credit card-sized packages are anticipated by 2030, with fully integrated chip-scale solutions below 1 cm3 projected by the mid-2030s. These advances are underpinned by the transition from discrete optical components to integrated photonic circuits, which significantly reduces both size and manufacturing cost.

The atomic clocks segment is the most commercially mature category. Growth across the broader market is driven by 5G and future 6G infrastructure expansion demanding precision synchronisation, autonomous vehicle deployment requiring quantum-enhanced LiDAR and GPS-independent navigation, defence applications in GPS-denied environments, and emerging quantum technology ecosystems that create synergies between quantum sensing, computing, and communication. Major technology firms including IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Intel continue to dedicate substantial in-house R&D budgets to quantum initiatives, while government programmes worldwide provide critical support for both fundamental research and commercialisation efforts.

Key challenges remain. Manufacturing at scale requires extreme nanoscale precision, high-purity materials with precisely controlled defects, and complex integration of quantum components with control electronics. Competition from well-established conventional sensors, regulatory uncertainty, security and privacy concerns, and the high cost of early-stage systems all present headwinds.

Looking ahead, the medium-term outlook (2028-2031) anticipates expansion into industrial process control and environmental monitoring, integration with 5G/6G networks, and the establishment of quantum sensing industry standards. The longer-term vision (2032 and beyond) encompasses widespread adoption in automotive and aerospace sectors, the emergence of quantum sensing as a service, integration into consumer electronics and IoT devices, and ultimately the development of global quantum sensing networks for applications ranging from climate monitoring to personalised medicine.

The global quantum sensors market is poised for significant growth over the next two decades as miniaturisation, falling costs, and expanding end-use applications accelerate adoption across defence, healthcare, telecommunications, oil and gas, environmental monitoring, transportation, and financial services. This comprehensive market research report provides detailed technology analysis, market forecasts, company profiles, and strategic roadmaps covering the quantum sensors industry from 2026 through 2046.

Report contents include:

In-depth executive summary covering the first and second quantum revolutions, the current quantum technology market landscape, key developments, and industry developments 2024-2026
Detailed investment landscape analysis including quantum technology investments from 2012 to 2025 and major funding rounds in 2024-2025
Global government initiatives and national quantum programmes driving market growth
Comprehensive market drivers, technology challenges, and SWOT analyses for the quantum sensors market and individual sensor types
Technology trends and innovations including miniaturisation roadmaps, cost reduction trajectories, and chip-scale quantum sensor development
Market forecasts and future outlook segmented into short-term (2025-2027), medium-term (2028-2031), and long-term (2032-2046) projections
Global market forecasts for quantum sensors by sensor type, volume, sensor price, and end-use industry from 2018 to 2046
Detailed technology overviews, operating principles, applications, roadmaps, and market forecasts for atomic clocks (including bench/rack-scale and chip-scale), quantum magnetic field sensors (SQUIDs, optically pumped magnetometers, tunnelling magnetoresistance sensors, and nitrogen-vacancy centre diamond sensors), quantum gravimeters, quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers, quantum image sensors, quantum radar, quantum chemical sensors, quantum RF field sensors (including Rydberg atom and NV centre diamond platforms), and quantum NEMS and MEMS
Benchmarking of quantum sensor technologies including technology readiness levels, comparative performance metrics, and current R&D focus areas
Analysis of quantum sensing components including vapour cells, VCSELs, control electronics, and integrated photonic technologies
International standardisation landscape covering ISO/IEC, CEN-CENELEC, IEEE, and national metrology institutes
Emerging applications and use cases including quantum navigation, quantum sensing as a service, and integration with 5G/6G networks
End-use industry analysis spanning healthcare and life sciences, defence and military, environmental monitoring, oil and gas, transportation and automotive, finance, agriculture, construction, and mining
Case studies in healthcare early disease detection, military navigation systems, environmental monitoring, high-frequency trading, and quantum internet secure communication networks
Over 85 company profiles and 89 tables and 50 figures

