The Global Printed and Flexible Electronics Market 2027-2037

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Printed and Flexible Electronics Market-Growth Outweighs Uncertainty
• 1.2 The evolution of electronics
• 1.3 What is printed/flexible electronics?
  • 1.3.1 Motivation for use
  • 1.3.2 From rigid to flexible and stretchable
    • 1.3.2.1 Stretchable electronics
    • 1.3.2.2 Stretchable electronics in wearables
    • 1.3.2.3 Stretchable electronics in Medical devices
    • 1.3.2.4 Stretchable electronics in sensors
    • 1.3.2.5 Stretchable electronics in energy harvesting
    • 1.3.2.6 Stretchable artificial skin
• 1.4 Markets for printed and flexible electronics
  • 1.4.1 Macro-trends
  • 1.4.2 Healthcare and wellness
  • 1.4.3 Automotive
  • 1.4.4 Buildings and construction
  • 1.4.5 Energy storage and harvesting
  • 1.4.6 E-Textiles
  • 1.4.7 Consumer electronics
  • 1.4.8 Smart packaging and logistics
  • 1.4.9 Extended reality (XR)
• 1.5 The wearables revolution
• 1.6 The wearable tech market in
• 1.7 Continuous monitoring
• 1.8 Market map for printed and flexible electronics
• 1.9 Wearable market leaders
• 1.10 Role in the metaverse
• 1.11 Wearable electronics in the textiles industry
• 1.12 New conductive materials
• 1.13 Entertainment
• 1.14 Market growth
  • 1.14.1 Printed, flexible and hyrbid products
  • 1.14.2 Future growth
  • 1.14.3 Advanced materials as a market driver
  • 1.14.4 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics
• 1.15 Innovations at CES 2023-2026
• 1.16 Investment funding and buy-outs 2024-2026
• 1.17 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
• 1.18 Sustainability in flexible electronics
• 1.19 Global market revenues, 2027-2037
  • 1.19.1 Consumer electronics
  • 1.19.2 Medical & healthcare
  • 1.19.3 E-textiles and smart apparel
  • 1.19.4 Displays
  • 1.19.5 Automotive
  • 1.19.6 Smart buildings
  • 1.19.7 Smart packaging
  • 1.19.8 Extended reality (XR)
  • 1.19.9 Neural interfaces and AI-ambient wearables

2 MANUFACTURING METHODS

• 2.1 Comparative analysis
• 2.2 Printed electronics
  • 2.2.1 Technology description
  • 2.2.2 SWOT analysis
• 2.3 3D electronics
  • 2.3.1 Technology description
  • 2.3.2 SWOT analysis
• 2.4 Analogue printing
  • 2.4.1 Technology description
  • 2.4.2 SWOT analysis
• 2.5 Digital printing
  • 2.5.1 Technology description
  • 2.5.2 SWOT analysis
• 2.6 In-mold electronics (IME)
  • 2.6.1 Technology description
  • 2.6.2 SWOT analysis
• 2.7 Roll-to-roll (R2R)
  • 2.7.1 Technology description
  • 2.7.2 SWOT analysis
• 2.8 4D electronics (shape-morphing additive manufacturing)
• 2.9 Advanced deposition and sintering
  • 2.9.1 Photonic and pulsed-light sintering
  • 2.9.2 Direct-ink writing / extrusion
  • 2.9.3 Imprint and nano-imprint lithography
  • 2.9.4 Laser-induced graphene (LIG) patterning
  • 2.9.5 Slot-die coating for PV and perovskites
• 2.10 Other emerging deposition and patterning methods

3 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

• 3.1 Component attachment materials
  • 3.1.1 Conductive adhesives
  • 3.1.2 Biodegradable adhesives
  • 3.1.3 Magnets
  • 3.1.4 Bio-based solders
  • 3.1.5 Bio-derived solders
  • 3.1.6 Recycled plastics
  • 3.1.7 Nano adhesives
  • 3.1.8 Shape memory polymers
  • 3.1.9 Photo-reversible polymers
  • 3.1.10 Conductive biopolymers
  • 3.1.11 Traditional thermal processing methods
  • 3.1.12 Low temperature solder
  • 3.1.13 Reflow soldering
  • 3.1.14 Induction soldering
  • 3.1.15 UV curing
  • 3.1.16 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
  • 3.1.17 Photonic sintering/curing
  • 3.1.18 Hybrid integration
• 3.2 Conductive inks
  • 3.2.1 Overview
  • 3.2.2 Technology readiness of conductive-ink types
  • 3.2.3 Metal-based conductive inks
  • 3.2.4 Nanoparticle inks
  • 3.2.5 Silver inks
  • 3.2.6 Particle-Free conductive ink
  • 3.2.7 Copper inks
  • 3.2.8 Gold (Au) ink
  • 3.2.9 Conductive polymer inks
  • 3.2.10 Liquid metals
  • 3.2.11 Companies
• 3.3 Functional and specialty inks
  • 3.3.1 Dielectric and insulating inks
  • 3.3.2 Piezoelectric and ferroelectric inks
  • 3.3.3 Electroluminescent inks and phosphors
  • 3.3.4 Electrochromic and thermochromic inks
  • 3.3.5 Quantum-dot inks
  • 3.3.6 Perovskite inks
  • 3.3.7 Magnetic and ferrite inks
  • 3.3.8 Thermoelectric inks
  • 3.3.9 Resistive inks (PTC, NTC and carbon resistor)
  • 3.3.10 Two-dimensional materials beyond graphene
  • 3.3.11 Nanocellulose and bio-based substrates
  • 3.3.12 Bioresorbable and transient conductors
  • 3.3.13 Self-healing polymers
  • 3.3.14 Solid and printed electrolytes
  • 3.3.15 Liquid-metal inks and gels (EGaIn, Galinstan)
  • 3.3.16 MXene inks
• 3.4 Printable semiconductors
  • 3.4.1 Technology overview
  • 3.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages
  • 3.4.3 SWOT analysis
• 3.5 Printable sensing materials
  • 3.5.1 Overview
  • 3.5.2 Types
  • 3.5.3 SWOT analysis
• 3.6 Flexible Substrates
  • 3.6.1 Flexible plastic substrates
    • 3.6.1.1 Types of materials
    • 3.6.1.2 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
  • 3.6.2 Paper substrates
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview
  • 3.6.3 Glass substrates
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview
  • 3.6.4 Textile substrates
• 3.7 Flexible Integrated Circuits (Ics)
  • 3.7.1 Description
  • 3.7.2 Flexible metal oxide ICs
  • 3.7.3 Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies
  • 3.7.4 SWOT analysis
• 3.8 Printed PCBs
  • 3.8.1 Description
  • 3.8.2 High-Speed PCBs
  • 3.8.3 Flexible PCBs
  • 3.8.4 3D Printed PCBs
  • 3.8.5 Sustainable PCBs
• 3.9 Thin film batteries
  • 3.9.1 Technology description
  • 3.9.2 SWOT analysis
• 3.10 Energy harvesting
  • 3.10.1 Approaches
  • 3.10.2 Perovskite photovoltaics
  • 3.10.3 Applications
  • 3.10.4 SWOT analysis

4 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

• 4.1 Macro-trends
• 4.2 Market drivers and trends
• 4.3 SWOT analysis
• 4.4 Wearable sensors
• 4.5 Wearable actuators
• 4.6 Recent market developments
  • 4.6.1 The rise of screenless wearables
  • 4.6.2 Extended reality and smart glasses break out
  • 4.6.3 AI-ambient wearables and consumer neurotechnology
  • 4.6.4 AI-native health sensing goes mainstream
• 4.7 Wrist-worn wearables
  • 4.7.1 Overview
  • 4.7.2 Sports-watches, smart-watches and fitness trackers
    • 4.7.2.1 Sensing
    • 4.7.2.2 Actuating
  • 4.7.3 SWOT analysis
  • 4.7.4 Health monitoring
  • 4.7.5 Energy harvesting for powering smartwatches
  • 4.7.6 Companies and products
• 4.8 Sports and fitness
  • 4.8.1 Overview
  • 4.8.2 Wearable devices and apparel
  • 4.8.3 Skin patches
  • 4.8.4 Companies and products
• 4.9 Hearables
  • 4.9.1 Technology overview
  • 4.9.2 Assistive Hearables
    • 4.9.2.1 Biometric Monitoring
  • 4.9.3 SWOT analysis
  • 4.9.4 Health & Fitness Hearables
    • 4.9.4.1 Overview
    • 4.9.4.2 Products
  • 4.9.5 Multimedia Hearables
    • 4.9.5.1 Overview
    • 4.9.5.2 Products
  • 4.9.6 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
    • 4.9.6.1 Overview
    • 4.9.6.2 Products
  • 4.9.7 Companies and products
• 4.10 Sleep trackers and wearable monitors
  • 4.10.1 Built in function in smart watches and fitness trackers
  • 4.10.2 Smart rings
  • 4.10.3 Headbands
  • 4.10.4 Sleep monitoring devices
    • 4.10.4.1 Companies and products
• 4.11 Pet and animal wearables
  • 4.11.1 Overview
  • 4.11.2 Products
• 4.12 Military wearables
  • 4.12.1 Overview
  • 4.12.2 Applications
• 4.13 Industrial and workplace monitoring
  • 4.13.1 Overview
  • 4.13.2 Products
• 4.14 Global market forecasts
  • 4.14.1 Volume
  • 4.14.2 Revenues
• 4.15 Market challenges

