Intelligent Vehicle Redundant Architecture Design and ADAS Redundancy Strategy Research Report, 2025-2026

Description

Research on Redundant Systems: Septuple Redundancy Architecture Empowers High-Level Intelligent Driving, and New Products Such as Corner Modules and Collision Unlock Modules Will Be Equipped on Vehicles.

With the improvement of intelligent driving levels and the upgrading of vehicle systems towards intelligence, Chinese new energy passenger cars are required to have increasingly high overall vehicle safety.

In terms of functional safety, vehicles are not only required to accurately detect and identify obstacles but also to have fault self-diagnosis capabilities. When a system fault is detected, immediate measures must be taken to ensure driving safety. In addition, vehicles need to assess the risks of intelligent driving in real time according to environmental information and vehicle status, and take corresponding measures to reduce risks.

Meanwhile, the development of chassis-by-wire technology, drive integration, and domain controller integration has also put forward higher requirements for vehicle safety. Vehicle redundancy design needs to cover all systems, and hardware backup is still the main approach currently.

Chassis System: Upgrading towards Intelligence, and Requiring High Redundancy

As a safe and reliable operating carrier for automobiles, chassis system technology is upgrading towards intelligence. Through mechatronic transformation and integrated system control, it enables in-depth collaboration and rapid response of various subsystems, supporting high-level intelligent driving, and electrified and intelligent development of new energy vehicles. Against this background, the level of vehicle functional safety has also increased accordingly. The chassis system of electric vehicles requires high redundancy, currently focusing on steer-by-wire, brake-by-wire, and active suspension:

Steer-by-wire: Include rear-wheel steer-by-wire, front-wheel steer-by-wire, feel simulation unit, and corresponding redundancy control;

Brake-by-wire: Include Two-box, One-box, EMB, and corresponding redundancy control and decoupling technology;

Active suspension: Include continuous damping control (CDC), air springs, full electric active suspension, and full hydraulic active suspension.

Steer-by-wire has been basically separated from mechanical steering. Its control signals may come from the chassis domain controller, intelligent driving system, or the driver's direct operation of the steering wheel. Therefore, redundancy design is a standard configuration for steer-by-wire. When separated from the driver and direct mechanical intervention, the redundancy system provides backup or certain functions, or optimizes the performance of intelligent features.

Bosch Huayu's latest 48V full-domain steering solution integrates a worm gear by-wire upper steering solution and rear-wheel steering. The new-generation 48V direct-drive steer-by-wire system achieves a breakthrough in chassis handling performance through dual technological innovations:

Can provide a maximum output torque of 15.5 Nm;

Torsion bar-free direct-drive structure improves upper steering rigidity and enhances steering precision;

Reduces turning radius to improve driving comfort;

Cooperates with the braking system to achieve in-place steering;

After the front steering system EPS fails, the rear-wheel steering can serve as a temporary steering backup.

Meanwhile, the HE Platform-based dual redundancy design of this solution meets the requirements of L3 and above high-level intelligent driving. It adopts a full redundancy architecture of dual controllers + six-way motors, with backup systems for power supply, communication, and actuators. Even if the main system fails, the backup system can take over within milliseconds to ensure uninterrupted steering. This solution will be mass-produced in customer projects by 2026.

The brake-by-wire system also eliminates the mechanical connection between the brake pedal and the brake. It collects the driver's braking intention with pedal sensors or receives braking requests from the intelligent driving controller via the vehicle communication network. Then, the brake electronic control unit (ECU) processes the electronic signals and controls the brake actuator to output braking force.

By brake actuator, brake-by-wire systems can be divided into electro-hydraulic brake (EHB) and electromechanical brake (EMB).

Based on the traditional hydraulic brake system, EHB replaces some mechanical components with electronic devices and uses brake fluid as the power transmission medium. It also has a hydraulic backup braking system and is currently the mainstream technical solution. According to the level of integration, EHB is divided into Two-box and One-box technical solutions.

EMB replaces the master cylinder hydraulic system with four wheel-end calipers driven by motors. While retaining the advantages of the EHB system, it further releases the layout flexibility of brake system components and simplifies the process and cost of vehicle assembly and later maintenance. However, EMB still has many technical difficulties to overcome, and its redundancy design is particularly complex. Currently, the mainstream brake-by-wire system solution is the mutual redundancy of front-axle EHB and rear-axle EMB, also known as the hybrid brake-by-wire system (HBBW). Chinese suppliers such as Bethel Automotive Safety Systems, LeeKr Technology, and Trugo Tech have launched their self-developed solutions, but few have been equipped on vehicles.

