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Next Generation Wireless Com

PUBLISHER: Future Markets, Inc. | PRODUCT CODE: 2103893

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PUBLISHER: Future Markets, Inc. | PRODUCT CODE: 2103893

The Global 6G Market 2027-2047

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PAGES: 426 Pages, 229 Tables, 24 Figures
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Table of Contents

List of Tables

Sixth-generation mobile communications is on course for commercial launch around 2030, with specifications expected to be frozen in 2028 and the first interoperable systems appearing the following year. The build-out that follows will be the longest and most capital-intensive in the industry's history, and unusually for a new generation, its commercial shape is already being contested before any deployable equipment exists.

Three characteristics separate 6G from its predecessors. It is AI-native rather than AI-assisted, with learned models embedded at the physical layer itself; the industry is currently divided over whether that yields a modest efficiency improvement or a genuine doubling of the capacity available from existing spectrum. It adds integrated sensing and communication, so that the same radio hardware carrying traffic also images and positions its environment, giving operators a capability to sell that has no equivalent in earlier generations. And it introduces reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, shifting coverage economics away from cell densification toward engineered propagation environments.

The structure of the opportunity shifts accordingly. Services overtake infrastructure as the dominant revenue pool, as operators outsource network operations and distributed inference becomes a standing feature of network traffic rather than an emerging one. Component and materials value concentrates in the categories tied to physical-layer difficulty rather than to volume: radio frequency front ends, sub-terahertz semiconductors, thermal management and reconfigurable surfaces. Device volume is dominated by consumer and industrial IoT, while smartphones and their successor form factors continue to carry a disproportionate share of device value.

Two forces now shape the outlook more than technology does. The first is industrial policy. An allied 6G partnership was launched in July 2026, US federal spectrum policy is clearing the 7.125-7.4 GHz band for commercial use, and coordinated positions in standards bodies raise the prospect of two partially divergent technology stacks. The second is capital discipline. The 5G experience left operators with returns well below expectation, and the industry's response is to reposition the base station as a monetisable compute asset rather than as a radio transmission point alone.

The principal risks are asymmetric. Spectral efficiency gains of the magnitude some vendors now claim would reduce the number of physical sites required, compressing infrastructure volumes even as software and services revenues rise. Standards fragmentation along geopolitical lines would erode the manufacturing scale on which the entire cost trajectory depends. Neither risk is currently resolvable from published evidence, and both should be treated as live.

The Global 6G Market 2027-2047 is a comprehensive technical and commercial analysis of sixth-generation mobile communications, covering the full value chain from semiconductor materials and advanced packaging through radio systems, base stations and non-terrestrial networks to devices, applications and services. The report provides granular twenty-one-year forecasts segmented by infrastructure, devices, components and materials, and services, with additional breakdowns by application vertical, device category, component category, region and base station type, and dedicated forecasts for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces and thermal management materials.

Analysis extends well beyond conventional market sizing. The report examines the AI-RAN architecture dispute now dividing the principal infrastructure vendors, including the merchant-GPU versus custom-silicon question and its consequences for base station bills of material; the emergence of integrated sensing and communication as a specified capability across ETSI, 3GPP and ITU-R; and the geopolitical restructuring of the supply chain following the formation of an allied 6G partnership.

Technology coverage includes sub-terahertz radio systems, compound semiconductors, phased array antennas, advanced packaging, MIMO evolution, and zero-energy devices and battery elimination. The materials chapters address low-loss dielectrics, metamaterials and metasurfaces, thermal management and solid-state cooling, energy harvesting and self-powering, and the full family of reconfigurable intelligent surface architectures including beyond-diagonal, simultaneously transmitting and reflecting, stacked and flexible intelligent metasurfaces, together with manufacturing processes, testing methods and cost structure. A dedicated section covers optical wireless communications, free-space optics, optical RIS and metalenses, photonics-defined radio and terahertz waveguides.

The report profiles sixty-six companies across infrastructure, semiconductors, materials, metasurfaces, photonics, test and measurement, and network operations, and includes development roadmaps by country, spectrum allocation and regulatory analysis, standardisation status across 3GPP, ITU-R and ETSI, and a full statement of research methodology and sources.

The study is intended for equipment vendors, semiconductor and materials suppliers, network operators, investors and policymakers requiring a defensible view of where value accrues across the 6G build-out.

Contents include:

