Gynecology Surgical Instrument Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report By Type (Forceps, Scissors, Trocars, Needle Holders), By Application, By End User, By Region

Description

List of Tables

The gynecology surgical instrument market size is expected to reach USD 6.34 billion by 2034, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Gynecology Surgical Instrument Market Size, Share, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Type (Forceps, Scissors, Trocars, Needle Holders), By Application, By End User, By Region- Market Forecast, 2025-2034" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.

Gynecology surgical instruments are specialized tools used by healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat conditions related to the female reproductive system.

Minimally invasive surgeries are becoming more common due to their benefits over traditional open surgery. Its benefits include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times. This shift is influencing the design and demand for specific surgical instruments that support precision work through small access points, such as laparoscopic scissors, trocars, and graspers. Surgeons and hospitals are investing more in equipment that supports these procedures, including reusable and single-use tools tailored for MIS. As more patients and doctors prefer these methods, manufacturers continue to innovate tools that are ergonomic, efficient, and safe for minimally invasive procedures. This trend is especially relevant in procedures such as hysterectomy, ovarian cyst removal, and endometrial ablation, where less invasive options are now widely adopted. The continued growth of MIS is helping to shape the market for advanced gynecology surgical instruments.

Healthcare systems are under pressure to reduce costs and improve patient convenience, which has led to a rise in outpatient and office-based gynecological procedures. These include diagnostic hysteroscopy, biopsies, and some minor surgeries that can be safely done without hospital admission. This shift requires a different set of surgical tools-smaller, portable, often single-use, and easy to sterilize or dispose of. The trend is driven by both patients seeking convenience and providers aiming for better efficiency. It further reduces the burden on hospitals by shifting low-risk procedures to outpatient settings. As a result, medical device companies are developing kits and compact tools designed specifically for use in clinics or small surgical centers. The growing popularity of these settings increases the demand for affordable, easy-to-use gynecological instruments that still meet safety and regulatory standards.

Gynecology Surgical Instrument Market Report Highlights

In 2024, the forceps segment dominated with the largest share as these instruments are routinely used in a wide range of procedures, including tissue handling, suturing, and delivery assistance.

The ambulatory surgery centers segment is expected to experience significant growth during the forecast period as these centers offer a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional hospitals for many gynecological procedures, including diagnostic hysteroscopy, uterine polyp removal, and minor laparoscopic surgeries.

In 2024, North America dominated the global gynecology surgical instrument market with the largest share due to its established healthcare infrastructure and high volume of gynecologic procedures.

The Asia Pacific market is experiencing significant growth, driven by improving healthcare infrastructure, rising population, and growing awareness of women's health.

A few global key market players are B. Braun Melsungen AG; CooperSurgical Inc.; Ethicon, Inc.; KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG; KLS Martin Group; MedGyn Products; Olympus Corporation; Richard WOLF GmbH; Sklar Surgical Instruments; and Tetra Surgical.

Polaris Market Research has segmented the gynecology surgical instrument market report on the basis of type, application, end user, and region:

By Type (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Forceps

Scissors

Trocars

Needle Holders

Vaginal Speculums

Dilators

Other Surgical Instruments

By Application (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Laparoscopy

Hysteroscopy

Dilation and Curettage

Colposcopy

Other Applications

By End User (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Hospitals and Clinics

Ambulatory Surgery Centers

By Regional Outlook (Revenue - USD Billion, 2020-2034)

North America

U.S.

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

Italy

Spain

Russia

Netherlands

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

India

Japan

South Korea

Indonesia

Malaysia

Australia

Rest of Asia Pacific

Latin America

Argentina

Brazil

Rest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa

UAE

Saudi Arabia

Israel

South Africa

Rest of Middle East & Africa

Product Code: PM5926

1. Introduction

1.1. Report Description
- 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.1.2. Market Scope
- 1.1.3. Assumptions
1.2. Stakeholders

2. Executive Summary

2.1. Market Highlights

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Overview
- 3.1.1. Data Mining
3.2. Data Sources
- 3.2.1. Primary Sources
- 3.2.2. Secondary Sources

4. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market Insights

4.1. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Market Snapshot
4.2. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
  - 4.2.1.1. Growing Female Population
  - 4.2.1.2. Rising Prevalence of Gynaecological Disorders
- 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
  - 4.2.2.1. High Initial Cost of Manufacturing
4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
- 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
- 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
- 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
- 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
4.4. PESTEL Analysis
4.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market Trends
4.6. Value Chain Analysis

5. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type

5.1. Key Findings
5.2. Introduction
- 5.2.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.3. Forceps
- 5.3.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Forceps, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.4. Scissors
- 5.4.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Scissors, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.5. Trocars
- 5.5.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Trocars, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.6. Needle Holders
- 5.6.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Needle Holders, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.7. Vaginal Speculums
- 5.7.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Vaginal Speculums, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.8. Dilators
- 5.8.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Dilators, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
5.9. Other Surgical Instruments
- 5.9.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Other Surgical Instruments, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)

6. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application

6.1. Key Findings
6.2. Introduction
- 6.2.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
6.3. Laparoscopy
- 6.3.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Laparoscopy, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
6.4. Hysteroscopy
- 6.4.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Hysteroscopy, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
6.5. Dilation and Curettage
- 6.5.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Dilation and Curettage, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
6.6. Colposcopy
- 6.6.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Colposcopy, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
6.7. Other Applications
- 6.7.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Other Applications, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)

7. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User

7.1. Key Findings
7.2. Introduction
- 7.2.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
7.3. Hospitals and Clinics
- 7.3.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Hospitals and Clinics, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
7.4. Ambulatory Surgery Centers
- 7.4.1. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Ambulatory Surgery Centers, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD billion)