Leapmotor D19 adopts Continental's MK C2 brake-by-wire system (EHB One-box solution), which uses a dual-axle hydraulic braking system and integrates electronic parking brake (EPB). At the software level, it includes enhanced functions such as ABS (Anti-lock Braking System), TCS (Traction Control System), and ESP (Electronic Stability Program), and is equipped with intelligent actuators that can be matched with separate functional braking software.

The MK C2 braking system is more compact in size, lighter in weight, and more cost-effective, and has better performance than the previous generation product. The MK C2 can still maintain more stable performance in the event of a failure. In addition, the MK C2 can be equipped with a HAD expansion module to upgrade to the MK C2 HAD system, which can support braking redundancy control for L2+ and above intelligent driving scenarios.

Drive System: Evolve towards Distribution, and Hub Motors/Corner Modules May Become the Ultimate Form

With the improving performance of drive motors and their control systems, a single centralized drive (front/rear single motor) can no longer meet intelligent requirements. The distributed multi-motor drive system (directly integrating the drive motor into the wheel or wheel rim) has emerged as the times require. On the one hand, the distributed motor system can be deeply coupled with the intelligent chassis to achieve performance improvement and configuration innovation. On the other hand, with the further development of new energy vehicle technology, multi-motor drive systems tend to evolve towards "more precise, more intelligent, and more efficient":

Dual-motor distributed drive: Tend to adopt a "coaxial dual-motor" layout to improve the precision of torque vector control and further reduce energy consumption;

Three-motor four-wheel drive: Optimize the layout of the front axle motor (e.g., integration into the front axle), reducing the mechanical loss of the drive shaft, and improving power transmission efficiency;

Four-motor four-wheel drive: Combine AI algorithms (such as machine learning) to achieve "predictive torque control" (e.g., adjusting torque by predicting road conditions in advance), further improving handling and safety. Moreover, with the popularization of hub motors (such as hub motors of BYD Yangwang U8), the reducer will be eliminated, further shortening the power transmission path and improving efficiency.

Wheel-side motors and hub motors are two important technical routes for distributed drives. Wheel-side motors have lower engineering design difficulty, and Dongfeng has taken the lead in equipping models in the passenger car market; while hub motors still need breakthroughs in engineering technology, and large-scale mass production and application in passenger cars are not yet mature. Currently, only BYD has launched hub motors and equipped them on Yangwang models.

However, the hub motor version of Dongfeng eπ007 has completed declaration and will become China's first production model with four-wheel hub motors. The car carries four hub motors produced by Shanghai Auto Edrive Co., Ltd., with a maximum power of 100 kW per motor and a comprehensive system power of 400 kW. Compared with traditional drive forms, hub motors eliminate mechanical transmission components such as drive shafts and differentials, which can reduce mechanical loss by about 30% and lower the overall vehicle maintenance cost.

The four-wheel independent motor layout can achieve precise torque distribution, reducing the turning radius by 10%-15%, and support millisecond-level power response;

The optimized chassis layout releases more space, which helps improve battery capacity and riding comfort;

The energy recovery system can also achieve four-wheel independent adjustment, increasing the recovery efficiency by about 25%.

In addition, currently technical maturity of the four-wheel full EMB is not high. Problems such as motor heat dissipation, braking force distribution, control algorithms, and high costs are difficult to solve, and mass production and installation cannot be achieved in the short term. Therefore, the full EMB system tends to be integrated with hub motors, taking the integrated corner module route, which can be adapted to skateboard chassis and intelligent driving.

The corner module integrates four systems: drive (hub motor/wheel-side motor), braking (brake-by-wire/EMB), steering (steer-by-wire/four-wheel independent steering), and suspension (active suspension/air spring) into a single module, which is connected to the vehicle body via standard interfaces to achieve four-wheel independent control (4WID-4WIS) and full-scenario movement capabilities (in-place steering, lateral translation, diagonal driving, etc.).

Vehicles driven by distributed by-wire corner modules play a role in various fields and scenarios, solving the power failure and special path planning problems of vehicles driven by traditional chassis. After the failure of a single electric power unit, redundant drive is achieved through torque redistribution.

