Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Size, Share, Trends, & Industry Analysis Report By Product (IgG, IgA, and IgM), By Application, By End Use, and By Region

Description

List of Tables

The subcutaneous immunoglobulin market size is expected to reach USD 26.78 billion by 2034, according to a new study by Polaris Market Research. The report "Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Share, Size, Trends, Industry Analysis Report: By Product (IgG, IgA, and IgM), By Application, By End Use, and By Region; Market Forecast, 2025-2034" gives a detailed insight into current market dynamics and provides analysis on future market growth.

Subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) is a therapy administered under the skin to deliver antibodies that help maintain immune system stability in patients with immunodeficiency disorders. This market is witnessing expansion due to the growing shift toward home-based treatments, driven by the convenience and autonomy that SCIg offers patients. Unlike hospital-dependent infusions, SCIg enables individuals to manage their therapy in familiar settings, reducing the burden of frequent clinical visits. This flexibility improves treatment adherence and also enhances overall patient satisfaction and quality of life, reinforcing SCIg's role as a preferred mode of immunoglobulin therapy.

The subcutaneous immunoglobulin market is further driven by the continuous innovation in delivery devices and infusion technologies. The development of user-friendly systems, such as portable pumps and pre-filled syringes, is simplifying the administration process and making therapy more accessible to a wider patient base. These advancements reduce the complexity and time associated with treatment, minimizing barriers to adoption. Technological progress is especially expanding the therapeutic reach of SCIg and strengthening its presence in long-term immunotherapy management by aligning with the growing demand for convenience and efficiency.

Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Report Highlights

In terms of product, the IgG dominated the revenue share in 2024, as it is the primary immunoglobulin isotype used to effectively treat a wide range of primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders.

Based on application, the secondary immunodeficiency segment growth is driven by the increasing global incidence of conditions like cancer and autoimmune diseases, which can cause acquired immune deficiencies.

North America led the global SCIG market in 2024, fueled by its refined healthcare systems and rapid integration of advanced therapeutic solutions.

Asia Pacific region is anticipated to register the highest growth rate, propelled by major healthcare investments, greater disease awareness, and improved access to modern treatments.

A few global key market players include Baxter; Biotest; CSL Behring; GC Biopharma USA, Inc.; Grifols; Kamada Ltd.; LFB; Nufactor; Octapharma; and Takeda.

Polaris Market Research has segmented the market report on the basis product type, application, end use, and region:

By Product Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

IgG

IgA

IgM

By Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Primary Immunodeficiency Disease

Secondary Immunodeficiency Disease

By End Use (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

Hospitals

Homecare

Clinics

Others

By Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2020-2034)

North America

Canada

Europe

Germany

France

Italy

Spain

Russia

Netherlands

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

India

Japan

South Korea

Indonesia

Malaysia

Vietnam

Australia

Rest of Asia Pacific

Latin America

Argentina

Brazil

Mexico

Rest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa

UAE

Saudi Arabia

Israel

South Africa

Rest of Middle East & Africa

Product Code: PM4416

1. Introduction

1.1. Report Description
- 1.1.1. Objectives of the Study
- 1.1.2. Market Scope
- 1.1.3. Assumptions
1.2. Stakeholders

2. Executive Summary

2.1. Market Highlights

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Overview
- 3.1.1. Data Mining
3.2. Data Sources
- 3.2.1. Primary Sources
- 3.2.2. Secondary Sources

4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Insights

4.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Market Snapshot
4.2. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Dynamics
- 4.2.1. Drivers and Opportunities
  - 4.2.1.1. Growth in Prevalence of Immunodeficiency Diseases
  - 4.2.1.2. Rising Advancement in Formulation Technology
- 4.2.2. Restraints and Challenges
  - 4.2.2.1. High Treatment Cost
- 4.2.3. Public opinion and privacy legal precedents
4.3. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Moderate)
- 4.3.2. Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
- 4.3.3. Bargaining Power of Buyers (Moderate)
- 4.3.4. Threat of Substitute (Moderate)
- 4.3.5. Rivalry among existing firms (High)
4.4. PESTEL Analysis
4.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Trends
4.6. Value Chain Analysis

5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, By Product Type

5.1. Key Findings
5.2. Introduction
- 5.2.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, By Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
5.3. IgG
- 5.3.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by IgG, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
5.4. IgA
- 5.4.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by IgA, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
5.5. IgM
- 5.5.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by IgM, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

6. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, By Application

6.1. Key Findings
6.2. Introduction
- 6.2.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, By Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6.3. Primary Immunodeficiency Disease
- 6.3.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Primary Immunodeficiency Disease, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
6.4. Secondary Immunodeficiency Disease
- 6.4.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Secondary Immunodeficiency Disease, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

7. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, By End Use

7.1. Key Findings
7.2. Introduction
- 7.2.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, By End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.3. Hospitals
- 7.3.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Hospitals, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.4. Homecare
- 7.4.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Homecare, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.5. Clinics
- 7.5.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Clinics, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
7.6. Others
- 7.6.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Others, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

8. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Geography

8.1. Key Findings
8.2. Introduction
- 8.2.1. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market Assessment, By Geography, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.3. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - North America
- 8.3.1. North America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.2. North America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.3. North America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - US
  - 8.3.4.1. US: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.4.2. US: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.4.3. US: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.3.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Canada
  - 8.3.5.1. Canada: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.5.2. Canada: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.3.5.3. Canada: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Europe
- 8.4.1. Europe: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.2. Europe: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.3. Europe: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - UK
  - 8.4.4.1. UK: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.4.2. UK: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.4.3. UK: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - France
  - 8.4.5.1. France: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.5.2. France: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.5.3. France: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.6. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Germany
  - 8.4.6.1. Germany: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.6.2. Germany: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.6.3. Germany: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.7. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Italy
  - 8.4.7.1. Italy: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.7.2. Italy: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.7.3. Italy: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.8. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Spain
  - 8.4.8.1. Spain: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.8.2. Spain: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.8.3. Spain: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.9. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Netherlands
  - 8.4.9.1. Netherlands: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.9.2. Netherlands: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.9.3. Netherlands: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.10. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Russia
  - 8.4.10.1. Russia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.10.2. Russia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.10.3. Russia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.4.11. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Rest of Europe
  - 8.4.11.1. Rest of Europe: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.11.2. Rest of Europe: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.4.11.3. Rest of Europe: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Asia Pacific
- 8.5.1. Asia Pacific: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.2. Asia Pacific: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.3. Asia Pacific: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - China
  - 8.5.4.1. China: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.4.2. China: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.4.3. China: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - India
  - 8.5.5.1. India: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.5.2. India: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.5.3. India: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.6. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Malaysia
  - 8.5.6.1. Malaysia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.6.2. Malaysia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.6.3. Malaysia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.7. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Japan
  - 8.5.7.1. Japan: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.7.2. Japan: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.7.3. Japan: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.8. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Indonesia
  - 8.5.8.1. Indonesia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.8.2. Indonesia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.8.3. Indonesia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.9. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - South Korea
  - 8.5.9.1. South Korea: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.9.2. South Korea: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.9.3. South Korea: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.10. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Australia
  - 8.5.10.1. Australia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.10.2. Australia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.10.3. Australia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.5.11. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Rest of Asia Pacific
  - 8.5.11.1. Rest of Asia Pacific: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.11.2. Rest of Asia Pacific: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.5.11.3. Rest of Asia Pacific: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.6. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1. Middle East & Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.2. Middle East & Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.3. Middle East & Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Saudi Arabia
  - 8.6.4.1. Saudi Arabia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.4.2. Saudi Arabia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.4.3. Saudi Arabia: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - UAE
  - 8.6.5.1. UAE: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.5.2. UAE: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.5.3. UAE: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.6. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Israel
  - 8.6.6.1. Israel: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.6.2. Israel: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.6.3. Israel: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.7. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - South Africa
  - 8.6.7.1. South Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.7.2. South Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.7.3. South Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.6.8. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Rest of Middle East & Africa
  - 8.6.8.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.8.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.6.8.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
8.7. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Latin America
- 8.7.1. Latin America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.2. Latin America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.3. Latin America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.4. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Mexico
  - 8.7.4.1. Mexico: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.4.2. Mexico: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.4.3. Mexico: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.5. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Brazil
  - 8.7.5.1. Brazil: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.5.2. Brazil: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.5.3. Brazil: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.6. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Argentina
  - 8.7.6.1. Argentina: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.6.2. Argentina: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.6.3. Argentina: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
- 8.7.7. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market - Rest of Latin America
  - 8.7.7.1. Rest of Latin America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Product Type, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.7.2. Rest of Latin America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)
  - 8.7.7.3. Rest of Latin America: Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Market, by End Use, by Region, 2020-2034 (USD Billion)

9. Competitive Landscape

9.1. Expansion and Acquisition Analysis
- 9.1.1. Expansion
- 9.1.2. Acquisitions
9.2. Partnerships/Collaborations/Agreements/Exhibitions

10. Company Profiles

10.1. Baxter
- 10.1.1. Company Overview
- 10.1.2. Financial Performance
- 10.1.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.1.4. Recent Development
10.2. Biotest
- 10.2.1. Company Overview
- 10.2.2. Financial Performance
- 10.2.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.2.4. Recent Development
10.3. CSL Behring
- 10.3.1. Company Overview
- 10.3.2. Financial Performance
- 10.3.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.3.4. Recent Development
10.4. GC Biopharma USA, Inc.
- 10.4.1. Company Overview
- 10.4.2. Financial Performance
- 10.4.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.4.4. Recent Development
10.5. Grifols
- 10.5.1. Company Overview
- 10.5.2. Financial Performance
- 10.5.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.5.4. Recent Development
10.6. Kamada Ltd.
- 10.6.1. Company Overview
- 10.6.2. Financial Performance
- 10.6.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.6.4. Recent Development
10.7. LFB
- 10.7.1. Company Overview
- 10.7.2. Financial Performance
- 10.7.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.7.4. Recent Development
10.8. Nufactor
- 10.8.1. Company Overview
- 10.8.2. Financial Performance
- 10.8.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.8.4. Recent Development
10.9. Octapharma
- 10.9.1. Company Overview
- 10.9.2. Financial Performance
- 10.9.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.9.4. Recent Development
10.10. Takeda
- 10.10.1. Company Overview
- 10.10.2. Financial Performance
- 10.10.3. Product Benchmarking
- 10.10.4. Recent Development