Companies profiled in this report include Aegiq, Airbus, Aquark Technologies, Artilux, Atomionics, Beyond Blood Diagnostics, Bosch Quantum Sensing, BT, Cerca Magnetics, Chipiron, Chiral Nano AG, Covesion, Delta g, DeteQt, Diatope GmbH, Diffraqtion, Digistain, Element Six, Ephos, EuQlid, Exail Quantum Sensors, Genesis Quantum Technology, ID Quantique, Infleqtion, Ligentec, M Squared Lasers, Mag4Health, Menlo Systems GmbH, Mesa Quantum, Miraex, Munich Quantum Instruments GmbH, NeoCrystech, Neuranics, NIQS Technology Ltd, Nomad Atomics, Nu Quantum, NVision, Phasor Innovation, Photon Force, Polariton Technologies, PsiQuantum, Q.ANT, Qaisec, Q-CTRL, Qingyuan Tianzhiheng Sensing Technology Co. Ltd, QLM Technology, Qnami, QSENSATO, QT Sense B.V., QuantaMap, QuantCAD LLC, Quan2D Technologies, Quantum Brilliance, Quantum Catalyzer (Q-Cat) and more.....

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 First and second quantum revolutions
1.2 Current quantum technology market landscape
- 1.2.1 Key developments
1.3 Investment landscape
1.4 Global government initiatives
1.5 Industry developments 2024-2026
1.6 Market Drivers
1.7 Market and technology challenges
1.8 Technology trends and innovations
1.9 Market forecast and future outlook
- 1.9.1 Short-term Outlook (2025-2027)
- 1.9.2 Medium-term Outlook (2028-2031)
- 1.9.3 Long-term Outlook (2032-2046)
1.10 Emerging applications and use cases
1.11 Quantum Navigation
1.12 Benchmarking of Quantum Sensor Technologies
1.13 Potential Disruptive Technologies
1.14 Market Map
1.15 Global market for quantum sensors
- 1.15.1 By sensor type
- 1.15.2 By volume
- 1.15.3 By sensor price
- 1.15.4 By end use industry
1.16 Quantum Sensors Roadmapping
- 1.16.1 Atomic clocks
- 1.16.2 Quantum magnetometers
- 1.16.3 Quantum gravimeters
- 1.16.4 Inertial quantum sensors
- 1.16.5 Quantum RF sensors
- 1.16.6 Single photon detectors
1.17 International Standardization Landscape
- 1.17.1 ISO/IEC JTC 3 - Quantum Technologies
- 1.17.2 CEN-CENELEC JTC 22 - Quantum Technologies (Europe)
- 1.17.3 IEEE Standards Association
- 1.17.4 Standardization Gaps Identified for Quantum Sensors
- 1.17.5 National Metrology Institutes (NMIs)

2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 What is quantum sensing?
2.2 Types of quantum sensors
- 2.2.1 Comparison between classical and quantum sensors
2.3 Quantum Sensing Principles
2.4 Quantum Phenomena
2.5 Technology Platforms
2.6 Quantum Sensing Technologies and Applications
2.7 Value proposition for quantum sensors
2.8 SWOT Analysis

3 QUANTUM SENSING COMPONENTS

3.1 Overview
3.2 Specialized components
3.3 Vapor cells
- 3.3.1 Overview
- 3.3.2 Manufacturing
- 3.3.3 Alkali azides
- 3.3.4 Companies
3.4 VCSELs
- 3.4.1 Overview
- 3.4.2 Quantum sensor miniaturization
- 3.4.3 Companies
3.5 Control electronics for quantum sensors
3.6 Integrated photonic and semiconductor technologies
3.7 Challenges
3.8 Roadmap

4 ATOMIC CLOCKS

4.1 Technology Overview
- 4.1.1 Hyperfine energy levels
- 4.1.2 Self-calibration
4.2 Markets
4.3 Roadmap
4.4 High frequency oscillators
- 4.4.1 Emerging oscillators
4.5 New atomic clock technologies
4.6 Optical atomic clocks
- 4.6.1 Chip-scale optical clocks
- 4.6.2 Rack-sized atomic clocks
4.7 Challenge in atomic clock miniaturization
4.8 Companies
4.9 SWOT analysis
4.10 Market forecasts
- 4.10.1 Total market
- 4.10.2 Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks
- 4.10.3 Chip-scale atomic clocks