At present, the corner module technology has entered the initial stage of industrialization from theoretical exploration. Chinese and foreign suppliers such as Schaeffler, Baolong Automotive, Zhejiang Shibao, and Tongyu Automotive plan to mass-produce corner modules from 2025 to 2027. In terms of application scenarios, low-speed autonomous vehicles and special vehicles will be the first to use them, and passenger cars are expected to be gradually equipped after 2026. Currently, automakers such as Huawei, IM Motors, BYD, Geely, and SAIC are working to deploy corner module drive technology.

For example, the core innovation of Huawei's corner module solution lies in highly integrating the control functions of each motor into a single wheel-side controller, which significantly reduces the number of control chips and independent controllers. Through a unified communication interface, power battery interface, low-voltage battery interface, and multiple current output interfaces, it enables centralized power supply and control of drive, braking, steering, and suspension motors. It also adopts a dual-control chip architecture (e.g., one controls the drive and suspension motors, and the other controls the braking and steering motors), with mutual monitoring and fault tolerance capabilities. When the braking control chip fails, the drive control chip can instruct the drive motor to output reverse torque to achieve braking redundancy.

Collision Unlock: Redundant Module CPM Solves the Problem of Difficult Unlocking of Electronic Door Handles After Collision

There is also CPM (Collision Unlock Redundancy Module), a unique safety system of Huawei, used for vehicle unlocking in severe collision accidents. Simply put, when a vehicle collides, it automatically unlocks all doors and the trunk to ensure that passengers and rescuers can enter and exit quickly. It integrates Huawei's collision detection algorithm, redundant hardware, and real-time monitoring to create a "double insurance" mechanism.

CPM adopts an independent power supply design, and each door is equipped with a CPM to ensure that each door can be unlocked successfully in any collision scenario. Moreover, CPM is seamlessly integrated with other safety functions, such as AEB (Autonomous Emergency Braking) and fatigue monitoring. When AEB is triggered but the collision is not avoided, CPM can realize pre-collision unlocking; on the contrary, collision data will be fed back to the AEB algorithm to optimize future responses.

According to internal tests, the unlocking success rate of CPM in a frontal collision at 100km/h is 100%, consuming an average time of 0.15 seconds. Currently, the full range of the AITO M8 BEV version, SAIC H5, LUXEED R7, and S7 are equipped with CPM.

In terms of suppliers, in 2025, Aptiv launched a similar product - Crash Power Module (CPM). Once the vehicle collides, it can respond quickly at the microsecond level, immediately activate the redundant unlocking function, and realize the simultaneous unlocking of all doors such as front and rear door locks, door handle locks, and child locks through collaborative design. Even if the vehicle unfortunately encounters a power failure, its independent power module can still work stably to provide sufficient energy for door unlocking, ensuring the unlocking function is foolproof.

The rise of CPM directly responds to the public's deep concern about the safety hazard of "door locking" of new energy vehicles (especially those with electronic door handles) after severe collisions. Although this technology has now penetrated from high-end models to models above RMB150,000, it has no cost advantage compared with conventional solutions such as configuring mechanical handles. Therefore, CPM will not be mass-produced on a large scale in a short time. However, in the future, with the reduction of costs, the increase of equipped models, the maturity of the supply chain, and the higher safety requirements for high-level intelligent driving, the CPM market will show an upward trend. ResearchInChina predicts that China's new energy passenger car CPM market will be value at over RMB1 billion in 2030.

Implementation of L3 Conditional Intelligent Driving Accelerates, and Redundancy Requirements Cover All Vehicle Systems

According to the national standard "Taxonomy of Driving Automation for Vehicles", L3 is "conditional intelligent driving". In specific scenarios (such as highways), the system can fully take over driving tasks and independently complete lane changes, overtaking, and other operations, and the subject of responsibility shifts from humans to vehicles.

Therefore, L3 conditional intelligent driving has high requirements for vehicle safety. Redundancy requirements cover all systems such as drive, braking, steering, perception, computing, communication, and power supply, ensuring that when a certain system fails, the vehicle can quickly take measures to ensure driving safety.

In December 2025, China's first batch of L3 conditional intelligent driving models officially obtained access permits. The ArcFox aS6 and Changan Deepal SL03 will soon pilot on-road use in designated areas of Beijing and Chongqing respectively, marking implementation of L3 conditional intelligent driving in China's passenger car market. Automakers such as Li Auto, BYD, XPeng Motors, and Xiaomi Motors are also vigorously carrying out road tests of L3 conditional intelligent driving models and promoting the road test process of their L3 models.