  • Executive Summary - the 6G market in 2025-2026; market drivers, trends and constraints; key conclusions; global market revenues to 2047 by infrastructure, devices, components and services; base station, RIS, thermal management, application, device, component and service forecasts; regional analysis; forecast extension to 2047
  • Introduction - what 6G is; differentiators from 5G; use cases and requirements; rollout timeline; technology interdependencies; global trends including standards bifurcation risk and ISAC convergence
  • 6G Radio Systems - spectrum bands and allocation; sub-terahertz propagation; waveforms and modulation; transceiver architectures; ADC/DAC constraints; RF front-end design
  • Base Stations and Non-Terrestrial Networks - architecture evolution; AI and machine learning integration and the AI-RAN silicon divergence; baseband processing and merchant versus custom silicon; O-RAN fronthaul splits; satellite, HAPS and UAV integration; thermal management imperatives
  • Semiconductors for 6G - CMOS, SiGe, GaN, GaAs and InP; device scaling; power amplifiers; frequency limits by technology
  • Phased Array Antennas for 6G - array architectures; beamforming approaches; antenna-in-package; scaling to 1024TRX
  • Advanced Packaging for 6G - substrates, interconnect, integration approaches and thermal co-design
  • Materials and Technologies for 6G - low-loss dielectrics; self-healing, self-cleaning and long-life materials; metamaterials and metasurfaces; RIS operating principles, performance and economics; beyond-diagonal RIS; STAR-RIS; stacked and flexible intelligent metasurfaces; RIS manufacturing, testing and cost structure; fibre optics; optical wireless communications, VLC and LiFi; free-space optics; optical RIS and metalenses; optical signal processing and photonics-defined radio; terahertz waveguides; thermal management; passive daytime radiative cooling; self-adaptive and switchable cooling; Janus emitters and anti-Stokes fluorescence; solid-state cooling including thermoelectric, electrocaloric, magnetocaloric and mechanocaloric approaches; smart EM devices
  • MIMO for 6G - evolution across generations; distributed and cell-free MIMO; holographic MIMO; ultra-massive arrays
  • Zero Energy Devices and Battery Elimination - ambient backscatter; SWIPT; energy harvesting technologies; self-powering infrastructure
  • 6G Development Roadmaps - national programmes; US federal spectrum policy; regulatory status; global government initiatives and the allied 6G partnership; operator and vendor roadmaps
  • Company Profiles - 66 profiles including 2Pi Optics, AALTO HAPS, AGC Japan, Alcan Systems, Alibaba China, Alphacore, Ampleon, Anywaves, Apple, Atheraxon, Commscope, Echodyne, Edgehog Advanced Technologies, Ericsson, Fractal Antenna Systems, Freshwave, Fujitsu, Greenerwave, Huawei, HyMet Thermal Interfaces, InterDigital, Kuang-Chi Technologies, Kymeta, Kyocera, LATYS Intelligence, LG Electronics, Lumotive, META, Metaboards, Metalenz, Metamagnetics, Metawave Corporation and more....
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Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 1.1 From 1G to 6G
  • 1.2 The AI-Native 6G Revolution
  • 1.3 Evolution from 5G Networks
    • 1.3.1 Limitations with 5G
    • 1.3.2 Benefits of 6G
    • 1.3.3 Advanced materials in 6G
    • 1.3.4 Recent hardware developments
  • 1.4 The 6G Market in
    • 1.4.1 Regional Market Activity
    • 1.4.2 Investment Landscape
    • 1.4.3 Market Constraints in
  • 1.5 Market outlook for 6G
    • 1.5.1 Growth of Mobile Traffic
      • 1.5.1.1 Optimistic Scenario
      • 1.5.1.2 Conservative Scenario
      • 1.5.1.3 Regional Divergence
      • 1.5.1.4 Implications for 6G
    • 1.5.2 Proliferation in Consumer Technology
      • 1.5.2.1 Smartphone Evolution
      • 1.5.2.2 Beyond Smartphones
    • 1.5.3 Industrial and Enterprise Transformation
    • 1.5.4 Economic Competitiveness
    • 1.5.5 Sustainability
      • 1.5.5.1 Energy Efficiency Imperative
  • 1.6 Market drivers and trends
  • 1.7 Market challenges and bottlenecks
    • 1.7.1 Critical Bottlenecks
  • 1.8 Key Conclusions for 6G Communications Systems and Hardware
  • 1.9 Roadmap
    • 1.9.1 Critical Path Analysis
  • 1.10 Global Market Revenues to
    • 1.10.1 6G Infrastructure Market by Deployment Location
    • 1.10.2 6G Infrastructure Market by Region
    • 1.10.3 6G Base Station Market
    • 1.10.4 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) Market
    • 1.10.5 6G Thermal Management Market
    • 1.10.6 6G Application Markets
    • 1.10.7 6G Device Market Forecast by Category
    • 1.10.8 6G Components & Materials Market
    • 1.10.9 6G Services Market
    • 1.10.10 Forecast Extension to
  • 1.11 Applications
    • 1.11.1 Connected Autonomous Vehicle Systems
    • 1.11.2 Next Generation Industrial Automation
    • 1.11.3 Healthcare Solutions
    • 1.11.4 Immersive Extended Reality Experiences
  • 1.12 Geographical Markets for 6G
    • 1.12.1 North America
    • 1.12.2 Asia Pacific
      • 1.12.2.1 China
      • 1.12.2.2 Japan
      • 1.12.2.3 South Korea
      • 1.12.2.4 India
    • 1.12.3 Europe
  • 1.13 Main Market Players
  • 1.14 6G Projects by Country
  • 1.15 Sustainability in 6G

2 INTRODUCTION

  • 2.1 What is 6G?
  • 2.2 Evolving Mobile Communications
  • 2.3 5G deployment
    • 2.3.1 Motivation for 6G
    • 2.3.2 Growth in Mobile Data Traffic
      • 2.3.2.1 Growth of Mobile Traffic Slows
    • 2.3.3 Future of Traffic
      • 2.3.3.1 Continued Exponential Growth (Optimist View)
      • 2.3.3.2 Structural Deceleration (Realist View)
      • 2.3.3.3 Plateau and Decline (Pessimist View)
    • 2.3.4 Traffic Growth Plateau in China
    • 2.3.5 Video Streaming
  • 2.4 Multi-Dimensional Value Proposition
  • 2.5 Potential 6G High-Value Applications
    • 2.5.1 Holographic Communication
    • 2.5.2 Persistent AR Overlays
    • 2.5.3 Cooperative Perception for Autonomous Systems
    • 2.5.4 Real-Time Digital Twins
  • 2.6 Applications and Required Bandwidths
  • 2.7 Artificial Intelligence's impact on network traffic
    • 2.7.1 AI Workload: On-Device vs Cloud
  • 2.8 Autonomous vehicles
    • 2.8.1 Autonomous Vehicle Communications
    • 2.8.2 Cooperative Perception
    • 2.8.3 Vehicle platooning
  • 2.9 6G Rollout Timeline
    • 2.9.1 Regional Deployment Timeline
  • 2.10 6G Spectrum
    • 2.10.1 6G Candidate Spectrum Bands
    • 2.10.2 Bands vs Bandwidth
    • 2.10.3 Bandwidth-Coverage Tradeoff
    • 2.10.4 6G Spectrum and Deployment
      • 2.10.4.1 Economic Deployment Model
        • 2.10.4.1.1 Phase 1: Evolutionary 6G (2029-2034)
        • 2.10.4.1.2 Phase 2: Revolutionary 6G (2034-2040+)
  • 2.11 Frequencies Beyond 100GHz
    • 2.11.1 Atmospheric Absorption Windows
    • 2.11.2 Sub-THz Application Viability
    • 2.11.3 6G Applications
  • 2.12 Technology Interdependencies
  • 2.13 Global Trends
  • 3.1 Technical Targets for High Data-Rate 6G Radios
  • 3.2 6G Transceiver Architecture
  • 3.3 Technical Elements in 6G Radio Systems
  • 3.4 Bandwidth and Modulation
  • 3.5 Bandwidth Requirements for Supporting 100 Gbps - 1 Tbps Radios
    • 3.5.1 Practical Bandwidth Allocation
  • 3.6 Bandwidth and MIMO
  • 3.7 6G Radio Performance
  • 3.8 Beyond 100 Gbps
  • 3.9 Radio Link Range vs System Gain
  • 3.10 Hardware Gap
  • 3.11 Saturated Output Power vs Frequency
  • 3.12 Power consumption
    • 3.12.1 Power Consumption of PA Scale with Frequency
    • 3.12.2 Power Consumption on the Transceiver Side (1, 2, 3)
      • 3.12.2.1 Receive Chain Power Analysis