5 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE/WELLNESS ELECTRONICS

• 5.1 Macro-trends
• 5.2 Market drivers
• 5.3 SWOT analysis
• 5.4 Current state of the art
  • 5.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors
  • 5.4.2 Skin patches for continuous monitoring
  • 5.4.3 Printed pH sensors
  • 5.4.4 Wearable medical device products
  • 5.4.5 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring
  • 5.4.6 Multi-analyte and continuous biochemical sensing
  • 5.4.7 Cuffless and continuous blood-pressure monitoring
  • 5.4.8 Neural interfaces and bioelectronic medicine
  • 5.4.9 AI and closed-loop systems
  • 5.4.10 Microneedle and intradermal sensing
  • 5.4.11 Ingestible and implantable bioelectronics
  • 5.4.12 Regulatory and reimbursement landscape
• 5.5 Wearable and health monitoring and rehabilitation
  • 5.5.1 Market overview
  • 5.5.2 Companies and products
• 5.6 Electronic skin patches
  • 5.6.1 Electronic skin sensors
  • 5.6.2 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics
  • 5.6.3 Nanomaterials-based devices
  • 5.6.4 Liquid metal alloys
  • 5.6.5 Conductive hydrogels for soft and flexible electronics
  • 5.6.6 Printed and flexible batteries
    • 5.6.6.1 Overview
    • 5.6.6.2 Companies and products
  • 5.6.7 Materials
    • 5.6.7.1 Summary of advanced materials
  • 5.6.8 SWOT analysis
  • 5.6.9 Temperature and respiratory rate monitoring
    • 5.6.9.1 Market overview
    • 5.6.9.2 Companies and products
  • 5.6.10 Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
    • 5.6.10.1 Market overview
    • 5.6.10.2 Minimally-invasive CGM sensors
      • 5.6.10.2.1 Technologies
    • 5.6.10.3 Non-invasive CGM sensors
      • 5.6.10.3.1 Commercial devices
      • 5.6.10.3.2 Companies and products
  • 5.6.11 Cardiovascular monitoring
    • 5.6.11.1 Market overview
    • 5.6.11.2 ECG sensors
      • 5.6.11.2.1 Companies and products
    • 5.6.11.3 PPG sensors
      • 5.6.11.3.1 Companies and products
  • 5.6.12 Pregnancy and newborn monitoring
    • 5.6.12.1 Market overview
    • 5.6.12.2 Companies and products
  • 5.6.13 Hydration sensors
    • 5.6.13.1 Market overview
    • 5.6.13.2 Companies and products
  • 5.6.14 Wearable sweat sensors (medical and sports)
    • 5.6.14.1 Market overview
    • 5.6.14.2 Companies and products
• 5.7 Wearable drug delivery
  • 5.7.1 Overview
  • 5.7.2 Companies and products
• 5.8 Cosmetics patches
  • 5.8.1 Overview
  • 5.8.2 Companies and products
• 5.9 Femtech devices
  • 5.9.1 Overview
  • 5.9.2 Companies and products
• 5.10 Smart footwear for health monitoring
  • 5.10.1 Overview
  • 5.10.2 Companies and products
• 5.11 Smart contact lenses and smart glasses for visually impaired
  • 5.11.1 Overview
  • 5.11.2 Companies and products
• 5.12 Smart woundcare
  • 5.12.1 Overview
  • 5.12.2 Companies and products
• 5.13 Smart diapers
  • 5.13.1 Overview
  • 5.13.2 Companies and products
• 5.14 Wearable robotics-exo-skeletons, bionic prostheses, exo-suits, and body worn collaborative robots
  • 5.14.1 Overview
    • 5.14.1.1 Medical and rehabilitation exoskeletons
    • 5.14.1.2 Industrial exosuits
    • 5.14.1.3 Bionic prostheses
    • 5.14.1.4 Body-worn collaborative robots and supernumerary limbs
  • 5.14.2 Companies and products
• 5.15 Global market forecasts
  • 5.15.1 Volume
  • 5.15.2 Revenues
• 5.16 Market challenges

6 ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL

• 6.1 Macro-trends
• 6.2 Market drivers
• 6.3 SWOT analysis
• 6.4 Performance requirements for E-textiles
• 6.5 Growth prospects for electronic textiles
  • 6.5.1 Fourth-generation e-textiles
• 6.6 Textiles in the Internet of Things
• 6.7 Types of E-Textile products
  • 6.7.1 Embedded e-textiles
  • 6.7.2 Laminated e-textiles
• 6.8 Materials and components
  • 6.8.1 Integrating electronics for E-Textiles
    • 6.8.1.1 Textile-adapted
    • 6.8.1.2 Textile-integrated
    • 6.8.1.3 Textile-based
  • 6.8.2 Manufacturing of E-textiles
    • 6.8.2.1 Integration of conductive polymers and inks
    • 6.8.2.2 Integration of conductive yarns and conductive filament fibers
    • 6.8.2.3 Integration of conductive sheets
  • 6.8.3 Flexible and stretchable electronics in E-textiles
  • 6.8.4 E-textiles materials and components
    • 6.8.4.1 Conductive and stretchable fibers and yarns
      • 6.8.4.1.1 Production
      • 6.8.4.1.2 Metals
      • 6.8.4.1.3 Carbon materials and nanofibers
        • 6.8.4.1.3.1 Graphene
        • 6.8.4.1.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
        • 6.8.4.1.3.3 Nanofibers
    • 6.8.4.2 Mxenes
    • 6.8.4.3 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)
    • 6.8.4.4 Conductive polymers
      • 6.8.4.4.1 PDMS
      • 6.8.4.4.2 PEDOT: PSS
      • 6.8.4.4.3 Polypyrrole (PPy)
      • 6.8.4.4.4 Conductive polymer composites
      • 6.8.4.4.5 Ionic conductive polymers
    • 6.8.4.5 Conductive inks
    • 6.8.4.6 Electronic filaments
    • 6.8.4.7 Phase change materials
      • 6.8.4.7.1 Temperature controlled fabrics
    • 6.8.4.8 Metal halide perovskites
    • 6.8.4.9 3D printing
      • 6.8.4.9.1 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
      • 6.8.4.9.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
      • 6.8.4.9.3 Products
    • 6.8.4.10 4D-printed and shape-morphing textiles
  • 6.8.5 E-textiles components
    • 6.8.5.1 Sensors and actuators
      • 6.8.5.1.1 Physiological sensors
      • 6.8.5.1.2 Environmental sensors
      • 6.8.5.1.3 Pressure sensors
        • 6.8.5.1.3.1 Flexible capacitive sensors
        • 6.8.5.1.3.2 Flexible piezoresistive sensors
        • 6.8.5.1.3.3 Flexible piezoelectric sensors
      • 6.8.5.1.4 Activity sensors
      • 6.8.5.1.5 Strain sensors
        • 6.8.5.1.5.1 Resistive sensors
        • 6.8.5.1.5.2 Capacitive strain sensors
      • 6.8.5.1.6 Temperature sensors
      • 6.8.5.1.7 Inertial measurement units (IMUs)
    • 6.8.5.2 Electrodes
    • 6.8.5.3 Connectors
• 6.9 Applications, markets and products
  • 6.9.1 Temperature monitoring and regulation
    • 6.9.1.1 Heated clothing
    • 6.9.1.2 Heated gloves
    • 6.9.1.3 Heated insoles
    • 6.9.1.4 Heated jacket and clothing products
    • 6.9.1.5 Materials used in flexible heaters and applications
  • 6.9.2 Stretchable E-fabrics
  • 6.9.3 Therapeutic products
    • 6.9.3.1 Market overview
  • 6.9.4 Sport & fitness
    • 6.9.4.1 Market overview
    • 6.9.4.2 Products
  • 6.9.5 Smart footwear
    • 6.9.5.1 Market overview
    • 6.9.5.2 Companies and products
  • 6.9.6 Wearable displays
    • 6.9.6.1 Market overview
    • 6.9.6.2 Commercial Examples
  • 6.9.7 Military
  • 6.9.8 Textile-based lighting
  • 6.9.9 Smart gloves
  • 6.9.10 Powering E-textiles
    • 6.9.10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of main battery types for E-textiles
    • 6.9.10.2 Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles
    • 6.9.10.3 Textile supercapacitors
    • 6.9.10.4 Energy harvesting
      • 6.9.10.4.1 Photovoltaic solar textiles
        • 6.9.10.4.1.1 TENGs
        • 6.9.10.4.1.2 PENGs
      • 6.9.10.4.2 Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting
  • 6.9.11 Motion capture for AR/VR
• 6.10 Global market forecasts
  • 6.10.1 Volume
  • 6.10.2 Revenues
• 6.11 Market challenges
• 6.12 Companies