Product Code: CL010

1 Redundancy Design Strategies and Policies & Standards for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles in China

1.1 Redundancy Requirements for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles in China
Performance Requirements of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving for Vehicle Control in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (1)
Performance Requirements of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving for Vehicle Control in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (2)
Redundancy Requirements of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving for Vehicle Control in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (1)
Redundancy Requirements of L3/L4 Autonomous Driving for Vehicle Control in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (2)
1.2 Redundancy Strategies for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles in China
Redundant Design of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Architectures in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (1)
Redundant Design of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Architectures in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (2)
L3 Conditional Autonomous Models in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (including those under approval)
Autonomous Driving Solutions and Redundancy Strategies for L3 Conditional Autonomous Models in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (1)
Autonomous Driving Solutions and Redundancy Strategies for L3 Conditional Autonomous Models in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (2)
Redundancy Strategies for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (1)
Redundancy Strategies for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles in the Chinese Passenger Car Market (2)
1.3 Policies & Standards for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles in China
Domestic and International Policies & Standards for Passenger Car Braking Systems
The Latest Standard for Braking Systems of Passenger Cars in China: Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Braking Systems of Passenger Cars (GB21670-2025) (1)
The Latest Standard for Braking Systems of Passenger Cars in China: Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Braking Systems of Passenger Cars (GB21670-2025) (2)
Domestic and Foreign Policies & Standards for Passenger Car Steering Systems
The Latest Standard for Steering Systems of Passenger Cars in China: Basic Requirements for Automotive Steering Systems (GB 17675-2025) (1)
The Latest Standard for Steering Systems of Passenger Cars in China: Basic Requirements for Automotive Steering Systems (GB 17675-2025) (2)
Policies & Standards for Chassis Systems of Passenger Cars in China
The Latest Standard for Chassis Systems of Passenger Cars in China: Redundancy Testing and Evaluation Methods for Intelligent Chassis-by-Wire Systems of Passenger Cars (CSAE Standard)
The Latest Standard for Chassis Systems of Passenger Cars in China: New Energy Safety Technical Assessment 2026 (NESTA 2026)