4 BASE STATIONS AND NON-TERRESTRIAL NETWORKS

  • 4.1 UM-MIMO and Vanishing Base Stations
    • 4.1.1 Sequence
    • 4.1.2 RIS-Enabled, Self-Powered 6G UM-MIMO Base Station Design
      • 4.1.2.1 System Architecture
      • 4.1.2.2 Power Management
      • 4.1.2.3 Performance Characteristics
    • 4.1.3 Base Station Power and Cooling
      • 4.1.3.1 Power Consumption Drivers
      • 4.1.3.2 Economic and Environmental Impact
      • 4.1.3.3 Solutions and Mitigation Strategies
    • 4.1.4 Semiconductor Technologies for 6G Base Stations
      • 4.1.4.1 Power Amplifiers
      • 4.1.4.2 Transceivers and Beamformers
      • 4.1.4.3 Baseband Processing
      • 4.1.4.4 RIS Control
    • 4.1.5 Base Station and MIMO Technology Advances
      • 4.1.5.1 Integrated Active Antenna Systems
      • 4.1.5.2 Open RAN Architecture
      • 4.1.5.3 AI and Machine Learning Integration
      • 4.1.5.4 Network Slicing
      • 4.1.5.5 Edge Computing Integration
  • 4.2 Satellites and Drones
    • 4.2.1 How Satellites Benefit from 6G
    • 4.2.2 How 6G Benefits from Satellites
    • 4.2.3 Drone Integration Benefits
  • 4.3 Internet of Drones
    • 4.3.1 Network Architecture
    • 4.3.2 Technical Challenges
    • 4.3.3 Market Outlook
  • 4.4 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS)
    • 4.4.1 HAPS Platforms
    • 4.4.2 Communications Payload
    • 4.4.3 Advantages
    • 4.4.4 Challenges
    • 4.4.5 Status and Timeline
  • 4.5 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)
    • 4.5.1 Connectivity Gap
      • 4.5.1.1 Dimensions of the Gap
      • 4.5.1.2 Quantification
      • 4.5.1.3 Regional Characteristics
    • 4.5.2 Development of LEO NTNs
      • 4.5.2.1 Major Constellations
      • 4.5.2.2 Technology Evolution
    • 4.5.3 NTN Technologies
      • 4.5.3.1 Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Satellites
      • 4.5.3.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites
      • 4.5.3.3 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites
      • 4.5.3.4 Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO)
    • 4.5.4 HAPS vs LEO vs GEO
      • 4.5.4.1 Deployment Speed and Flexibility
      • 4.5.4.2 Operational Complexity
      • 4.5.4.3 Coverage Characteristics
      • 4.5.4.4 Economic Models
    • 4.5.5 Direct to Cell (D2C)
      • 4.5.5.1 Technical Challenge
      • 4.5.5.2 Satellite Solutions
      • 4.5.5.3 Performance Expectations
      • 4.5.5.4 Market Positioning
    • 4.5.6 NTNs for D2C
      • 4.5.6.1 Link Budget Components
      • 4.5.6.2 HAPS Analysis
      • 4.5.6.3 LEO Analysis
      • 4.5.6.4 MEO and GEO Analysis
    • 4.5.7 Technologies for Non-Terrestrial Networks
      • 4.5.7.1 Satellite Bus and Platform Technologies
      • 4.5.7.2 Phased Array Antennas
      • 4.5.7.3 Satellite Payload Processing
      • 4.5.7.4 Inter-Satellite Optical Links
      • 4.5.7.5 Ground Segment Infrastructure

5 SEMICONDUCTORS FOR 6G

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 RF Transistors Performance
  • 5.3 Si-based Semiconductors
    • 5.3.1 CMOS
      • 5.3.1.1 Bulk vs SOI
      • 5.3.1.2 SiGe
  • 5.4 GaAs and GaN
    • 5.4.1 GaN's Opportunity in 6G
    • 5.4.2 GaN-on-Si, SiC or Diamond for RF
    • 5.4.3 GaAs Positioning in 6G
    • 5.4.4 State-of-the-Art GaAs Based Amplifier
    • 5.4.5 GaAs vs GaN for RF Power Amplifiers
    • 5.4.6 Power Amplifier Technology Benchmarking
  • 5.5 InP (Indium Phosphide)
    • 5.5.1 InP HEMT vs InP HBT
      • 5.5.1.1 InP Opportunities for 6G
    • 5.5.2 Heterogeneous Integration of InP with SiGe BiCMOS
  • 5.6 Semiconductor Challenges for THz Communications
    • 5.6.1 Mitigation Strategies
  • 5.7 Semiconductor Supply Chain

6 PHASE ARRAY ANTENNAS FOR 6G

  • 6.1 Key 6G Antenna Requirements
  • 6.2 Challenges in mmWave Phased Array Systems
    • 6.2.1 Primary Challenges
  • 6.3 Antenna Architectures
  • 6.4 Challenges in 6G Antennas
  • 6.5 Power and Antenna Array Size
  • 6.6 5G Phased Array Antenna
  • 6.7 Antenna Manufacturers
  • 6.8 Technology Benchmarking
  • 6.9 GHz Phased Array
  • 6.10 Antenna Types
  • 6.11 Phased Array Modules
    • 6.11.1 Technology Readiness Assessment

7 ADVANCED PACKAGING FOR 6G

  • 7.1 Evolution Drivers
  • 7.2 Packaging Requirements
    • 7.2.1 Electrical Performance Demands
    • 7.2.2 Thermal Management Imperatives
  • 7.3 Antenna Packaging Technology Options
    • 7.3.1 Technology Selection Criteria
  • 7.4 mmWave Antenna Integration
    • 7.4.1 Antenna-on-Board (AoB)
    • 7.4.2 Antenna-in-Package (AiP)
    • 7.4.3 Antenna-on-Chip (AoC)
    • 7.4.4 Performance Analysis
  • 7.5 Next Generation Phased Array Targets
    • 7.5.1 System-Level Requirements Translation
    • 7.5.2 Technology Roadmap Implications
  • 7.6 Antenna Packaging vs Operational Frequency
    • 7.6.1 Frequency-Dependent Loss Mechanisms
  • 7.7 Integration Technologies
    • 7.7.1 Performance vs Cost
    • 7.7.2 Flexibility vs Optimization
  • 7.8 Approaches to Integrate InP on CMOS
    • 7.8.1 Integration Challenge
    • 7.8.2 Die-to-Die Hybrid Assembly
    • 7.8.3 Wafer-Level Bonding
    • 7.8.4 Epitaxial Transfer
  • 7.9 Antenna Integration Challenges
    • 7.9.1 Dimensional Tolerance Requirements
    • 7.9.2 Thermal Management Scaling
    • 7.9.3 Manufacturing Yield Economics
  • 7.10 Substrate Materials for AiP
  • 7.11 Antenna on Chip (AoC) for 6G
  • 7.12 Evolution of Hardware Components from 5G to 6G