7 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING

• 7.1 Macro-trends
• 7.2 Market drivers
• 7.3 SWOT analysis
• 7.4 Applications of printed and flexible electronics
• 7.5 Flexible and stretchable batteries for electronics
• 7.6 Approaches to flexibility
• 7.7 Flexible Battery Technologies
  • 7.7.1 Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries
    • 7.7.1.1 Flexible planar LiBs
    • 7.7.1.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs
    • 7.7.1.3 Flexible micro-LiBs
    • 7.7.1.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
    • 7.7.1.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
    • 7.7.1.6 Flexible Li/S batteries
    • 7.7.1.7 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries
  • 7.7.2 Printed Batteries
    • 7.7.2.1 Components
    • 7.7.2.2 Design
    • 7.7.2.3 Key features
      • 7.7.2.3.1 Printable current collectors
      • 7.7.2.3.2 Printable electrodes
      • 7.7.2.3.3 Materials
      • 7.7.2.3.4 Applications
      • 7.7.2.3.5 Printing techniques
      • 7.7.2.3.6 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
      • 7.7.2.3.7 Zinc-based printed batteries
      • 7.7.2.3.8 3D Printed batteries
        • 7.7.2.3.8.1 Materials for 3D printed batteries
  • 7.7.3 Thin-Film Solid-state Batteries
    • 7.7.3.1 Solid-state electrolytes
    • 7.7.3.2 Features and advantages
    • 7.7.3.3 Microbatteries
      • 7.7.3.3.1 Introduction
      • 7.7.3.3.2 3D designs
  • 7.7.4 Stretchable Batteries
  • 7.7.5 Other Emerging Technologies
    • 7.7.5.1 Metal-sulfur batteries
    • 7.7.5.2 Flexible zinc-based batteries
    • 7.7.5.3 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries
    • 7.7.5.4 Flexible Zn–Air batteries
    • 7.7.5.5 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
    • 7.7.5.6 Fiber-shaped batteries
    • 7.7.5.7 Transparent batteries
      • 7.7.5.7.1 Components
    • 7.7.5.8 Degradable batteries
      • 7.7.5.8.1 Components
• 7.8 Key Components of Flexible Batteries
  • 7.8.1 Electrodes
    • 7.8.1.1 Cable-type batteries
    • 7.8.1.2 Batteries-on-wire
  • 7.8.2 Electrolytes
  • 7.8.3 Separators
  • 7.8.4 Current Collectors
  • 7.8.5 Packaging of printed and flexible batteries
    • 7.8.5.1 Flexible Pouch Cells
    • 7.8.5.2 Encapsulation Materials
  • 7.8.6 Manufacturing of flexible batteries
• 7.9 Performance Metrics and Characteristics
  • 7.9.1 Energy Density
  • 7.9.2 Power Density
  • 7.9.3 Cycle Life
  • 7.9.4 Flexibility and Bendability
• 7.10 Printed supercapacitors
  • 7.10.1 Electrode materials
  • 7.10.2 Electrolytes
• 7.11 Photovoltaics
  • 7.11.1 Conductive pastes
  • 7.11.2 Organic photovoltaics (OPV)
  • 7.11.3 Perovskite PV
  • 7.11.4 Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics
  • 7.11.5 Companies
  • 7.11.6 Photovoltaic solar textiles
  • 7.11.7 Solar tape
  • 7.11.8 Origami-like solar cells
  • 7.11.9 Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics
• 7.12 Transparent and flexible heaters
  • 7.12.1 Technology overview
  • 7.12.2 Applications
    • 7.12.2.1 Automotive Industry
      • 7.12.2.1.1 Defrosting and Defogging Systems
      • 7.12.2.1.2 Heated Windshields and Mirrors
      • 7.12.2.1.3 Touch Panels and Displays
    • 7.12.2.2 Aerospace and Aviation
      • 7.12.2.2.1 Aircraft Windows and Canopies
      • 7.12.2.2.2 Sensor and Camera Housings
    • 7.12.2.3 Consumer Electronics
      • 7.12.2.3.1 Smartphones and Tablets
      • 7.12.2.3.2 Wearable Devices
      • 7.12.2.3.3 Smart Home Appliances
    • 7.12.2.4 Building and Architecture
      • 7.12.2.4.1 Smart Windows
      • 7.12.2.4.2 Heated Glass Facades
      • 7.12.2.4.3 Greenhouse and Skylight Applications
    • 7.12.2.5 Medical and Healthcare
      • 7.12.2.5.1 Incubators and Warming Beds
      • 7.12.2.5.2 Surgical Microscopes and Endoscopes
      • 7.12.2.5.3 Medical Imaging Equipment
    • 7.12.2.6 Display Technologies
      • 7.12.2.6.1 LCD Displays
      • 7.12.2.6.2 OLED Displays
      • 7.12.2.6.3 Flexible and Transparent Displays
    • 7.12.2.7 Energy Systems
      • 7.12.2.7.1 Solar Panels (De-icing and Efficiency Enhancement)
      • 7.12.2.7.2 Fuel Cells
      • 7.12.2.7.3 Battery Systems
• 7.13 Thermoelectric energy harvesting
• 7.14 Market challenges
• 7.15 Global market forecasts
  • 7.15.1 Volume
  • 7.15.2 Revenues
• 7.16 Companies

8 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS

• 8.1 Macro-trends
• 8.2 Market drivers
• 8.3 SWOT analysis
• 8.4 Printed and flexible display prototypes and products
• 8.5 Display types
  • 8.5.1 Organic LCDs (OLCDs)
  • 8.5.2 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
  • 8.5.3 Inorganic LEDs
  • 8.5.4 Flexible AMOLEDs
  • 8.5.5 Flexible PMOLED (Passive Matrix OLED)
  • 8.5.6 Printed OLEDs
  • 8.5.7 Flexible and foldable mini-LED and microLED
    • 8.5.7.1 Product developers
  • 8.5.8 Flexible QD displays
  • 8.5.9 Flexible electrophoretic displays
  • 8.5.10 Electrowetting displays
  • 8.5.11 Electrochromic displays
  • 8.5.12 Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs)
  • 8.5.13 Metamaterials
    • 8.5.13.1 Metasurfaces
      • 8.5.13.1.1 Flexible metasurfaces
      • 8.5.13.1.2 Meta-Lens
      • 8.5.13.1.3 Metasurface holograms
  • 8.5.14 Transparent displays
    • 8.5.14.1 Products
    • 8.5.14.2 Stretchable displays
• 8.6 Foldable smartphones
  • 8.6.1 Market Overview
• 8.7 Foldable laptops, tablets and other displays
  • 8.7.1 Market Overview
• 8.8 Flexible lighting
  • 8.8.1 Overview
  • 8.8.2 Applications and markets
    • 8.8.2.1 Flexible lighting in automotive
  • 8.8.3 FHE for large area lighting
  • 8.8.4 Directly printed LED lighting
  • 8.8.5 Companies
• 8.9 Global market forecasts
  • 8.9.1 Volume
  • 8.9.2 Revenues
• 8.10 Market challenges
• 8.11 Companies