2 Redundancy Design solutions for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles Inside and Outside China

2.1 Intelligent Chassis Systems and Redundant Design solutions
Development Trend of Electric Vehicle Chassis Systems: From Pure Actuation Systems to "Perception- Decision-Making -Control" Integrated Systems
Intelligent Chassis Systems and Their Evolution
Development Trends of Intelligent Chassis Systems (1): X-by-Wire Systems
Development Trends of Intelligent Chassis Systems (2): Centralized Control (1)
Development Trend of Intelligent Chassis Systems (2): Centralized Control (2)
Development Trends of Intelligent Chassis Systems (3): Skateboard Chassis
Redundant Design of Intelligent Chassis Systems (1)
Redundant Design of Intelligent Chassis Systems (2)
Vehicle Models with Intelligent Chassis Systems
Summary of Redundant Design Solutions for Intelligent Chassis Systems of OEMS (1)
Summary of Redundant Design Solutions for Intelligent Chassis Systems of OEMS (2)
Summary of Redundant Design Solutions for Intelligent Chassis Systems of OEMS (3)
Redundant Design Solutions of Intelligent Chassis Systems of Suppliers (1): CATL's Bedrock Chassis
Redundant Design Solutions of Intelligent Chassis Systems of Suppliers (2): Change Technology's IPCS
Redundant Design Solutions of Intelligent Chassis Systems of Suppliers (3): MATIC Robotic Vehicle Technology's High-Safety Chassis-By-Wire
2.2 Steer-by-Wire Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Evolution Trends of Steering Systems in Intelligent Chassis of Electric Vehicles
Steering System Classification: EPS
Classification of Steering Systems: EPS, DP-EPS/R-EPS
Classification of Steering Systems: EPS, Performance Advantages of DP-EPS/R-EPS
Summary of EPS System Redundant Design Solutions: Main Suppliers/OEMs and Technical Applications
Steering system classification: Steer-by-wire (SBW)
Steering System Classification: SBW - System Components (1)
Steering System Classification: SBW - System Components (2)
Steering System Classification: SBW - Hardware Architectures
Steering System Classification: SBW - Technical Path
Steering System Classification: SBW - Technical Requirements and Redundancy Requirements
Redundant Design of SBW Systems (1): Dual-Winding-Motor and Dual-Redundant-Circuit Design (1)
Redundant Design of SBW Systems (1): Dual-Winding-Motor and Dual-Redundant-Circuit Design (2)
Redundancy Design of SBW Systems (2): Comprehensive Redundancy Design (1)
Redundancy Design of SBW Systems (2): Comprehensive Redundancy Design (2)
Redundant Design of SBW Systems (3): Retaining Mechanical Backup
Redundant Design of SBW Systems (4): Reliability Improvement Solutions Without Additional Hardware
Summary of Redundant Design Solutions for SBW Systems: Major Suppliers and Technology Applications
Redundancy Design Solution for SBW Systems (1): Bosch Huayu's 48V Full-Domain Steering Solution
Redundancy Design Solution for SBW Systems (2): J-EPICS (JTEKT Electronics Performed Intelligent Control Steering)
Redundancy Design Solution for SBW Systems (3): Steer-by-Wire Technology of ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0
Redundancy Design Solution for SBW Systems (4): Nexteer's RWS System
2.3 Brake-By-Wire System and Redundancy Design
Evolution Trends of Braking Systems for Intelligent Chassis of Electric Vehicles
Brake-by-Wire System (BBWS)
Classification of Brake-by-Wire Systems: Electro-Hydraulic Brake (EHB)
Classification of Brake-by-Wire Systems: Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) (1)
Classification of Brake-by-Wire Systems: Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) (2)
Classification of Brake-by-Wire Systems: (EHB) VS EMB
Technical Requirements and Redundancy Requirements of Brake-by-Wire Systems
Redundancy Design of Brake-by-Wire Systems (1)
Redundancy Design of Brake-by-Wire System (2)
Redundancy Design Solutions of Brake-by-Wire Systems
EHB Redundancy Solution 1: Two-Box Solutions - "Mechanical Redundancy + Electronic Redundancy" Dual Safety Failure Mode (1)
EHB Redundancy solution 1: Two-Box Solutions - "Mechanical Redundancy + Electronic Redundancy" Dual Safety Failure Mode (2)
EHB Redundancy Solution 1: One-Box Solution, Adding Redundant Brake Unit (RBU) (1)
EHB Redundancy Solution 1: One-Box Solution, Adding Redundant Brake Unit (RBU) (2)
Comparison of EHB System Redundancy Design Solutions
Summary of EHB System Redundancy Design Solutions: Main Suppliers and Technical Applications
EHB System Redundancy Design Solution 1: Two-box Solution, Bosch iBooster + ESP HEV
EHB System Redundancy Design Solution 2: Two-box Solution, Asia Pacific Mechanical & Electrical Braking System Solution
EHB System Redundancy Design Solution 3: One-box Solution, Bosch IPB + RBU (1)
EHB System Redundancy Design Solution 3: One-box Solution, Bosch IPB + RBU (2)
EHB System Redundancy Design Solution 4: One-box Solution, Continental MK C1
EHB System Redundancy Design Solution 5: One-box Solution, TWR IBC + SBM
EMB System Redundancy Design 1
EMB System Redundancy Design 2
Comparison of EMB System Redundancy Design Solutions
Summary of EMB System Redundancy Design Solutions: Main Suppliers and Technical Applications
Redundancy Design solution 1 for EMB systems : Brembo EMB System (1)
Redundancy Design Solution 1 for EMB systems: Brembo EMB System (2)
Redundancy Design Solution 2 for EMB systems: Jinggong Feige EMB System
Redundancy Design Solution 3 for EMB systems: EMB System of Suzhou Coordinate System Intelligent Technology