8 MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR 6G

  • 8.1 Material Challenge Domains
    • 8.1.1 Material Property Interdependencies
  • 8.2 6G ZED Compounds and Carbon Allotropes
  • 8.3 Thermal Cooling and Conductor Materials
  • 8.4 Thermal Metamaterials for 6G
  • 8.5 Ionogels for 6G
  • 8.6 Advanced Heat Shielding and Thermal Insulation
  • 8.7 Low-Loss Dielectrics
  • 8.8 Self-Healing, Self-Cleaning and Long-Life Materials
  • 8.9 Optical and Sub-THz 6G Materials
  • 8.10 Materials for Metamaterial-Based 6G RIS
  • 8.11 Electrically-Functionalized Transparent Glass for 6G OTA, T-RIS
    • 8.11.1 Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO)
    • 8.11.2 Metal Meshes
    • 8.11.3 Printed Silver Nanowires
    • 8.11.4 Graphene
  • 8.12 Low-Loss Materials for mmWave and THz
  • 8.13 Inorganic Compounds
    • 8.13.1 Overview
    • 8.13.2 Materials
  • 8.14 Elements
    • 8.14.1 Overview
    • 8.14.2 Materials
  • 8.15 Organic Compounds
    • 8.15.1 Overview
    • 8.15.2 Materials
  • 8.16 6G Dielectrics
    • 8.16.1 Overview
    • 8.16.2 Companies
    • 8.16.3 SWOT Analysis
  • 8.17 Metamaterials
    • 8.17.1 Overview
    • 8.17.2 Metamaterials for RIS in Telecommunication
      • 8.17.2.1 RIS Operating Principles
    • 8.17.3 RIS Performance and Economics
      • 8.17.3.1 Passive Beamforming
      • 8.17.3.2 Hybrid Beamforming with RIS
      • 8.17.3.3 Adaptive Beamforming Techniques
    • 8.17.4 Beyond-Diagonal RIS Architectures
    • 8.17.5 Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting RIS (STAR-RIS)
    • 8.17.6 Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces and Wave-Domain Signal Processing
    • 8.17.7 Flexible and Morphing Intelligent Metasurfaces
    • 8.17.8 RIS Manufacturing, Testing and Cost Structure
    • 8.17.9 Applications
      • 8.17.9.1 Reconfigurable Antennas
      • 8.17.9.2 Wireless Sensing
      • 8.17.9.3 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth
      • 8.17.9.4 5G and 6G Metasurfaces for Wireless Communications
        • 8.17.9.4.1 5G Applications
        • 8.17.9.4.2 6G Evolution
      • 8.17.9.5 Hypersurfaces
      • 8.17.9.6 Active Material Patterning
      • 8.17.9.7 Optical ENZ Metamaterials
      • 8.17.9.8 Liquid Crystal Polymers
        • 8.17.9.8.1 LCP Applications in 6G
  • 8.18 Thermal Management
    • 8.18.1 Overview
    • 8.18.2 Thermal Materials and Structures for 6G
      • 8.18.2.1 Advanced Ceramics
      • 8.18.2.2 Diamond-based Materials
      • 8.18.2.3 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes
      • 8.18.2.4 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
      • 8.18.2.5 Advanced Polymers
      • 8.18.2.6 Metal Matrix Composites
      • 8.18.2.7 Two-Dimensional Materials
      • 8.18.2.8 Nanofluid Coolants
      • 8.18.2.9 Thermal Metamaterials
      • 8.18.2.10 Hydrogels
      • 8.18.2.11 Aerogels
      • 8.18.2.12 Pyrolytic Graphite
      • 8.18.2.13 Thermoelectrics
        • 8.18.2.13.1 Cooling Applications
        • 8.18.2.13.2 Energy Harvesting
    • 8.18.3 Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling
    • 8.18.4 Self-Adaptive and Switchable Radiative Cooling
    • 8.18.5 Janus Emitters and Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Cooling
  • 8.19 Graphene and 2D Materials
    • 8.19.1 Overview
    • 8.19.2 Applications
      • 8.19.2.1 Supercapacitors, LiC and Pseudocapacitors
      • 8.19.2.2 Graphene Transistors
      • 8.19.2.3 Graphene THz Device Structures
  • 8.20 Fiber Optics
    • 8.20.1 Overview
    • 8.20.2 Materials and Applications in 6G
      • 8.20.2.1 Key Optical Materials
      • 8.20.2.2 6G Fiber-Wireless Architecture
  • 8.21 Optical Wireless Communications and Optronic Hardware
    • 8.21.1 Visible Light Communications and LiFi
    • 8.21.2 Free-Space Optics for Backhaul and Non-Terrestrial Links
    • 8.21.3 Optical RIS and Metalenses
    • 8.21.4 Optical Signal Processing and Photonics-Defined Radio
    • 8.21.5 Terahertz Waveguides and Dielectric Cable
  • 8.22 Smart EM Devices
    • 8.22.1 Overview
    • 8.22.2 Technical Challenges
    • 8.22.3 Current Status
  • 8.23 Photoactive Materials
    • 8.23.1 Overview
    • 8.23.2 Applications in 6G
      • 8.23.2.1 Optically-Controlled RIS
  • 8.24 Silicon Carbide
    • 8.24.1 Overview
    • 8.24.2 Applications in 6G
      • 8.24.2.1 GaN-on-SiC Power Amplifiers
      • 8.24.2.2 Thermal Management
      • 8.24.2.3 RF Substrates
  • 8.25 Phase-Change Materials
    • 8.25.1 Overview
    • 8.25.2 Applications in 6G
      • 8.25.2.1 Reconfigurable Metamaterials
      • 8.25.2.2 Reconfigurable Antennas
      • 8.25.2.3 RF Switches
        • 8.25.2.3.1 Commercialization Challenges
  • 8.26 Vanadium Dioxide
    • 8.26.1 Overview
    • 8.26.2 Applications in 6G
      • 8.26.2.1 Ultrafast RF Switches
      • 8.26.2.2 Thermally-Triggered Devices
      • 8.26.2.3 Tunable Metamaterials
  • 8.27 Micro-mechanics, MEMS and Microfluidics
    • 8.27.1 Overview
    • 8.27.2 Applications in 6G
      • 8.27.2.1 MEMS RF Switches
      • 8.27.2.2 MEMS Tunable Capacitors
      • 8.27.2.3 MEMS Phase Shifters
      • 8.27.2.4 Microfluidic Cooling
      • 8.27.2.5 Commercial Status
  • 8.28 Solid State Cooling
    • 8.28.1 Overview
    • 8.28.2 Thermoelectric Cooling
    • 8.28.3 Electrocaloric and Magnetocaloric Cooling
    • 8.28.4 Mechanocaloric Cooling: Elastocaloric, Barocaloric and Multicaloric