9 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS

• 9.1 Macro-trends
• 9.2 Market drivers
• 9.3 SWOT analysis
• 9.4 Applications
  • 9.4.1 Electric vehicles
    • 9.4.1.1 Applications
    • 9.4.1.2 Battery monitoring and heating
    • 9.4.1.3 Printed temperature sensors and heaters
  • 9.4.2 HMI
  • 9.4.3 Automotive displays and lighting
    • 9.4.3.1 Interiors
      • 9.4.3.1.1 OLED and flexible displays
      • 9.4.3.1.2 Passive-matrix OLEDs
      • 9.4.3.1.3 Active matrix OLED
      • 9.4.3.1.4 Transparent OLED for heads-up displays
      • 9.4.3.1.5 LCD displays
      • 9.4.3.1.6 Curved displays
        • 9.4.3.1.6.1 Overview
        • 9.4.3.1.6.2 Automotive applications
        • 9.4.3.1.6.3 Companies
      • 9.4.3.1.7 Micro-LEDs in automotive displays
        • 9.4.3.1.7.1 Head-up display (HUD)
        • 9.4.3.1.7.2 Headlamps
        • 9.4.3.1.7.3 Product developers
    • 9.4.3.2 Exteriors
  • 9.4.4 In-Mold Electronics
  • 9.4.5 Printed and flexible sensors
    • 9.4.5.1 Capacitive sensors
    • 9.4.5.2 Flexible and stretchable pressure sensors
    • 9.4.5.3 Piezoresistive sensors
    • 9.4.5.4 Piezoelectric sensors
    • 9.4.5.5 Image sensors
      • 9.4.5.5.1 Materials and technologies
  • 9.4.6 Printed heaters
    • 9.4.6.1 Printed car seat heaters
    • 9.4.6.2 Printed/flexible interior heaters
    • 9.4.6.3 Printed on-glass heater
    • 9.4.6.4 Carbon nanotube transparent conductors
    • 9.4.6.5 Metal mesh transparent conductors
    • 9.4.6.6 3D shaped transparent heaters
    • 9.4.6.7 Direct heating
    • 9.4.6.8 Transparent heaters
  • 9.4.7 Transparent antennas
• 9.5 Global market forecasts
  • 9.5.1 Volume
  • 9.5.2 Revenues
• 9.6 Market challenges
• 9.7 Companies

10 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SENSORS

• 10.1 Market overview
• 10.2 Printed piezoresistive sensors
  • 10.2.1 Technology overview
  • 10.2.2 Applications
    • 10.2.2.1 Automotive
    • 10.2.2.2 Consumer electronics
    • 10.2.2.3 Medical
    • 10.2.2.4 Inventory management
    • 10.2.2.5 Industrial applications
• 10.3 Printed piezoelectric sensors
  • 10.3.1 Technology overview
  • 10.3.2 Applications
• 10.4 Printed photodetectors
  • 10.4.1 Technology overview
  • 10.4.2 Applications
    • 10.4.2.1 Image Sensors
    • 10.4.2.2 Biometrics
    • 10.4.2.3 Flexible X-ray detectors
    • 10.4.2.4 Healthcare and Wearables
    • 10.4.2.5 Inventory Management
• 10.5 Printed temperature sensors
  • 10.5.1 Technology overview
  • 10.5.2 Applications
    • 10.5.2.1 Automotive
    • 10.5.2.2 Monitoring Systems
    • 10.5.2.3 Consumer Electronics
• 10.6 Printed strain sensors
  • 10.6.1 Technology overview
  • 10.6.2 Applications
    • 10.6.2.1 Industrial health monitoring
    • 10.6.2.2 Motion Capture for AR/VR
    • 10.6.2.3 Healthcare and Medical
• 10.7 Printed Gas Sensors
  • 10.7.1 Technology overview
  • 10.7.2 Applications
    • 10.7.2.1 Outdoor Pollution Monitoring
    • 10.7.2.2 Indoor Air Quality
    • 10.7.2.3 Automotive
    • 10.7.2.4 Breath Diagnostics
• 10.8 Printed capacitive sensors
  • 10.8.1 Technology overview
  • 10.8.2 Applications
    • 10.8.2.1 3D electronics
    • 10.8.2.2 In-mold Electronics
    • 10.8.2.3 Hybrid Sensors
    • 10.8.2.4 Flexible Displays
    • 10.8.2.5 Automotive HMI
    • 10.8.2.6 Wearables and AR/VR
    • 10.8.2.7 Other Applications
• 10.9 Printed wearable electrodes
  • 10.9.1 Technology overview
  • 10.9.2 Applications
    • 10.9.2.1 Wearable EMG
    • 10.9.2.2 Skin Patches and E-Textiles
• 10.10 Printed humidity sensors
• 10.11 Printed electrochemical (bio)sensors
• 10.12 Printed magnetic/Hall sensors
• 10.13 Printed ultrasonic/acoustic sensors
• 10.14 Global market forecasts
  • 10.14.1 Volume
  • 10.14.2 Revenues
• 10.15 Companies

11 PRINTED AND FLEXIBLE SMART BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION ELECTRONICS

• 11.1 Macro-trends
• 11.2 Market drivers
• 11.3 SWOT analysis
• 11.4 Applications
  • 11.4.1 Industrial asset tracking/monitoring with hybrid electronics
  • 11.4.2 Customizable interiors
  • 11.4.3 Sensors
    • 11.4.3.1 Capacitive sensors
    • 11.4.3.2 Temperature and humidity sensors
    • 11.4.3.3 Sensors for air quality
    • 11.4.3.4 Magnetostrictive sensors
    • 11.4.3.5 Magneto- and electrorheological fluids
    • 11.4.3.6 CO2 sensors for energy efficient buildings
  • 11.4.4 Building integrated transparent antennas
  • 11.4.5 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS)
  • 11.4.6 Industrial monitoring
• 11.5 Global market forecasts
  • 11.5.1 Revenues
• 11.6 Companies

12 SMART PACKAGING ELECTRONICS

• 12.1 What is Smart Packaging?
• 12.2 Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE)
• 12.3 Printed batteries and antennas
• 12.4 Flexible silicon integrated circuits
• 12.5 Natural materials in packaging
• 12.6 Extruded conductive pastes and inkjet printing
• 12.7 Displays and light-emitting electronics for smart and interactive packaging
  • 12.7.1 Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
  • 12.7.2 Electroluminescent (EL) displays and lighting
  • 12.7.3 Electrophoretic displays (E-paper / EPD)
  • 12.7.4 Electrochromic displays
  • 12.7.5 Printed and flexible LEDs
• 12.8 Active packaging
• 12.9 Intelligent packaging
  • 12.9.1 Smart Cards
  • 12.9.2 Temperature Indicators
  • 12.9.3 Freshness Indicators
  • 12.9.4 Gas Indicators
• 12.10 SWOT analysis
• 12.11 Supply chain management
  • 12.11.1 Improving product freshness and extending shelf life
  • 12.11.2 Brand protection and anti-counterfeiting
• 12.12 Printed and flexible electronics in packaging
  • 12.12.1 FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging
  • 12.12.2 Printed codes and markings
  • 12.12.3 Barcodes (D)
  • 12.12.4 D data matrix codes
  • 12.12.5 Quick response (QR) codes
  • 12.12.6 Augmented reality (AR) codes
  • 12.12.7 Sensors and indicators
    • 12.12.7.1 Freshness Indicators
    • 12.12.7.2 Time-temperature indicator labels (TTIs)
    • 12.12.7.3 Natural colour formulation indicator
    • 12.12.7.4 Thermochromic inks
    • 12.12.7.5 Gas indicators
    • 12.12.7.6 Chemical Sensors
    • 12.12.7.7 Electrochemical-Based Sensors
    • 12.12.7.8 Optical-Based Sensors
    • 12.12.7.9 Biosensors
      • 12.12.7.9.1 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors
      • 12.12.7.9.2 Optical-Based Biosensors
    • 12.12.7.10 Edible Sensors
  • 12.12.8 Antennas
    • 12.12.8.1 Radio frequency identification (RFID)
      • 12.12.8.1.1 RFID technologies
      • 12.12.8.1.2 Market overview
      • 12.12.8.1.3 RFID market size
      • 12.12.8.1.4 RFID tags: applications, products, TRL
      • 12.12.8.1.5 RFID power classes
      • 12.12.8.1.6 Passive RFID
      • 12.12.8.1.7 Active RFID
        • 12.12.8.1.7.1 Real Time Locating Systems (RTLS)
        • 12.12.8.1.7.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
      • 12.12.8.1.8 Chipless RFID or Flexible/Printed IC Passive tags
      • 12.12.8.1.9 RAIN (UHF RFID) Smart Packaging
    • 12.12.8.2 Semi-passive (battery-assisted passive, BAP) tags
    • 12.12.8.3 Near-field communications (NFC)
    • 12.12.8.4 Smart blister packs
• 12.13 Global market forecasts
  • 12.13.1 Volume
  • 12.13.2 Revenues
• 12.14 Companies