Redundancy Design Solution 4 for EMB systems: LEEKR Technology EMB System
Redundancy Design Solution 5 for EMB systems: All-Dry EMB Braking System of Global Technology
2.4 Intelligent Suspension System and Redundancy Design Solution
Classification Standards of Automotive Suspension Systems
Evolution Trends of Suspension Systems for Intelligent Chassis of Electric Vehicles
Intelligent Suspension System
Classification of Intelligent Suspension Systems
Semi-active Suspension
Feedforward Semi-active Suspension and Full-active Suspension
Comparison: Semi-active vs Full-active Suspension
Magic Carpet Suspension (1)
Magic Carpet Suspension (2)
Key Components of Intelligent Suspension Systems: Air Suspension
Key Components of Intelligent Suspension Systems: Electronically Controlled Shock Absorbers (1)
Key Components of Intelligent Suspension Systems: Electronically Controlled Shock Absorbers (2)
Redundancy Design of Intelligent Suspension Systems: Adoption of Dual-chamber/Triple-chamber Air Springs
Summary of Intelligent Suspension System Redundancy Design Solutions of Automakers
Redundancy Design Solution 1 for Intelligent Suspension Systems: Mercedes-Benz 48V Active Suspension System (E-ABC) (1)
Redundancy Design Solution 1 for Intelligent Suspension Systems: Mercedes-Benz 48V Active Suspension System (E-ABC) (2)
Redundancy Design Solution 2 for Intelligent Suspension Systems: Audi 48V Coupling Active Suspension System
Redundancy Design Solution 3 for Intelligent Suspension Systems: Xiaomi Auto's Full-active Suspension System
Redundancy Design Solution 4 for Intelligent Suspension Systems: NIO ET9's Skyride Fully Active Suspension
2.5 Power Domain and Its Redundancy Design Solution
Evolution Trends of Electric Vehicle Drive Systems
Propulsion-By-Wire System (PBWS)
Core Technology of PBMS: Vector Control Technology
Development Requirements of PBWS
Redundancy Design of PBWS
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (1)
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (2)
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (3) - Different Drive Mode Configurations
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (4) - Hub Motor
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (5) - In-Wheel Motor
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (6) - Mainstream Distributed Drive Technology Solutions
Architecture Design for PBWS: Distributed Electric Drive (7) - Multi-Motor Drive Architecture Will Evolve towards "All-Wheel Independent Drive"
Redundancy Design 1 for PBWS: Dual-motor Distributed Drive
Redundancy Design 2 for PBWS: Three-motor 4WD System (1) - Key Technical Features
Redundancy Design 2 for PBWS: Three-motor 4WD System (2) - Extreme Operating Condition Scenarios
Redundancy Design 2 for PBWS: Three-motor Four-wheel Drive System-Technical Parameter Comparison of Main Models
Redundancy Design 3 for PBWS: Four-motor Independent Drive (1)
Redundancy Design 3 for PBWS: Four-motor Independent Drive (2) - Layout of OEMs
Redundancy Design 3 for PBWS: Four-motor Independent Drive (3) - Technical Parameters of Vehicle Models on Sale
Redundancy Design 3 for PBWS: Four-motor Independent Drive (4) - Key Technology Comparison of Redundant Design Solutions
Redundancy Design Solution 1 for PBWS: Schaeffler Dual-Motor Distributed Drive System
Redundancy Design Solution 2 for PBWS: Chery Dual-Motor Distributed Electric Drive Platform
Redundancy Design Solution 3 for PBWS: Audi e-tron Distributed Electric Drive
Redundancy Design Solution 4 for PBWS: PanGood Distributed Electric Drive System
Redundancy Design Solution 5 for PBWS: BYD e4 Platform
2.6 Intelligent Driving Domain and Its Redundancy Design Solution
Technology Evolution Path of Integration between Intelligent Driving and Intelligent Cockpit
Integration Strategy of Intelligent Driving and Intelligent Cockpit Integration (1)
Integration Strategy of Intelligent Driving and Intelligent Cockpit Integration (2)
Redundancy Design Solutions of Intelligent Driving Domain
Redundancy Design 1 for Intelligent Driving Domain: Multi-sensor Heterogeneous Redundancy (1)
Redundancy Design 1 for Intelligent Driving Domain: Multi-sensor Heterogeneous Redundancy (2) - Multi-sensor Heterogeneous Redundancy Pre-fusion and Post-fusion Algorithms of Multi-sensor Information
Redundancy Design 1 for Intelligent Driving Domain: Multi-sensor Heterogeneous Redundancy (3) - Fusion Level Types of Multi-sensor Information
Redundancy Design 1 for Intelligent Driving Domain: Multi-sensor Heterogeneous Redundancy (4) - Multi-sensor Fusion Architecture
Redundancy Design 1 for Intelligent Driving Domain: Multi-sensor Heterogeneous Redundancy (5) - Multi-sensor Fusion Architecture
Redundancy Design 2 for Intelligent Driving Domain: Multi-chip Mutual Redundancy in Domain Controller
Redundancy Design 3 for Intelligent Driving Domain: L3 Autonomous Driving Redundant Computing Platform Design (1)
Redundancy Design 3 for Intelligent Driving Domain: L3 Autonomous Driving Redundant Computing Platform Design (2)
Summary of Intelligent Driving Domain Redundancy Design Solutions by Major Suppliers
Summary of Intelligent Driving Domain Redundancy Design Solutions of Automakers (1)
Summary of Intelligent Driving Domain Redundancy Design Solutions of Automakers (2)
Redundancy Design Solution 1: JoyNext nDriveH
Redundancy Design Solution 2: ZF Dual J5 + MCU Parking and Driving Integrated Domain Controller