5 QUANTUM MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS

5.1 Technology overview
- 5.1.1 Measuring magnetic fields
- 5.1.2 Sensitivity
- 5.1.3 Motivation for use
5.2 Market opportunity
5.3 Performance
5.4 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (Squids)
- 5.4.1 Introduction
- 5.4.2 Operating principle
- 5.4.3 Applications
- 5.4.4 Companies
- 5.4.5 SWOT analysis
5.5 Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs)
- 5.5.1 Introduction
- 5.5.2 Operating principle
- 5.5.3 Applications
  - 5.5.3.1 Miniaturization
  - 5.5.3.2 Navigation
- 5.5.4 MEMS manufacturing
- 5.5.5 Companies
- 5.5.6 SWOT analysis
5.6 Tunneling Magneto Resistance Sensors (TMRs)
- 5.6.1 Introduction
- 5.6.2 Operating principle
- 5.6.3 Applications
- 5.6.4 Companies
- 5.6.5 SWOT analysis
5.7 Nitrogen Vacancy Centers (N-V Centers)
- 5.7.1 Introduction
- 5.7.2 Operating principle
- 5.7.3 Applications
- 5.7.4 Synthetic diamonds
- 5.7.5 Companies
- 5.7.6 SWOT analysis
5.8 Market forecasts

6 QUANTUM GRAVIMETERS

6.1 Technology overview
6.2 Operating principle
6.3 Applications
- 6.3.1 Commercial deployment
- 6.3.2 Comparison with other technologies
6.4 Roadmap
6.5 Companies
6.6 Market forecasts
6.7 SWOT analysis

7 QUANTUM GYROSCOPES

7.1 Technology description
- 7.1.1 Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs)
  - 7.1.1.1 Atomic quantum gyroscopes
  - 7.1.1.2 Quantum accelerometers
    - 7.1.1.2.1 Operating Principles
    - 7.1.1.2.2 Grating magneto-optical traps (MOTs)
    - 7.1.1.2.3 Applications
    - 7.1.1.2.4 Companies
7.2 Applications
7.3 Roadmap
7.4 Companies
7.5 Market forecasts
7.6 SWOT analysis

8 QUANTUM IMAGE SENSORS

8.1 Technology overview
- 8.1.1 Single photon detectors
- 8.1.2 Semiconductor single photon detectors
- 8.1.3 Superconducting single photon detectors
8.2 Applications
- 8.2.1 Single Photon Avalanche Diodes with Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC)
- 8.2.2 Bioimaging
8.3 SWOT analysis
8.4 Market forecast
8.5 Companies

9 QUANTUM RADAR

9.1 Technology overview
- 9.1.1 Quantum entanglement
- 9.1.2 Ghost imaging
- 9.1.3 Quantum holography
9.2 Applications
- 9.2.1 Cancer detection
- 9.2.2 Glucose Monitoring

10 QUANTUM CHEMICAL SENSORS

10.1 Technology overview
10.2 Commercial activities

11 SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT USING ENTANGLED PHOTONS

11.1 Technology overview
11.2 Key techniques
11.3 Market size and growth outlook
11.4 Key companies and commercial activities
11.5 Growth drivers and challenges
11.6 Market forecast

12 QUANTUM RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) FIELD SENSORS

12.1 Overview
12.2 Types of Quantum RF Sensors
12.3 Rydberg Atom Based Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers
- 12.3.1 Principles
- 12.3.2 Commercialization
12.4 Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre Diamond Electric Field Sensors and Radio Receivers
- 12.4.1 Principles
- 12.4.2 Applications
12.5 Market and applications
12.6 Market forecast

13 QUANTUM NEMS AND MEMS

13.1 Technology overview
13.2 Types
13.3 Applications
13.4 Challenges

14 CASE STUDIES

14.1 Quantum Sensors in Healthcare: Early Disease Detection
14.2 Military Applications: Enhanced Navigation Systems
14.3 Environmental Monitoring
14.4 Financial Sector: High-Frequency Trading
14.5 Quantum Internet: Secure Communication Networks

15 END-USE INDUSTRIES

15.1 Healthcare and Life Sciences
- 15.1.1 Medical Imaging
- 15.1.2 Drug Discovery
- 15.1.3 Biosensing
15.2 Defence and Military
- 15.2.1 Navigation Systems
- 15.2.2 Underwater Detection
- 15.2.3 Communication Systems
15.3 Environmental Monitoring
- 15.3.1 Climate Change Research
- 15.3.2 Geological Surveys
- 15.3.3 Natural Disaster Prediction
- 15.3.4 Other Applications
15.4 Oil and Gas
- 15.4.1 Exploration and Surveying
- 15.4.2 Pipeline Monitoring
- 15.4.3 Other Applications
15.5 Transportation and Automotive
- 15.5.1 Autonomous Vehicles
- 15.5.2 Aerospace Navigation
- 15.5.3 Other Applications
15.6 Other Industries
- 15.6.1 Finance and Banking
- 15.6.2 Agriculture
- 15.6.3 Construction
- 15.6.4 Mining