13 COMPANY PROFILES-CONSUMER ELECTRONICs (144 company profiles)

14 COMPANY PROFILES-MEDICAL AND HEALTHCARE (312 company profiles)

15 COMPANY PROFILES-GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT (78 company profiles)

16 COMPANY PROFILES- ELECTRONIC TEXTILES (E-TEXTILES) AND SMART APPAREL (116 company profiles)

17 COMPANY PROFILES-ENERGY STORAGE AND HARVESTING (43 company profiles)

18 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1.Stretchable Electronics Applications
• Table 2. Applications of stretchable electronics in wearables.
• Table 3. Applications of stretchable electronics in sensors.
• Table 4. Applications of stretchable artificial skin electronics
• Table 5. Macro-trends driving printed & flexible electronics.
• Table 6. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in healthcare & wellness and TRL.
• Table 7. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive and TRL.
• Table 8. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in buildings and construction.
• Table 9. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in energy storage and harvesting.
• Table 10. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in E-textiles and TRL.
• Table 11. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in consumer electronics.
• Table 12. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in smart packaging and logistics.
• Table 13. Applications of printed and flexible electronics Extended reality (XR) and TRL.
• Table 14. Types of wearable devices and applications.
• Table 15. Types of wearable devices and the data collected.
• Table 16. New wearable tech products, 2024–2026
• Table 17. Global wearable electronics market leaders by shipment volume, 2025
• Table 18. Wearable market leaders by market segment.
• Table 19. Applications for printed flexible and stretchable electronics in the metaverse.
• Table 20. Advanced materials for Printed and Flexible and sensors and electronics-Advantages and disadvantages.
• Table 21. Sheet resistance (RS) and transparency (T) values for transparent conductive oxides and alternative materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE).
• Table 22. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in the entertainment industry.
• Table 23. Recent growth in printed, flexible and hybrid products, 2023–2026
• Table 24. Future growth drivers for printed and flexible electronics
• Table 25. Wearable, printed and flexible electronics at CES 2023–2026
• Table 26. Wearables Investment funding and buy-outs 2024-2026.
• Table 27. Comparative analysis of conventional and flexible hybrid electronics.
• Table 28. Materials, components, and manufacturing methods for FHE
• Table 29. Research and commercial activity in FHE.
• Table 30. Printed & flexible consumer electronics revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).
• Table 31. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2025-2037, (millions USD).
• Table 32. Printed & flexible consumer E-textiles and smart apparel revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).
• Table 33. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)
• Table 34. Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)
• Table 35. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions).
• Table 36. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)
• Table 37. Global XR market by technology, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)
• Table 38. Neural interfaces & AI-ambient wearables, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 39. Manufacturing methods for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics.
• Table 40. Common printing methods used in printed electronics manufacturing in terms of resolution vs throughput.
• Table 41. Manufacturing methods for 3D electronics.
• Table 42. Readiness level of various additive manufacturing technologies for electronics applications.
• Table 43. Fully 3D printed electronics process steps
• Table 44. Manufacturing methods for Analogue manufacturing.
• Table 45. Technological and commercial readiness level of analogue printing methods.
• Table 46. Manufacturing methods for Digital printing
• Table 47. Innovations in high resolution printing.
• Table 48. Key manufacturing methods for creating smart surfaces with integrated electronics.
• Table 49. IME manufacturing techniques.
• Table 50. Applications of R2R electronics manufacturing.
• Table 51. Technology readiness level for R2R manufacturing.
• Table 52. Emerging and specialised manufacturing methods
• Table 53. Technology readiness of printing/deposition technologies, 2026
• Table 54. Materials for printed and flexible electronics.
• Table 55. Comparison of component attachment materials.
• Table 56. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
• Table 57. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.
• Table 58. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.
• Table 59. Low temperature solder alloys.
• Table 60. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.
• Table 61. Typical conductive ink formulation.
• Table 62. Comparative properties of conductive inks.
• Table 63. Technology readiness of conductive-ink types, 2024 vs 2026
• Table 64. Comparison of the electrical conductivities of liquid metal with typical conductive inks.
• Table 65. Conductive ink producers.
• Table 66. Functional and specialty inks - supplier and readiness summary
• Table 67. Technology readiness level of printed semiconductors.
• Table 68. Organic semiconductors: Advantages and disadvantages.
• Table 69. Market Drivers for printed/flexible sensors.
• Table 70. Printed/flexible sensor types (with TRL)
• Table 71. Flexible substrate materials, TRL, Properties and Applications
• Table 72. Properties of typical flexible substrates.
• Table 73. Comparison of stretchable substrates.
• Table 74. Main types of materials used as flexible plastic substrates in flexible electronics.
• Table 75. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.
• Table 76. Paper substrates: Advantages and disadvantages.
• Table 77. Flexible integrated-circuit approaches, TRL, Performance and Applications
• Table 78. Comparison of flexible integrated circuit technologies.
• Table 79. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.
• Table 80. Printed and flexible PCB technologies, TRL, Feature size, Status and Applications
• Table 81. Thin-film and printed battery technologies, TRL 2026, Energy density, Status and Applications
• Table 82. Printed and flexible energy-harvesting technologies, Source, Status and Applications
• Table 83. Macro-trends in consumer electronics.
• Table 84. Market drivers and trends in wearable electronics.
• Table 85. Types of wearable sensors.
• Table 86. Trends in wearable technology.
• Table 87. Consumer electronics - materials & component suppliers
• Table 88. Wearable device producers and 2024–2026 products (new/upgraded)
• Table 89. Consumer devices - smart rings, XR, AI-ambient & neural
• Table 90. Different sensing modalities that can be incorporated into wrist-worn wearable device.
• Table 91. Overview of actuating at the wrist
• Table 92. Wearable health monitors.
• Table 93. Sports-watches, smartwatches & fitness trackers-companies and products
• Table 94. Wearable sensors for sports performance with TRL
• Table 95. Product types in the hearing assistance technology market.
• Table 96. Sensing options in the ear.
• Table 97. Health & Fitness Hearables
• Table 98. AI hearing products
• Table 99. Companies and products in hearables.
• Table 100. Wearable sleep tracker products and prices.
• Table 101. Smart ring products.
• Table 102. Sleep headband products.
• Table 103. Sleep monitoring products.
• Table 104. Pet & animal wearables companies and products.
• Table 105. Wearable electronics applications in the military.
• Table 106. Industrial and workplace monitoring - technologies and TRL (new)
• Table 107. Wearable workplace products.
• Table 108. Global market for printed and flexible Consumer electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Table 109. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 110. Market challenges in consumer wearable electronics.
• Table 111. Macro trends in medical & healthcare/ wellness electronics.
• Table 112. Market drivers for printed, flexible and stretchable medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.
• Table 113. Examples of wearable medical device products
• Table 114. Healthcare/wellness applications for printed/flexible electronics.
• Table 115. Examples of wearable medical device products.
• Table 116. Medical wearable companies applying products to remote monitoring and analysis.
• Table 117. Companies and products in wearable health monitoring and rehabilitation devices and products.
• Table 118. Electronic skin patch manufacturing value chain.
• Table 119. Benefits of electronic skin patches as a form factor.
• Table 120. Current and emerging applications for electronic skin patches, TRL.
• Table 121. Electronic skin patches - nanomaterials-based devices
• Table 122. Printed and flexible battery products
• Table 123. Applications in flexible and stretchable health monitors, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof.
• Table 124. Medical wearable companies applying products to temperate and respiratory monitoring and analysis.
• Table 125. Technologies for minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose detection-advantages and disadvantages.
• Table 126. Commercial devices for non-invasive glucose monitoring not released or withdrawn from market.
• Table 127. Minimally-invasive and non-invasive glucose monitoring products.
• Table 128. Companies and products in ECG patch monitors and clothing for cardiovascular monitoring
• Table 129. Companies and products in PPG sensors (photoplethysmography)
• Table 130. Pregnancy & newborn monitoring - applications and TRL
• Table 131. Companies and products in pregnancy and newborn monitoring
• Table 132. Companies and products in hydration sensors
• Table 133. Companies in wearable sweat sensors - products and commercial status
• Table 134. Wearable drug delivery - applications and TRL
• Table 135. Wearable drug delivery companies and products.