Redundancy Design Solution 3: Freetech ADC30
Redundancy Design Solution 3: Freetech ADC30
Redundancy Design Solution 4: Flex MARS III Autonomous Driving Domain Controller
2.7 Communication Systems and Their Redundant Design Solutions
Communication Systems for Electric Vehicles
Redundant Design of Communication Systems (2): Setting Up Multiple Redundant Channels between Domains (1)
Redundant Design of Communication Systems (2): Ethernet Ring Architecture (1)
Redundant Design of Communication Systems (2): Ethernet Ring Architecture (2)
Summary of Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems: OEM Solutions
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (1): Ring Ethernet Architecture of NIO NT3.0
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (2): LEEA 3.0 Adopts PCIE Switch & TSN Switch Communication Architecture
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (3): BYD's Xuanji Architecture Utilizes A Dual-Gigabit Dual Ethernet Ring Network
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (4): Huawei AITO, STELATO and LUXEED Adopt Ethernet Ring Network Architectures (1)
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (4): Huawei AITO, STELATO and LUXEED Adopt Ethernet Ring Network Architectures (2)
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (5): Changan Automobile's SDA Adopts a "TSN + Ring Ethernet" Architecture.
Redundant Design Solutions for Communication Systems (6): Tesla Cybertruck Uses Ring Ethernet
2.8 Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems and Their Redundant Design Solutions
Evolution of Low-voltage Power Supply Systems for Electric Vehicles
Requirements of Electric Vehicle EEAs for Performance of Power Supply Systems (1)
Requirements of Electric Vehicle EEAs for Performance of Power Supply Systems (2)
Redundant Design for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems (1): 12V Dual Redundant Power Supply Systems (1)
Redundant Design for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems (1): 12V Dual Redundant Power Supply Systems (2)
Redundant Design for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems (1): 12V Dual Redundant Power Supply Systems (3) - Primary Power Supply Solutions
Redundant Design for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems (1): 12V Dual Redundant Power Supply Systems (4) - Primary Power Supply Solutions
Redundant Design for Low-Voltage Power Supply Systems (1): 12V Dual Redundant Power Supply Systems (5) - Primary Power Supply Solutions
Redundant Design Solutions for 12V Power Supply Systems: L3 Autonomous Driving Power Supply Redundancy Solutions (1)
Redundant Design Solutions for 12V Power Supply Systems: L3 Autonomous Driving Power Supply Redundancy Solutions (2)
Redundant Design for Low-voltage Power Supply Systems (2): 48V Mild Hybrid Solutions (1) - Performance Advantages
Redundant Design for Low-voltage Power Supply Systems (2): 48V Mild Hybrid Solutions (2) - Development
Redundant Design for Low-voltage Power Supply Systems (2): 48V Mild Hybrid Solutions (3) - Power Supply Architectures
Redundant Design for Low-voltage Power Supply Systems (2): 48V Mild Hybrid Solutions (4) - Architecture Design
Redundant Design for Low-voltage Power Supply Systems (2): 48V Mild Hybrid Solutions (5)
Redundant Design Solutions for 48V Power Supply Systems: Tesla Cybertruck Adopts a 48V Low-Voltage Architecture (1)
Redundant Design Solutions for 48V Power Supply Systems: Tesla Cybertruck Adopts a 48V Low-Voltage Architecture (2)
Redundant Design Solutions for 48V Power Supply Systems: Tesla Cybertruck Adopts a 48V Low-Voltage Architecture (3)
2.9 Emerging Redundancy Module: Corner Module
Corner Module Drive Technology
Corner Module Drive Technology: Composition Structure
Corner Module Drive Technology: Performance Characteristics and Application Scenarios
Corner Module Drive Technology: Redundant Design
Corner Module Drive Technology: Standards and Regulations
Corner Module Drive Technology: Development Trends
Corner Module Drive Technology: Mass Production Planning
Summary of Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules: Products and Technical Solutions of Core Suppliers
Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules (1): Huawei's Corner Module Solution
Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules (2): Tsingshan Industrial's Dual-rotor Redundant Design
Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules (3): Schaeffler's Intelligent Corner Module
Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules (4): REEcorners Corner Module
Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules (5): Protean360 + Corner Module
Redundant Design Solutions for Corner Modules (6): APG Corner Module Technology from Zhejiang Asia-Pacific Mechanical & Electronic
China's New Energy Passenger Car Corner Module Market Size and Penetration Rate, 2025-2030E
China's New Energy Passenger Car Corner Module Market Size and Penetration Rate, 2025-2030E - Data Table
2.10 Emerging Redundancy Module: CPM
CPM (Collapse Unlock Redundancy Module) (1)
CPM (Collapse Unlock Redundancy Module) (2)
CPM Policies & Standards: Safety Technical Requirements for Automobile Door Handles
CPM Redundant Design Solutions (1): CPM of the AITO M8
CPM Redundant Design Solutions (2): Aptiv CPM
China's New Energy Passenger Car CPM Market Size and Penetration Rate, 2025-2030E
China's New Energy Passenger Car CPM Market Size and Penetration Rate, 2025-2030E - Data Table