16 COMPANY PROFILES 224 (86 company profiles)

17 APPENDICES

17.1 Research Methodology
17.2 Glossary of Terms
17.3 List of Abbreviations

18 REFERENCES

List of Tables

Table 1. First and second quantum revolutions.
Table 2. Quantum Sensing Technologies and Applications.
Table 3. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), total.
Table 4. Major Quantum Technologies Investments 2024-2025.
Table 5. Global government initiatives in quantum technologies.
Table 6. Quantum Sensor industry developments 2024-2026.
Table 7. Market Drivers for Quantum Sensors.
Table 8. Market and technology challenges in quantum sensing.
Table 9. Technology Trends and Innovations in Quantum Sensors.
Table 10. Emerging Applications and Use Cases
Table 11. Benchmarking of Quantum Sensing Technologies by Type.
Table 12. Performance Metrics by Application Domain.
Table 13. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) and Commercialization Status
Table 14. Comparative Performance Metrics.
Table 15.Current Research and Development Focus Areas
Table 16. Potential Disruptive Technologies.
Table 17. Global market for quantum sensors, by types, 2018-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 18. Global market for quantum sensors, by volume (Units), 2018-2046.
Table 19. Global market for quantum sensors, by sensor price, 2025-2046 (Units).
Table 20. Global market for quantum sensors, by end use industry, 2018-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 21.Types of Quantum Sensors
Table 22. Comparison between classical and quantum sensors.
Table 23. Applications in quantum sensors.
Table 24. Technology approaches for enabling quantum sensing
Table 25. Key technology platforms for quantum sensing.
Table 26. Quantum sensing technologies and applications.
Table 27. Value proposition for quantum sensors.
Table 28. Components for quantum sensing.
Table 29. Specialized components for atomic and diamond-based quantum sensing.
Table 30. Companies in Chip-Scale Vapor Cell Development.
Table 31. Companies in VCSELs for Quantum Sensing.
Table 32. Challenges for Quantum Sensor Components.
Table 33. Key challenges and limitations of quartz crystal clocks vs. atomic clocks.
Table 34. Atomic clocks End users and addressable markets.
Table 35. Key Market Inflection Points and Technology Transitions.
Table 36. New modalities being researched to improve the fractional uncertainty of atomic clocks.
Table 37. Companies developing high-precision quantum time measurement
Table 38. Key players in atomic clocks.
Table 39. Global market for atomic clocks 2025-2046 (Billions USD).
Table 40. Global market for Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 41. Global market for Chip-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 42. Comparative analysis of key performance parameters and metrics of magnetic field sensors.
Table 43. Types of magnetic field sensors.
Table 44. Market opportunity for different types of quantum magnetic field sensors.
Table 45. Performance of magnetic field sensors.
Table 46. Applications of SQUIDs.
Table 47. Market opportunities for SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices).
Table 48. Key players in SQUIDs.
Table 49. Applications of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs).
Table 50. MEMS Manufacturing Techniques for Miniaturized OPMs.
Table 51. Key players in Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs).
Table 52. Applications for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.
Table 53. Market players in TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.
Table 54. Applications of N-V center magnetic field centers
Table 55. Quantum Grade Diamond.
Table 56. Synthetic Diamond Value Chain for Quantum Sensing.
Table 57. Key players in N-V center magnetic field sensors.
Table 58. Global market forecasts for quantum magnetic field sensors, by type, 2025-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 59. Applications of quantum gravimeters
Table 60. Comparative table between quantum gravity sensing and some other technologies commonly used for underground mapping.
Table 61. Key players in quantum gravimeters.
Table 62. Global market for Quantum gravimeters 2025-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 63. Comparison of quantum gyroscopes with MEMs gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes.
Table 64. Comparison of Quantum Gyroscopes with MEMS Gyroscopes and Optical Gyroscopes.
Table 65. Key Players in Quantum Accelerometers.
Table 66. Markets and applications for quantum gyroscopes.
Table 67. Key players in quantum gyroscopes.
Table 68. Global market for for quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers 2026-2046 (millions USD).
Table 69. Types of quantum image sensors and their key features.
Table 70. Applications of quantum image sensors.
Table 71. SPAD Bioimaging Applications.
Table 72. Global market for quantum image sensors 2025-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 73. Key players in quantum image sensors.
Table 74. Comparison of quantum radar versus conventional radar and lidar technologies.
Table 75. Applications of quantum radar.
Table 76. Value Proposition of Quantum RF Sensors
Table 77. Types of Quantum RF Sensors
Table 78. Markets for Quantum RF Sensors
Table 79. Technology Transition Milestones.
Table 80. Application-Specific Adoption Timeline
Table 81. Global market for quantum RF sensors 2026-2046 (Millions USD).
Table 82.Types of Quantum NEMS and MEMS.
Table 83. Quantum Sensors in Healthcare and Life Sciences.
Table 84. Quantum Sensors in Defence and Military
Table 85. Quantum Sensors in Environmental Monitoring
Table 86. Quantum Sensors in Oil and Gas
Table 87. Quantum Sensors in Transportation.
Table 88.Glossary of terms.
Table 89. List of Abbreviations.