• Table 136. Companies and products in cosmetics patches.
• Table 137. Companies developing femtech wearable technology.
• Table 138. Companies and products in smart footwear.
• Table 139. Companies and products - smart contact lenses and vision-assistance glasses
• Table 140. Companies and products in smart wound care.
• Table 141. Companies developing smart diaper products.
• Table 142. Wearable robotics - applications and TRL
• Table 143. Medical and rehabilitation exoskeletons
• Table 144. Industrial exosuits
• Table 145. Bionic prostheses
• Table 146. Companies developing wearable robotics.
• Table 147. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Table 148. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 149. Market challenges in medical and healthcare sensors and wearables.
• Table 150. Macro-trends for electronic textiles.
• Table 151. Market drivers for printed, flexible, stretchable and organic electronic textiles.
• Table 152. Performance requirements for E-textiles.
• Table 153. Commercially available smart clothing products.
• Table 154. Comparison of E-textile fabrication methods.
• Table 155. Types of fabrics for the application of electronic textiles.
• Table 156. Methods for integrating conductive compounds.
• Table 157. Methods for integrating conductive yarn and conductive filament fiber.
• Table 158. 1D electronic fibres - materials, fabrication, conductivity, stretchability and applications
• Table 159. Conductive materials used in smart textiles, their electrical conductivity and percolation threshold.
• Table 160. Metal coated fibers and their mechanisms.
• Table 161. Applications of carbon nanomaterials and other nanomaterials in e-textiles.
• Table 162. Applications and benefits of graphene in textiles and apparel.
• Table 163. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials.
• Table 164. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
• Table 165. Types of flexible conductive polymers, properties and applications.
• Table 166. Types of conductive inks in e-textiles
• Table 167. 3D printed shoes.
• Table 168. Sensors used in electronic textiles.
• Table 169. Features of flexible strain sensors with different structures.
• Table 170. Features of resistive and capacitive strain sensors.
• Table 171. Typical applications and markets for e-textiles.
• Table 172. Heated jacket and clothing products.
• Table 173. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.
• Table 174. Applications of stretchable e-fabrics (products and TRL)
• Table 175. Flexible therapeutic products (applications, products, TRL)
• Table 176. Commercialized smart textiles/or e-textiles for healthcare and fitness applications.
• Table 177. Wearable sensor products for monitoring sport performance.
• Table 178. Companies and products in smart footwear.
• Table 179. Wearable Displays Applications.
• Table 180. Types of Wearable Displays.
• Table 181. Commercial Examples of Wearable Displays.
• Table 182. Military e-textile applications and TRL
• Table 183. Textile-based lighting technologies and TRL
• Table 184. Smart glove products.
• Table 185. Power supply mechanisms for electronic textiles and wearables.
• Table 186. Advantages and disadvantages of batteries for E-textiles.
• Table 187. Challenges for battery integration in smart textiles
• Table 188. Comparison of prototype batteries (flexible, textile, and other) in terms of area-specific performance.
• Table 189. Energy-harvesting systems for e-textiles (with TRL)
• Table 190. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and thermoelectric energy harvesting in of e-textiles.
• Table 191. Application of electronic textiles in AR/VR (products and TRL)
• Table 192. Teslasuit.
• Table 193. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025-2037 (Million Units).
• Table 194. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 195. Market and technical challenges for E-textiles and smart clothing.
• Table 196. Market players in E-textiles.
• Table 197. Macro-trends in printed and flexible electronics in energy.
• Table 198. Market drivers for Printed and flexible electronic energy storage, generation and harvesting.
• Table 199. Energy applications for printed/flexible electronics.
• Table 200. Flexible batteries on the market
• Table 201. Types of flexible batteries
• Table 202. Approaches to flexibility in batteries
• Table 203. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Table 204. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.
• Table 205. Various intrinsically deformable materials for flexible batteries
• Table 206. Products and TRL-Thin-film Lithium-ion Batteries
• Table 207. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.
• Table 208. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 209. Products and TRL- Printed batteries
• Table 210. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.
• Table 211, Types of printable current collectors and the materials commonly used.
• Table 212. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.
• Table 213. 2D and 3D printing techniques.
• Table 214. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.
• Table 215. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.
• Table 216. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.
• Table 217. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.
• Table 218. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.
• Table 219. Products and TRL- Thin-film solid-state batteries
• Table 220. Main Fabrication Techniques for Thin-Film Batteries.
• Table 221. Types of solid-state electrolytes.
• Table 222. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.
• Table 223. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.
• Table 224. Products and TRL- Stretchable batteries
• Table 225. Products and TRL- Metal-sulfur batteries
• Table 226. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc-based batteries
• Table 227. Products and TRL- Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries
• Table 228. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc–air batteries
• Table 229. Products and TRL- Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
• Table 230. Products and TRL- Fiber-shaped (1D) batteries
• Table 231. Products and TRL- Transparent batteries
• Table 232. Components of transparent batteries.
• Table 233. Products and TRL- Degradable batteries
• Table 234. Components of degradable batteries.
• Table 235. Organic vs. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes.
• Table 236. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 237. Manufacturing methods for flexible batteries
• Table 238. Performance Metrics and Characteristics for Printed and Flexible Batteries.
• Table 239. Methods for printing supercapacitors.
• Table 240. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors.
• Table 241. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors.
• Table 242. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors.
• Table 243. TRL conductive pastes for photovoltaics.
• Table 244. Conductive pastes for photovoltaics.
• Table 245. Applications and TRL- Organic photovoltaics
• Table 246. Applications and TRL- Perovskite photovoltaics
• Table 247. Applications and TRL- Flexible and stretchable photovoltaics
• Table 248. Companies commercializing thin film flexible photovoltaics.
• Table 249. Applications and TRL- Photovoltaic solar textiles
• Table 250. Applications and TRL- Solar tape
• Table 251. Applications and TRL- Origami-like solar cells
• Table 252. Applications and TRL- Spray-on and stick-on perovskite photovoltaics
• Table 253. Examples of materials used in flexible heaters and applications.
• Table 254. Applications and TRL- Automotive transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 255. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.
• Table 256. Applications and TRL- aerospace and aviation transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 257. Applications and TRL- Consumer electronics transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 258. Applications and TRL- buildings transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 259. Smart Window Applications of Transparent Heaters.
• Table 260. Applications and TRL- medical and healthcare transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 261. Applications and TRL- display transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 262. Applications and TRL- energy systems transparent and flexible heaters
• Table 263. Applications of Printed and Flexible Fuel Cells.
• Table 264. Market challenges in printed and flexible electronics for energy.
• Table 265. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Table 266. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 267. Market players in printed and flexible energy storage and harvesting.
• Table 268. Macro-trends in displays.
• Table 269. Market drivers for Printed and flexible displays and electronic components.
• Table 270. Printed and flexible display prototypes and products
• Table 271. Comparative table of display technologies
• Table 272. Comparison of performance metrics between microLEDs and other commercial display technologies
• Table 273. Flexible mini-LED and microLED products
• Table 274. Transparent display products
• Table 275. Foldable smartphones (products and TRL)
• Table 276. Market for foldable smartphones, 2025–2027 (million units)
• Table 277. Foldable laptops, tablets and other displays (products and TRL)
• Table 278. Market for foldable laptops, tablets and other displays, 2025–2027 (thousand units)
• Table 279. Foldable smartphones, laptops, tablets and other display products (on or near market)
• Table 280. Comparative table of lighting technologies
• Table 281. Flexible lighting types.
• Table 282. Flexible lighting applications
• Table 283. Flexible/OLED automotive lighting - companies and products
• Table 284. Companies developing OLED lighting products
• Table 285. Flexible display shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Table 286. Printed and flexible display revenue, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 287. Market challenges in printed and flexible displays.
• Table 288. Market players in printed and flexible displays.