9 MIMO FOR 6G

  • 9.1 MIMO in Wireless Communications
    • 9.1.1 MIMO Evolution Timeline
  • 9.2 Challenges with mMIMO
    • 9.2.1 Channel State Information Acquisition
    • 9.2.2 Computational Complexity
    • 9.2.3 Hardware Impairments
    • 9.2.4 Cost and Power Consumption
  • 9.3 Distributed MIMO
    • 9.3.1 Architecture
    • 9.3.2 Benefits
    • 9.3.3 Challenges
  • 9.4 Cell-free Massive MIMO (Large-Scale Distributed MIMO)
    • 9.4.1 Concept
    • 9.4.2 Network Topology
    • 9.4.3 Performance Benefits
  • 9.5 6G Massive MIMO
    • 9.5.1 Frequency-Specific Factors
    • 9.5.2 Processing Architecture
    • 9.5.3 AI/ML Integration
    • 9.5.4 Deployment Strategies
  • 9.6 Cell-Free MIMO
    • 9.6.1 Cellular System Limitations
    • 9.6.2 Cell-Free Solutions
    • 9.6.3 Economic Considerations
    • 9.6.4 Interpretation
  • 9.7 Benefits and Challenges of Cell-Free MIMO
    • 9.7.1 Benefits
    • 9.7.2 Challenges
  • 9.8 Cell-Free Massive MIMO
    • 9.8.1 Overview
    • 9.8.2 Network MIMO (CoMP - Coordinated Multi-Point)
    • 9.8.3 Cell-Free mMIMO Distinctive Features
    • 9.8.4 Transition Strategy
    • 9.8.5 Commercial Readiness
    • 9.8.6 Market Projections

10 ZERO ENERGY DEVICES (ZED) AND BATTERY ELIMINATION

  • 10.1 Overview
    • 10.1.1 Critical Success Factors
    • 10.1.2 Market Impact
  • 10.2 ZED-Related Technology
    • 10.2.1 Technology Convergence
    • 10.2.2 Drivers for ZED and Battery-Free
      • 10.2.2.1 Operational Impossibility
      • 10.2.2.2 Economic Imperative
      • 10.2.2.3 Environmental Sustainability
      • 10.2.2.4 Reliability and Autonomy
      • 10.2.2.5 Lessons from Deployments
  • 10.3 Zero-Energy and Battery-Free 6G
    • 10.3.1 Infrastructure
    • 10.3.2 Client Devices
  • 10.4 Electricity consumption of wireless networks
    • 10.4.1 Network Energy Consumption Trends
    • 10.4.2 Energy Harvesting
  • 10.5 Technologies
    • 10.5.1 On-Board Harvesting Technologies Compared and Prioritized
    • 10.5.2 6G ZED Design Approaches
    • 10.5.3 Device Architecture
      • 10.5.3.1 System Integration
      • 10.5.3.2 Architecture Variants
    • 10.5.4 Energy Harvesting
      • 10.5.4.1 Power Management Optimization
      • 10.5.4.2 Transducer Efficiency
      • 10.5.4.3 Impedance Matching
    • 10.5.5 Device Battery-Free Storage
      • 10.5.5.1 Supercapacitors
      • 10.5.5.2 Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LIC)
      • 10.5.5.3 Selection Guidelines
      • 10.5.5.4 "Massless Energy" for ZED
        • 10.5.5.4.1 Performance
        • 10.5.5.4.2 6G ZED Applications
        • 10.5.5.4.3 Challenges
        • 10.5.5.4.4 Status
    • 10.5.6 Ambient Backscatter Communications AmBC, Crowd Detectable CD-ZED, SWIPT
      • 10.5.6.1 Performance Characteristics
      • 10.5.6.2 6G Integration
      • 10.5.6.3 Crowd Detectable CD-ZED
      • 10.5.6.4 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT)
      • 10.5.6.5 Performance
  • 10.6 6G ZED Materials and Technologies
    • 10.6.1 Metamaterials
    • 10.6.2 IRS (Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces)
    • 10.6.3 RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces)
    • 10.6.4 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT)
    • 10.6.5 Ambient Backscatter Communications (AmBC)
      • 10.6.5.1 Advanced AmBC Techniques
      • 10.6.5.2 6G Native Integration
    • 10.6.6 Energy Harvesting for 6G
      • 10.6.6.1 Photovoltaics
        • 10.6.6.1.1 Technology Options
        • 10.6.6.1.2 Indoor Optimization
      • 10.6.6.2 Ambient RF
        • 10.6.6.2.1 Power Availability
        • 10.6.6.2.2 Rectifier Technology
        • 10.6.6.2.3 Multi-Band Harvesting
      • 10.6.6.3 Electrodynamic
        • 10.6.6.3.1 Characteristics
        • 10.6.6.3.2 Applications
      • 10.6.6.4 Piezoelectric materials
        • 10.6.6.4.1 Materials
        • 10.6.6.4.2 Harvester Designs
      • 10.6.6.5 Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)
        • 10.6.6.5.1 Operating Principle
        • 10.6.6.5.2 Performance
        • 10.6.6.5.3 6G Applications
        • 10.6.6.5.4 Challenges
      • 10.6.6.6 Thermoelectric generators (TEGs)
        • 10.6.6.6.1 Performance
        • 10.6.6.6.2 Temperature Sources
        • 10.6.6.6.3 6G ZED Applications
      • 10.6.6.7 Pyroelectric materials
        • 10.6.6.7.1 Mechanism
        • 10.6.6.7.2 Performance
        • 10.6.6.7.3 Applications
        • 10.6.6.7.4 Limitations
      • 10.6.6.8 Thermal Hydrovoltaic
        • 10.6.6.8.1 Mechanisms
        • 10.6.6.8.2 Performance
        • 10.6.6.8.3 Status
      • 10.6.6.9 Biofuel Cells
        • 10.6.6.9.1 Types
        • 10.6.6.9.2 Performance
        • 10.6.6.9.3 Applications
        • 10.6.6.9.4 Challenges
        • 10.6.6.9.5 Status
    • 10.6.7 Ultra-Low-Power Electronics
      • 10.6.7.1 Technologies
      • 10.6.7.2 Future Targets (2030)
      • 10.6.7.3 Design Techniques
      • 10.6.7.4 Supercapacitors
        • 10.6.7.4.1 Advanced Supercapacitor Technologies
      • 10.6.7.5 Hybrid Approaches
        • 10.6.7.5.1 Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LIC)
        • 10.6.7.5.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries
        • 10.6.7.5.3 Lithium Titanate (LTO) Batteries
      • 10.6.7.6 Pseudocapacitors
        • 10.6.7.6.1 Operating Principle
        • 10.6.7.6.2 Performance
        • 10.6.7.6.3 6G ZED Applications
        • 10.6.7.6.4 Status
        • 10.6.7.6.5 Research Directions
  • 11.1 Spectrum for 6G
  • 11.2 US Federal Spectrum
  • 11.3 Regulatory Status (2025)
  • 11.4 Standalone vs Non-Standalone Rollout
  • 11.5 Open RAN for 6G
    • 11.5.1 Regional Open RAN Positioning
  • 11.6 Competition for Spectrum in Europe
    • 11.6.1 Key Challenges
  • 11.7 Global 6G Government Initiatives
    • 11.7.1 Program Effectiveness Factors
  • 11.8 6G Development Roadmap - South Korea
    • 11.8.1 Technology Focus Areas
    • 11.8.2 South Korea - mmWave Challenges
  • 11.9 6G Development Roadmap – Japan
    • 11.9.1 Beyond 5G Program Structure
    • 11.9.2 Deployment Timeline and Market Strategy
  • 11.10 Funding Models to Research the Next Mobile Communication Infrastructure
  • 11.11 6G Development Roadmap – US