8. Global Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Geography

8.1. Key Findings
8.2. Introduction
- 8.2.1. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market Assessment, By Geography, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
8.3. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - North America
- 8.3.1. North America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.3.2. North America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.3.3. North America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.3.4. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - U.S.
  - 8.3.4.1. U.S.: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.3.4.2. U.S.: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.3.4.3. U.S.: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.3.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Canada
  - 8.3.5.1. Canada: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.3.5.2. Canada: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.3.5.3. Canada: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
8.4. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Europe
- 8.4.1. Europe: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.2. Europe: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.3. Europe: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.4. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - UK
  - 8.4.4.1. UK: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.4.2. UK: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.4.3. UK: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - France
  - 8.4.5.1. France: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.5.2. France: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.5.3. France: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.6. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Germany
  - 8.4.6.1. Germany: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.6.2. Germany: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.6.3. Germany: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.7. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Italy
  - 8.4.7.1. Italy: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.7.2. Italy: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.7.3. Italy: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.8. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Spain
  - 8.4.8.1. Spain: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.8.2. Spain: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.8.3. Spain: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.9. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Netherlands
  - 8.4.9.1. Netherlands: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.9.2. Netherlands: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.9.3. Netherlands: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.10. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Russia
  - 8.4.10.1. Russia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.10.2. Russia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.10.3. Russia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.4.11. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Rest of Europe
  - 8.4.11.1. Rest of Europe: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.11.2. Rest of Europe: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.4.11.3. Rest of Europe: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
8.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1. Asia Pacific: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.2. Asia Pacific: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.3. Asia Pacific: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.4. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - China
  - 8.5.4.1. China: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.4.2. China: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.4.3. China: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - India
  - 8.5.5.1. India: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.5.2. India: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.5.3. India: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.6. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Malaysia
  - 8.5.6.1. Malaysia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.6.2. Malaysia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.6.3. Malaysia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.7. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Japan
  - 8.5.7.1. Japan: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.7.2. Japan: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.7.3. Japan: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.8. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Indonesia
  - 8.5.8.1. Indonesia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.8.2. Indonesia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.8.3. Indonesia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.9. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - South Korea
  - 8.5.9.1. South Korea: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.9.2. South Korea: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.9.3. South Korea: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.10. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Australia
  - 8.5.10.1. Australia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.10.2. Australia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.10.3. Australia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.5.11. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
  - 8.5.11.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.11.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.5.11.3. Rest of Asia Pacific: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
8.6. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.3. Middle East & Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.4. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Saudi Arabia
  - 8.6.4.1. Saudi Arabia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.4.2. Saudi Arabia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.4.3. Saudi Arabia: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - UAE
  - 8.6.5.1. UAE: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.5.2. UAE: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.5.3. UAE: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.6. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Israel
  - 8.6.6.1. Israel: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.6.2. Israel: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.6.3. Israel: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.7. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - South Africa
  - 8.6.7.1. South Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.7.2. South Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.7.3. South Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.6.8. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
  - 8.6.8.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.8.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.6.8.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
8.7. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Latin America
- 8.7.1. Latin America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.7.2. Latin America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.7.3. Latin America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.7.4. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Mexico
  - 8.7.4.1. Mexico: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.4.2. Mexico: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.4.3. Mexico: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.7.5. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Brazil
  - 8.7.5.1. Brazil: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.5.2. Brazil: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.5.3. Brazil: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.7.6. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Argentina
  - 8.7.6.1. Argentina: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.6.2. Argentina: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.6.3. Argentina: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
- 8.7.7. Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market - Rest of Latin America
  - 8.7.7.1. Rest of Latin America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Type, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.7.2. Rest of Latin America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by Application, 2020-2034 (USD billion)
  - 8.7.7.3. Rest of Latin America: Gynaecology Surgical Instruments Market, by End User, 2020-2034 (USD billion)

9. Competitive Landscape

9.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
- 9.1.1. Expansion
- 9.1.2. Acquisitions
9.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions

10. Company Profiles

10.1. B. Braun Melsungen AG
- 10.1.1. Company Overview
- 10.1.2. Financial Performance
- 10.1.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.1.4. Recent Development
10.2. CooperSurgical Inc.
- 10.2.1. Company Overview
- 10.2.2. Financial Performance
- 10.2.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.2.4. Recent Development
10.3. Ethicon, Inc.
- 10.3.1. Company Overview
- 10.3.2. Financial Performance
- 10.3.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.3.4. Recent Development
10.4. KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG
- 10.4.1. Company Overview
- 10.4.2. Financial Performance
- 10.4.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.4.4. Recent Development
10.5. KLS Martin Group
- 10.5.1. Company Overview
- 10.5.2. Financial Performance
- 10.5.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.5.4. Recent Development
10.6. MedGyn Products
- 10.6.1. Company Overview
- 10.6.2. Financial Performance
- 10.6.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.6.4. Recent Development
10.7. Olympus Corporation
- 10.7.1. Company Overview
- 10.7.2. Financial Performance
- 10.7.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.7.4. Recent Development
10.8. Richard WOLF GmbH
- 10.8.1. Company Overview
- 10.8.2. Financial Performance
- 10.8.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.8.4. Recent Development
10.9. Sklar Surgical Instruments
- 10.9.1. Company Overview
- 10.9.2. Financial Performance
- 10.9.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.9.4. Recent Development
10.10. Tetra Surgical
- 10.10.1. Company Overview
- 10.10.2. Financial Performance
- 10.10.3. Type Benchmarking
- 10.10.4. Recent Development