• Table 289. Macro-trends in automotive.
• Table 290. Market drivers for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
• Table 291. Applications of printed and flexible electronics in automotive - with TRL
• Table 292. Printed/flexible electronics in automotive displays and lighting.
• Table 293. Printed and flexible electronics are being integrated into vehicle interiors.
• Table 294. Applications of curved displays in automotive and technology readiness level (TRL).
• Table 295. Companies developing curved automotive displays.
• Table 296. Applications of Micro-LED in automotive.
• Table 297. HUD vs other display types.
• Table 298. Automotive display Mini-LED and Micro-LED products.
• Table 299. Conductive materials for transparent capacitive sensors.
• Table 300. Automotive applications for printed piezoresistive sensors.
• Table 301. Piezoelectric sensors for automotive applications.
• Table 302. Printed piezoelectric sensors in automotive applications.
• Table 303. SWIR for autonomous mobility and ADAS.
• Table 304. Types of printed photodetectors and image sensors developed for automotive applications
• Table 305. Comparison of SWIR image sensors technologies
• Table 306. Comparison of conventional and printed seat heaters for automotive applications.
• Table 307. Printed car seat heaters.
• Table 308. Types of Printed/flexible interior heaters.
• Table 309. Transparent heaters for exterior lighting / sensors / windows.
• Table 310. Types of transparent heaters for automotive exterior applications.
• Table 311. Transparent electronics for automotive radar for ADAS.
• Table 312. Global market for automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Table 313. Global market for printed & flexible automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 314. Market challenges for printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
• Table 315. Market players in printed and flexible electronics in automotive.
• Table 316. Market opportunities in printed and flexible sensors.
• Table 317.Growth Opportunities in Printed and Flexible Sensors.
• Table 318. Growth Markets for Printed Sensor Technology.
• Table 319. Printed piezoresistive sensors - applications and TRL
• Table 320.Manufacturing Methods for Printed Piezoresistive Sensors
• Table 321. Piezoresistive vs Capacitive Touch Sensors.
• Table 322. Printed piezoresistive sensors applications.
• Table 323. Printed piezoelectric sensors - applications and TRL
• Table 324. Manufacturing Process of Piezoelectric Polymers.
• Table 325. Printed Piezoelectric Materials in Sensors.
• Table 326. Printed piezoelectric sensors Applications.
• Table 327. Printed photodetectors - applications and TRL
• Table 328. Comparison of Photodetector Technologies.
• Table 329. Materials for Thin Film Photodetectors.
• Table 330. Pros and Cons of Printed QD Manufacturing Methods.
• Table 331. Printed photodetectors Applications.
• Table 332. Printed temperature sensors - applications and TRL
• Table 333. Types of Temperature Sensors.
• Table 334. Printed Temperature Sensor Materials and Printing Methods.
• Table 335. Printed temperature sensors Applications.
• Table 336. Printed strain sensors - applications and TRL
• Table 337. Printed strain sensors Applications.
• Table 338. Printed gas sensors - applications and TRL
• Table 339. Types and Materials for Printed Gas Sensors.
• Table 340. Printed Gas Sensor Applications.
• Table 341. Printed capacitive sensors - applications and TRL
• Table 342. Printed Capacitive Sensor Technologies.
• Table 343. Materials Used in Printed Capacitive Sensors.
• Table 344. Printed capacitive sensors Applications
• Table 345. Printed wearable electrodes - applications and TRL
• Table 346. Applications and Product Types of Printed Wearable Electrodes.
• Table 347. Wet vs. Dry Electrodes for Wearable Applications.
• Table 348. Applications of printed wearable electrodes.
• Table 349. Printed humidity sensors-Application and TRL.
• Table 350. Printed electrochemical sensors -Application and TRL.
• Table 351. Printed magnetic sensors -Application and TRL.
• Table 352. Printed ultrasonic and acoustic sensors -Application and TRL.
• Table 353. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (volume, million units)
• Table 354. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)
• Table 355. Market players in printed and flexible sensors.
• Table 356. Macro-trends in smart buildings and construction.
• Table 357. Market drivers for smart sensors for buildings.
• Table 358. Applications of printed & flexible smart-buildings electronics, with Technology Readiness Level (TRL)
• Table 359. Printed and flexible electronics being applied for building, infrastructure, and industrial applications.
• Table 360. Printed electronics in customizable smart building interiors.
• Table 361. Types of smart building sensors.
• Table 362. Commonly used sensors in smart buildings.
• Table 363. Capacitive sensors integrated into smart buildings.
• Table 364. Types of flexible humidity sensors.
• Table 365. MOF sensor applications.
• Table 366. Global market for printed and flexible smart-buildings electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 367. Market players in printed and flexible smart buildings electronics.
• Table 368. Active and Intelligent packaging classification.
• Table 369. Printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging-Component,Type / chemistry, Role in smart packaging, Key materials, Form / performance, TRL.
• Table 370. Consumer goods applications for printed/flexible electronics.
• Table 371. Types of Active packaging.
• Table 372. Commercially available food active packaging.
• Table 373. Types of intelligent packaging.
• Table 374. Smart cards: applications, products, TRL
• Table 375. Temperature indicators (TTI): packaging applications, products, TRL
• Table 376. Freshness indicators: packaging applications, products, TRL
• Table 377. Gas indicators: packaging applications, products, TRL
• Table 378. Supply chain management considerations for smart electronic packaging targeted at consumers.
• Table 379. Printed and flexible electronics in packaging
• Table 380. FHE with printed batteries and antennas for smart packaging: applications, products, TRL
• Table 381. Printed codes and markings: applications, products, TRL
• Table 382. Barcodes (1D): applications, products, TRL
• Table 383. Types of printed/flexible electronics and materials that can be used to enhance packaging barcodes.
• Table 384. Augmented reality (AR) codes: applications, products, TRL
• Table 385. Sensors and indicators in smart packaging
• Table 386. Commercially available freshness indicators.
• Table 387. Commercial examples of time-temperature indicators
• Table 388. Examples of Chemical Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs).
• Table 389. Types of ripeness indicators.
• Table 390. Commercially available gas indicators.
• Table 391. Chemical sensors in smart packaging.
• Table 392. Electrochemical-based sensors for smart food packaging.
• Table 393. Optical-based sensors for smart food packaging applications.
• Table 394. Electrochemical biosensors for smart food packaging:
• Table 395. Optical-Based Biosensors for smart food packaging.
• Table 396. Types of edible sensors for food packaging.
• Table 397. Commercially available radio frequency identification systems (RFID) technology.
• Table 398. RFID tags: applications, products, TRL
• Table 399. Passive RFID: Technologies by Operating Frequency.
• Table 400. Examples of NFC in packaging.
• Table 401. Companies in smart blister packs.
• Table 402. Global market for smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (millions of units)
• Table 403. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Table 404. Market players in smart packaging electronics.
• Table 405. 3DOM separator.
• Table 406. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Evolution of electronics.
• Figure 2. Wearable technology inventions.
• Figure 3. 3D printed stretchable electronics.
• Figure 4.Global wearable electronics market by category, 2026 vs 2036.
• Figure 5. Applications of wearable flexible sensors worn on various body parts.
• Figure 6. Printed & flexible consumer electronics revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).
• Figure 7. Global market for Printed & Flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2025-2037, (millions USD).
• Figure 8. Printed & flexible consumer E-textiles and smart apparel revenue, 2025–2037 (millions USD).
• Figure 9. Global market for Printed & Flexible displays, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)
• Figure 10.Global market for Printed & Flexible automotive electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)
• Figure 11. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart buildings electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions).
• Figure 12. Global market for Printed & Flexible smart packaging electronics, 2025-2037, (US$ millions)
• Figure 13. Global XR market by technology, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)
• Figure 14. Neural interfaces & AI-ambient wearables, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 15. Printing methods positioned by resolution and throughput.
• Figure 16. SWOT analysis for printed electronics.
• Figure 17. SWOT analysis for 3D electronics.
• Figure 18. SWOT analysis for analogue printing.
• Figure 19. SWOT analysis for digital printing.
• Figure 20. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products.
• Figure 21. SWOT analysis for In-Mold Electronics.
• Figure 22. SWOT analysis for R2R manufacturing.
• Figure 23. Conductive-ink technology readiness progression, 2024–2026.
• Figure 24. SWOT analysis for Printable semiconductors.
• Figure 25. SWOT analysis for Printable sensor materials.
• Figure 26. SWOT analysis for flexible integrated circuits.
• Figure 27. SWOT analysis for Flexible batteries.
• Figure 28. SWOT analysis for Flexible PV for energy harvesting.
• Figure 29. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in consumer electronics.
• Figure 30. dpl Wrist Wrap Light THerapy pain relief.
• Figure 31. SWOT analysis for Wrist-worn wearables.