12 COMPANY PROFILES (66 company profiles)

13 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

14 REFERENCES

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List of Tables

  • Table 1. Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communications from 1G to 6G
  • Table 2. Key Limitations with 5G Networks.
  • Table 3. Key Differentiators and Benefits of 6G vs 5G.
  • Table 4. Advanced Materials Enabling 6G Communications.
  • Table 5. Notable 6G Hardware Demonstrations (2024-2025).
  • Table 6. 6G Market Readiness Indicators (2025).
  • Table 7. Global 6G R&D Investment by Source (2023-2025).
  • Table 8. Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth (2018-2025).
  • Table 9. Mobile Data Traffic Forecasts - Competing Scenarios (2026-2047).
  • Table 10. Smartphone Capability Evolution Through 6G Era.
  • Table 11. Enterprise 6G Market Forecast by Vertical (2030-2047),
  • Table 12. Government 6G Strategy Approaches by Country.
  • Table 13. Network Energy Consumption Evolution and 6G Targets.
  • Table 14. Sustainability Metrics
  • Table 15. Primary Market Drivers for 6G Adoption (2026-2047).
  • Table 16. Critical Challenges and Bottlenecks for 6G Market Development.
  • Table 17. Sub-THz Power Amplifier Technology Gap Analysis.
  • Table 18. 6G Hardware Technology Readiness Roadmap
  • Table 19. Global 6G Market Forecast Summary (2026-2047)
  • Table 20. 6G Infrastructure Market by Deployment Location (2030, 2033, 2036).
  • Table 21. 6G Infrastructure Market by Region (2030, 2033, 2036)
  • Table 22. 6G Base Station Market (2029-2047)
  • Table 23. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) Market Forecast (2027-2047)
  • Table 24. 6G Thermal Management Market Forecast (2029-2047)
  • Table 25. 6G Application-Specific Markets (2030-2047).
  • Table 26. 6G Device Market Forecast by Category (2028-2047), Units.
  • Table 27. 6G Components & Materials Market by Technology (2029-2047)
  • Table 28. 6G Services Market (2029-2047)
  • Table 29. Global 6G Market — 2047 Extension Summary by Segment.
  • Table 30. Autonomous Vehicle Connectivity Requirements
  • Table 31. 6G-Connected Autonomous Vehicle Market Forecast.
  • Table 32. 6G Industrial Automation Market by Segment (2036)
  • Table 33. 6G Healthcare Market Forecast (2030-2047).
  • Table 34. XR Experience Tiers and 6G Requirements.
  • Table 35. 6G-Enabled XR Market (2030-2047).
  • Table 36. North America 6G Market Forecast (2026-2047).
  • Table 37. US Operator 6G Investment Profile.
  • Table 38. Asia Pacific 6G Market Forecast by Sub-Region (2036).
  • Table 39. Europe 6G Market Forecast by Major Markets (2036).
  • Table 40. Leading 6G Equipment Vendors.
  • Table 41. Semiconductor Companies for 6G.
  • Table 42. Key Materials and Component Suppliers.
  • Table 43. Major Government-Funded 6G Programs Worldwide
  • Table 44. 6G Sustainability Targets vs. 5G Baseline.
  • Table 45. Defining Characteristics of 6G.
  • Table 46. Common Misconceptions.
  • Table 47. Evolution of Mobile Communications Focus.
  • Table 48. Global 5G Deployment Status (2025).
  • Table 49. 5G Performance - Promised vs. Delivered (2025).
  • Table 50. Application Requirements Exceeding 5G Capabilities.
  • Table 51. Global Mobile Data Traffic Evolution (2015-2025)
  • Table 52. Per Capita Data Usage - Developed Markets (2020-2025).
  • Table 53. China Mobile Data Traffic Evolution (2018-2025).
  • Table 54. Video Streaming Traffic Share Evolution.
  • Table 55. Video Streaming Bandwidth Requirements.
  • Table 56. Applications Requiring >1 Gbps Sustained Bandwidth.
  • Table 57. Comprehensive Application Bandwidth Requirements.
  • Table 58. Net AI Impact on Mobile Data Traffic (2025-2047).
  • Table 59. AI Workload Distribution Evolution.
  • Table 60. Autonomous Vehicle Communication Requirements by Level.
  • Table 61. Autonomous Vehicle 6G Connectivity Market Forecast.
  • Table 62. Platooning Benefits and Requirements.
  • Table 63. Platooning Connectivity Market.
  • Table 64. Key 5G Lessons and 6G Responses
  • Table 65. Comprehensive 6G Development and Deployment Timeline.
  • Table 66. 6G Commercial Launch Timeline by Region.
  • Table 67. 6G Candidate Spectrum Bands.
  • Table 68. Regional Spectrum Priorities for 6G.
  • Table 69. Bandwidth Availability by Frequency Range.
  • Table 70. Achievable Data Rates by Spectrum Allocation.
  • Table 71. Path Loss Comparison Across Frequencies.
  • Table 72. Deployment Strategy by Frequency Band.
  • Table 73. Detailed 5G vs 6G Performance Comparison
  • Table 74. Characteristics of >100 GHz Frequency Bands.
  • Table 75. Atmospheric Windows for Sub-THz Communications.
  • Table 76. Application Suitability for >100 GHz.
  • Table 77. 6G Application Portfolio.
  • Table 78. Core 6G Enabling Technologies.
  • Table 79. 6G Radio System Technical Targets
  • Table 80. 6G Transceiver Component Requirements.
  • Table 81. Bandwidth Requirements for Target Data Rates.
  • Table 82. Spectrum Allocation Scenarios for Extreme Data Rates.
  • Table 83. MIMO Configuration Trade-offs.
  • Table 84. Critical 6G Radio Performance Parameters
  • Table 85. Notable 100+ Gbps Wireless Demonstrations (2023-2025)
  • Table 86. Range vs Frequency Analysis for 6G
  • Table 87. Power Amplifier Output Power vs Frequency
  • Table 88. Semiconductor Technology Comparison for Sub-THz Power Amplifiers
  • Table 89. Power Budget for 140 GHz Base Station Radio Unit
  • Table 90. Power Scaling with Array Size
  • Table 91. PA Efficiency vs Frequency Trend
  • Table 92. Transmission Distance vs Frequency for Fixed Power Budget
  • Table 93. Receiver Power Breakdown by Function
  • Table 94. Power Comparison - 5G mmWave vs 6G Sub-THz
  • Table 95. Terrestrial vs Non-Terrestrial 6G Infrastructure Comparison
  • Table 96. Base Station Power Consumption Evolution and Cooling Requirements
  • Table 97. Critical Semiconductor Technologies for 6G Base Stations
  • Table 98. Drone Network Applications and Requirements
  • Table 99. HAPS Characteristics and Comparison with Alternatives
  • Table 100. Connectivity Gap Analysis by Region (2025)
  • Table 101. Major LEO Constellation Status and Plans (2025)
  • Table 102. Comprehensive NTN Technology Performance Comparison
  • Table 103. Qualitative Feature Comparison - HAPS vs LEO vs GEO
  • Table 104. Link Budget Summary for Direct-to-Cell Scenarios
  • Table 105. Critical NTN Enabling Technologies and Status
  • Table 106. Semiconductor Selection Criteria Priority Matrix
  • Table 107. RF Transistor Technology Benchmark (2025)
  • Table 108. Bulk CMOS vs SOI Comparison
  • Table 109. Advanced CMOS RF Performance by Process Node
  • Table 110. SiGe Technology Evolution for 6G