List of Figures

Figure 1. Quantum computing development timeline.
Figure 2. Quantum Technology investments 2012-2025 (millions USD), total.
Figure 3. National quantum initiatives and funding.
Figure 4. Quantum Sensors: Market and Technology Roadmap to 2040.
Figure 5. Quantum sensor industry market map.
Figure 6. Global market for quantum sensors, by types, 2018-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 7. Global market for quantum sensors, by volume, 2018-2046.
Figure 8. Global market for quantum sensors, by sensor price, 2025-2046 (Units).
Figure 9. Global market for quantum sensors, by end use industry, 2018-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 10. Atomic clocks roadmap.
Figure 11. Quantum magnetometers roadmap.
Figure 12. Quantum gravimeters roadmap.
Figure 13. Inertial quantum sensors roadmap.
Figure 14. Quantum RF sensors roadmap.
Figure 15. Single photon detectors roadmap.
Figure 16. Q.ANT quantum particle sensor.
Figure 17. SWOT analysis for quantum sensors market.
Figure 18. Roadmap for quantum sensing components and their applications.
Figure 19. Atomic clocks market roadmap.
Figure 20. Strontium lattice optical clock.
Figure 21. NIST's compact optical clock.
Figure 22. SWOT analysis for atomic clocks.
Figure 23. Global market for atomic clocks 2025-2046 (Billions USD).
Figure 24. Global market for Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 25. Global market for Chip-scale atomic clocks, 2026-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 26. Quantum Magnetometers Market Roadmap.
Figure 27.Principle of SQUID magnetometer.
Figure 28. SWOT analysis for SQUIDS.
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for OPMs
Figure 30. Tunneling magnetoresistance mechanism and TMR ratio formats.
Figure 31. SWOT analysis for TMR (Tunneling Magnetoresistance) sensors.
Figure 32. SWOT analysis for N-V Center Magnetic Field Sensors.
Figure 33. Global market forecasts for quantum magnetic field sensors, by type, 2025-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 34. Quantum Gravimeter.
Figure 35. Quantum gravimeters Market roadmap.
Figure 36. Global market for Quantum gravimeters 2025-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 37. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gravimeters.
Figure 38. Inertial Quantum Sensors Market roadmap.
Figure 39. Global market for quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers 2026-2046 (millions USD).
Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Quantum Gyroscopes.
Figure 41. SWOT analysis for Quantum image sensing.
Figure 42. Global market for quantum image sensors 2025-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 43. Principle of quantum radar.
Figure 44. Illustration of a quantum radar prototype.
Figure 45. Quantum RF Sensors Market Roadmap (2023-2046).
Figure 46. Global market for quantum RF sensors 2026-2046 (Millions USD).
Figure 47. ColdQuanta Quantum Core (left), Physics Station (middle) and the atoms control chip (right).
Figure 48. PsiQuantum's modularized quantum computing system networks.
Figure 49. Quantum Brilliance device
Figure 50. SpinMagIC quantum sensor.

The Global Quantum Sensors Market 2026-2046

Description

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Report contents include:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2 INTRODUCTION

3 QUANTUM SENSING COMPONENTS

4 ATOMIC CLOCKS

5 QUANTUM MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS

6 QUANTUM GRAVIMETERS

7 QUANTUM GYROSCOPES

8 QUANTUM IMAGE SENSORS

9 QUANTUM RADAR

10 QUANTUM CHEMICAL SENSORS

11 SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT USING ENTANGLED PHOTONS

12 QUANTUM RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) FIELD SENSORS

13 QUANTUM NEMS AND MEMS

14 CASE STUDIES

15 END-USE INDUSTRIES

16 COMPANY PROFILES 224 (86 company profiles)

17 APPENDICES

18 REFERENCES

List of Tables

List of Figures