• Figure 32. SWOT analysis for Ear worn wearables (hearables).
• Figure 33. Global market for printed and flexible Consumer electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Figure 34. Global market revenues for Printed & Flexible consumer electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 35. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in medical and healthcare/wellness.
• Figure 36. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible electronics in skin patches.
• Figure 37. TempTraQ wearable wireless thermometer.
• Figure 38. Gatorade's GX Sweat Patch.
• Figure 39. Global Market for Printed and Flexible Medical & Healthcare Electronics shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Figure 40. Global market for printed and flexible medical & healthcare electronics, 2020-2035, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 41. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in E-textiles.
• Figure 42. Examples of each generation of electronic textiles.
• Figure 43. Timeline of the different generations of electronic textiles.
• Figure 44. Adidas smart insole.
• Figure 45. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025-2037 (Million Units).
• Figure 46. Global market for printed and flexible E-textiles and smart apparel electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in energy.
• Figure 48. Various applications of printed paper batteries.
• Figure 49.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.
• Figure 50. Sakuu's Swift Print 3D-printed solid-state battery cells.
• Figure 51. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs.
• Figure 52. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Figure 53. Printed & flexible energy storage, generation and harvesting, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 54. SWOT analysis for printed and flexible displays.
• Figure 55. Flexible display shipments, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Figure 56. Printed and flexible display revenue, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 57. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in automotive.
• Figure 58. AUO Smart Cockpit with 55-inch pillar-to-pillar curved display.
• Figure 59. Cadillac XT4 33-inch curved LED touchscreen display
• Figure 60. Continental Curved Ultrawide Display.
• Figure 61. Hyundai 2024 Sonata panoramic curved display.
• Figure 62. Peugeot 3008 fastback SUV curved wide-screen display.
• Figure 63. TCL CSOT single, continuous flexible curved automotive display panel.
• Figure 64. AUO automotive display.
• Figure 65. Micro-LED automotive display.
• Figure 66. Issues in current commercial automotive HUD.
• Figure 68. SWOT analysis for integrated antennas with printed electronics in automotive.
• Figure 69. Global market for automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (million units)
• Figure 70. Global market for printed & flexible automotive electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 71. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (volume, million units)
• Figure 72. Global market for printed/flexible sensors by market, 2025–2037 (US$ billions)
• Figure 73. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart buildings and construction. Source: Future Markets.
• Figure 74. Use of sensors in smart buildings.
• Figure 75. Global market for printed and flexible smart-buildings electronics, 2025–2037 (US$ millions)
• Figure 76. RFID tags with printed silver antennas on paper substrates.
• Figure 77. SWOT analysis for printed, flexible and hybrid electronics in smart packaging.
• Figure 78. Active packaging film.
• Figure 79. Anti-counterfeiting smart label.
• Figure 80. A standard RFID system.
• Figure 81. Smart blister pack.
• Figure 82. Global market for smart packaging electronics, 2025–2037 (millions of units)
• Figure 83. Global market for printed and flexible smart packaging electronics, 2020-2035, millions of US dollars.
• Figure 84. The Apollo wearable device.
• Figure 85. Cyclops HMD.
• Figure 86. C2Sense sensors.
• Figure 87. Coachwhisperer device.
• Figure 88. Cogwear headgear.
• Figure 89. CardioWatch 287.
• Figure 90. FRENZ™ Brainband.
• Figure 91. NightOwl Home Sleep Apnea Test Device.
• Figure 92. GX Sweat Patch.
• Figure 93. eQ02+LIfeMontor.
• Figure 94. Cove wearable device.
• Figure 95. German bionic exoskeleton.
• Figure 96. UnlimitedHand.
• Figure 97. Apex Exosuit.
• Figure 98. Humanox Shin Guard.
• Figure 99. Airvida E1.
• Figure 100. Footrax.
• Figure 101. eMacula®.
• Figure 102. G2 Pro.
• Figure 103. REFLEX.
• Figure 104. Ring ZERO.
• Figure 105. Mawi Heart Patch.
• Figure 106. Ayo wearable light therapy.
• Figure 107. ORII smart ring.
• Figure 108. Proxxi Voltage.
• Figure 109. RealWear HMT-1.
• Figure 110. Moonwalkers from Shift Robotics Inc.
• Figure 111. SnowCookie device.
• Figure 112. Soter device.
• Figure 113. Feelzing Energy Patch.
• Figure 114. Wiliot tags.
• Figure 115. Libre Sense Glucose Sport Biowearable.
• Figure 116. AcuPebble SA100.
• Figure 117. Vitalgram®.
• Figure 118. Alertgy NICGM wristband.
• Figure 119. Gastric Alimetry.
• Figure 120. Alva Health stroke monitor.
• Figure 121. amofit S.
• Figure 122. MIT and Amorepacific's chip-free skin sensor.
• Figure 123. Apos3.
• Figure 124. Artemis is smart clothing system.
• Figure 125. KneeStim.
• Figure 126. PaciBreath.
• Figure 127. Structure of Azalea Vision’s smart contact lens.
• Figure 128. Belun® Ring.
• Figure 129. Neuronaute wearable.
• Figure 130. biped.ai device.
• Figure 131. circul+ smart ring.
• Figure 132. Cala Trio.
• Figure 133. Cognito's gamma stimulation device.
• Figure 134. Cogwear Headband.
• Figure 135. First Relief.
• Figure 136. Jewel Patch Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator.
• Figure 137. enFuse.
• Figure 138. EOPatch.
• Figure 139. Epilog.
• Figure 140. FloPatch.
• Figure 141. The Happy Ring.
• Figure 142. Hinge Health wearable therapy devices.
• Figure 143. Atusa system.
• Figure 144. Kenzen ECHO Smart Patch.
• Figure 145. The Kernel Flow headset.
• Figure 146. KnowU™.
• Figure 147. LifeSpan patch.
• Figure 148. WalkAid.
• Figure 149. Monarch™ Wireless Wearable Biosensor
• Figure 150. Modoo device.
• Figure 151. Munevo Drive.
• Figure 152. Electroskin integration schematic.
• Figure 153. Modius Sleep wearable device.
• Figure 154. Neuphony Headband.
• Figure 155. Nix Biosensors patch.
• Figure 156. Slanj device.
• Figure 157. Otolith wearable device.
• Figure 158. Peerbridge Cor.
• Figure 159. Point Fit Technology skin patch.
• Figure 160. Sylvee 1.0.
• Figure 161. RootiRx.
• Figure 162. Sylvee 1.0.
• Figure 163. Sibel's ADAM™ sensor.
• Figure 164. Silvertree Reach.
• Figure 165. Smardii smart diaper.
• Figure 166. Subcuject.
• Figure 167. Nerivio.
• Figure 168. Feelzing Energy Patch.
• Figure 169. Ultrahuman wearable glucose monitor.
• Figure 170. Vaxxas patch.
• Figure 171. S-Patch Ex.
• Figure 172. Zeit Medical Wearable Headband.
• Figure 173. Skinetic vest.
• Figure 174. IntelliPix™ design for 0.26″ 1080p microLED display.
• Figure 175. Dapeng DPVR P1 Pro 4k VR all-in-one VR glasses.
• Figure 176. Vive Focus 3 VR headset Wrist Tracker.
• Figure 177. Huawei smart glasses.
• Figure 178. Jade Bird Display micro displays.
• Figure 179. JBD's 0.13-inch panel.
• Figure 180. 0.22” Monolithic full colour microLED panel and inset shows a conceptual monolithic polychrome projector with a waveguide.
• Figure 181. Kura Technologies' AR Glasses.
• Figure 182. OQmented technology for AR smart glasses.
• Figure 183. VISIRIUM® Technology smart glasses prototype.
• Figure 184. SenseGlove Nova.
• Figure 185. MeganeX.
• Figure 186. A micro-display with a stacked-RGB pixel array, where each pixel is an RGB-emitting stacked microLED device (left). The micro-display showing a video of fireworks at night, demonstrating the full-colour capability (right). N.B. Areas around the display
• Figure 187. JioGlass mixed reality glasses type headset.
• Figure 188. Xiaomi Smart Glasses.
• Figure 189. BioMan+.
• Figure 190. EXO Glove.
• Figure 191. LED hooded jacket.
• Figure 192. Heated element module.
• Figure 193. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.
• Figure 194. Cionic Neural Sleeve.
• Figure 195. Graphene dress. The dress changes colour in sync with the wearer’s breathing.
• Figure 196. Descante Solar Thermo insulated jacket.
• Figure 197. G+ Graphene Aero Jersey.
• Figure 198. HiFlex strain/pressure sensor.
• Figure 199. KiTT motion tracking knee sleeve.
• Figure 200. Healables app-controlled electrotherapy device.
• Figure 201. LumeoLoop device.
• Figure 202. Nextiles’ compression garments.
• Figure 203. Nextiles e-fabric.
• Figure 204 .Nuada.
• Figure 205. Palarum PUP smart socks.
• Figure 206. Softmatter compression garment.
• Figure 207. Softmatter sports bra with a woven ECG sensor.
• Figure 208. MoCap Pro Glove.
• Figure 209. Teslasuit.
• Figure 210. ZOZOFIT wearable at-home 3D body scanner.
• Figure 211. YouCare smart shirt.
• Figure 212. 3DOM battery.
• Figure 213. AC biode prototype.
• Figure 214. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).
• Figure 215. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.
• Figure 216. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.
• Figure 217. SoftBattery®.
• Figure 218. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.
• Figure 219. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.
• Figure 220. Exeger Powerfoyle.
• Figure 221. 2D paper batteries.
• Figure 222. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.
• Figure 223. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.
• Figure 224. Ilika solid-state batteries.
• Figure 225. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.
• Figure 226. LiBEST flexible battery.
• Figure 227. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.
• Figure 228. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.
• Figure 229. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.
• Figure 230. Printed Energy flexible battery.
• Figure 231. Printed battery.
• Figure 232. ProLogium solid-state battery.
• Figure 233. Sakuu Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.
• Figure 234. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.
• Figure 235. Grepow flexible battery.