  • Table 111. Major SiGe BiCMOS Foundries and Capabilities
  • Table 112. Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Properties
  • Table 113. GaN Substrate Comparison
  • Table 114. Best Reported GaN PA Performance (2024-2025)
  • Table 115. GaN Manufacturing Capacity for 6G (2025)
  • Table 116. GaAs Application Opportunities in 6G
  • Table 117. Advanced GaAs Amplifier Performance (2025)
  • Table 118. Direct Technology Comparison - GaAs vs GaN
  • Table 119. Comprehensive PA Technology Comparison at Key 6G Frequencies
  • Table 120. InP Technology State-of-the-Art (2025)
  • Table 121. InP Device Type Comparison
  • Table 122. InP Market Forecast for 6G (2030-2047)
  • Table 123. InP-SiGe Integration Methods
  • Table 124. Leading InP PA Demonstrations (2024-2025)
  • Table 125. Silicon vs III-V Compound Semiconductor Comparison
  • Table 126. Critical Semiconductor Challenges for 6G Sub-THz
  • Table 127. Semiconductor Technology Recommendation by Application
  • Table 128. 6G Semiconductor Supply Chain - Capacity and Constraints (2025)
  • Table 129. 6G Antenna Requirements vs 5G Comparison
  • Table 130. mmWave/Sub-THz Phased Array Challenges and Solutions
  • Table 131. Antenna Element Size vs Frequency
  • Table 132. 6G Antenna Architecture Comparison
  • Table 133. Critical 6G Antenna Design Challenges
  • Table 134. Theoretical vs Practical Antenna Array Gain
  • Table 135. Power-Array Size Trade-off Analysis for 100m Range at 140 GHz
  • Table 136. Commercial 5G mmWave Phased Array Antenna Specifications (2024-2025)
  • Table 137. Major Antenna and Phased Array Module Suppliers for 6G
  • Table 138. Nokia 90 GHz Array Performance Summary
  • Table 139. Comparative Analysis - 28 GHz vs 90 GHz vs 140 GHz Arrays
  • Table 140. 140 GHz Transceiver Module Component Budget (16-element array)
  • Table 141. Semiconductor Technology Selection for 140 GHz Array Components
  • Table 142. Detailed Antenna Element Types for 6G Phased Arrays
  • Table 143. Commercial Readiness Assessment of D-band Phased Arrays (2025)
  • Table 144. 5G to 6G Antenna Module Evolution
  • Table 145. Packaging Technology Selection Matrix for 6G
  • Table 146. Antenna Integration Approach Comparison
  • Table 147. Technology Benchmark
  • Table 148. Next-Generation Phased Array Packaging Targets
  • Table 149. Packaging Technology Viability by Frequency
  • Table 150. Integration Technology Trade-off Matrix
  • Table 151. InP-CMOS Integration Approaches
  • Table 152. AiP vs Discrete Antenna Techniques
  • Table 153. Substrate Material Performance Comparison at 140 GHz
  • Table 154. Manufacturing Technology Comparison
  • Table 155. AoC vs AiP Performance
  • Table 156. Hardware Evolution Comparison.
  • Table 157. 6G Material Requirements vs Current Capabilities
  • Table 158. Low/Zero Expansion Materials for 6G.
  • Table 159. Thermal Management Material Ranking for 6G
  • Table 160. Thermal Management Evolution 5G to 6G
  • Table 161. Ionogel vs Alternatives for Tunable RF
  • Table 162. Thermal Insulation Material Comparison
  • Table 163. Low-Loss Dielectric Material Priority Ranking
  • Table 164. Dielectric Constant (Dk) and Loss Factor (Df) Requirements
  • Table 165. Optical and Sub-THz Material Requirements.
  • Table 166. RIS Material Comparison
  • Table 167. Transparent Conductor Comparison
  • Table 168. Low-Loss Materials for 6G.
  • Table 169. Commercial Availability and Roadmap
  • Table 170. Low-Loss Materials SWOT for 6G
  • Table 171. Key Inorganic Compounds for 6G
  • Table 172. Elemental Materials for 6G Applications
  • Table 173. Organic Materials for 6G Applications
  • Table 174. 6G Dielectrics Market SWOT
  • Table 175. RIS Metamaterial Implementation Approaches
  • Table 176. Metamaterial Manufacturing Approaches
  • Table 177. Adaptive Beamforming Techniques.
  • Table 178. BD-RIS Architecture Comparison.
  • Table 179. RIS Manufacturing Process Options by Frequency Band.
  • Table 180. Metasurface Performance Evolution 5G to 6G
  • Table 181. Liquid Crystal Materials for 6G
  • Table 182. Metamaterials SWOT for 6G
  • Table 183. Thermal Management for 6G SWOT
  • Table 184. Graphene THz Devices Performance and Status
  • Table 185. Optical Component Requirements for 6G Fronthaul
  • Table 186. Optical and Optronic Technology Options for 6G.
  • Table 187. Phase-Change Materials for 6G Tuning
  • Table 188. MEMS vs Solid-State RF Components for 6G
  • Table 189. Solid-State Cooling Technology Comparison for 6G Applications.
  • Table 190. MIMO Technology Evolution Across Wireless Generations
  • Table 191. Massive MIMO Scaling Challenges
  • Table 192. Cell-Free Massive MIMO vs Traditional Cellular
  • Table 193. Cellular vs Cell-Free Architecture Comparison
  • Table 194. Cell-Free MIMO Deployment Challenges and Solutions
  • Table 195. MIMO Architecture Evolution Summary
  • Table 196. Zero Energy Device Vision for 6G IoT
  • Table 197. ZED-Related Technology Landscape
  • Table 198. Real-World Battery-Free Device Examples
  • Table 199. 6G Device Power Requirements and ZED Viability
  • Table 200. ZED Strategy Combination Examples
  • Table 201. 6G Technology Investment Priorities
  • Table 202. Energy Harvesting Technology Comparison
  • Table 203. ZED Technology Readiness Assessment (2025)
  • Table 204. ZED Design Target Examples by Application Class
  • Table 205. ZED System Architecture Components
  • Table 206. Energy Harvesting Enhancement Techniques
  • Table 207. Energy Storage Comparison for ZED
  • Table 208. SWOT Appraisal of Battery-Less Storage Technologies.
  • Table 209. Zero-Power Communication Methods Comparison
  • Table 210. Critical ZED Research Areas and Priorities (2025-2030)
  • Table 211. SWIPT Implementation Comparison
  • Table 212. Photovoltaic Technologies for 6G ZED
  • Table 213. Piezoelectric Harvester Comparison
  • Table 214. Thermoelectric Harvesting Scenarios
  • Table 215. Ultra-Low-Power Component Performance (2025)
  • Table 216. Hybrid Storage Device Comparison
  • Table 217. Major 6G Equipment Vendor Positioning (2025)
  • Table 218. World Radiocommunication Conference 6G Timeline
  • Table 219. National/Regional 6G Spectrum Proposals (WRC-27)
  • Table 220. Upper 6 GHz Regulatory Status by Region.
  • Table 221.NSA vs SA Deployment Comparison
  • Table 222. Open RAN Evolution - 5G to 6G
  • Table 223.Regional Open RAN Strategies for 6G
  • Table 224. European 6G Spectrum Coordination Status (2025).
  • Table 225. Major Government 6G Programs.
  • Table 226.South Korea 6G Development Timeline and Milestones
  • Table 227.Japan Beyond 5G Technology Priorities and Status
  • Table 228.6G Funding Models - International Comparison.
  • Table 229.US 6G Development - Key Programs and Participants

List of Figures

  • Figure 1. Evolution of Mobile Networks: From 1G to 6G.
  • Figure 2. Comparison between 5G and 6G wireless systems in terms of key-performance indicators.
  • Figure 3. Nokia spectrum vision in the 6G era.
  • Figure 4. 6G Systems, Materials and Standards Roadmaps 2026-2047.
  • Figure 5. Global 6G Market Forecast Summary (2026-2047).
  • Figure 6. 6G Thermal Management Market Forecast (2029-2047).
  • Figure 7. 6G Application-Specific Markets (2030-2047).
  • Figure 8. 6G Device Market Forecast by Category (2028-2047), Units.
  • Figure 9. 6G Components & Materials Market by Technology (2029-2047).
  • Figure 10. 6G Services Market (2029-2047).
  • Figure 11. 6G Healthcare Market Forecast (2030-2047).
  • Figure 12. North America 6G Market Forecast (2026-2047).
  • Figure 13. Power efficiency roadmap .
  • Figure 14. RIS-assisted wireless communication.
  • Figure 15. RIS-enabled, self-sufficient ultra-massive 6G UM-MIMO base station design.
  • Figure 16. Lumotive advanced beam steering concept.
  • Figure 17. FM/R technology.
  • Figure 18. Metablade antenna.
  • Figure 19.Millimeter-wave mobile network utilizing a radio-over-fiber system
  • Figure 20. D-Band (110 to 175 Hz) Phased-Array-on-Glass Modules from Nokia
  • Figure 21. Left) Image of beamforming using phased-array wireless device. (Right) Comparison of previously reported transmission with beamforming wireless devices.
  • Figure 22. NTT DOCOMO transparent RIS.
  • Figure 23. Radi-cool metamaterial film.
  • Figure 24. 140 GHz THz prototype from Samsung and UCSB
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