3 Redundancy Architecture Designs and Driving Assistance Redundancy Strategies of Chinese and Foreign OEMs

3.1 NIO
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Autonomous Driving Domain: CoreSystems and Redundant Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Summary of Innovative Features of Typical Models
Redundant Design of NIO ET9: Sevenfold Safety Redundancy
Redundant Design of NIO ET9: SkyRide Chassis System (1)
Redundant Design of NIO ET9: SkyRide Chassis System (2) - SkyRide Fully Active Suspension (FAS)
Redundant Design of NIO ET9: SkyRide Chassis System (3) - Full Steer-by-Wire System
Redundant Design of NIO ET9: SkyRide Chassis System (4) - Three-Level Reliability Architecture
Redundant Design of NIO ET9/3rd-generation ES8: Computing Redundancy, Next-generation Central Computing Platform ADAM
Redundant Design for 3rd-generation ES8: Shenxing Intelligent Chassis
3.2 Xpeng
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Summary of Innovative Features of Typical Models
Redundant Design of XPeng G7: Taiji AI Chassis (1)
Redundant Design of XPeng G7: Taiji AI Chassis (2)
Redundant Design of XPeng G7: Taiji AI Chassis (3) - Canghai Platform
Redundant Design of XPeng G7: Taiji AI Chassis (4) - Ice & Snow AES
3.3 Li Auto
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (3)
Li Auto AutomotivePowertrain Domain: CoreSystems and Redundant Design solutions
Redundant Design for LEEA3.0: Communication Redundancy, PCIE Switch & TSN Switch Communication Architecture
Redundant Design of LEEA 2.5: Communication Redundancy, Automotive Communication Bus
Redundant Design of L9 (Intelligent Renewal Edition): - Next-Generation Dual-Chamber Dual-Valve Magic Carpet Air Suspension
Redundant Design of i6: Dual-Chamber Magic Carpet Air Suspension
3.4 Xiaomi Auto
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions (2)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Summary of Innovative Features of Typical Models
Redundant Design of Xiaomi YU7: Computing Redundancy, Four-domain Integrated Central Computing platform
Redundant Design of Xiaomi YU7: Perception Redundancy, autonomous driving Hardware Configuration
Redundant Design of Xiaomi YU7: Xiaomi Intelligent Chassis (1)
Redundant Design of Xiaomi YU7: Xiaomi Intelligent Chassis (2)
Redundant Design of Xiaomi SU7: Braking Redundancy, Bosch DPB+ESP10
Redundant Design of Xiaomi SU7 Ultra: Drive Redundancy, Super Tri-Motor System
Redundant Design for EEA 3.0: Pre-researched Next-Generation Intelligent Chassis Technology (1)
Redundant Design for EEA 3.0: Pre-researched Next-Generation Intelligent Chassis Technology (2)
Redundant Design for EEA 3.0: Pre-researched Next-Generation Intelligent Chassis Technology (3) - Carsickness Relief Mode (Powertrain + Chassis + Autonomous Driving)
Redundant Design for EEA 3.0: Pre-researched Next-Generation Intelligent Chassis Technology (4) - How Carsickness Relief Mode Works
3.5 Leapmotor
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Summary of Innovative Functions of Leapmotor's Representative Models
Redundancy Design for D Platform: LMC2.0 Chassis and Motion Fusion Control System (1)
Redundancy Design for D Platform: LMC2.0 Chassis and Motion Fusion Control System (2)
Redundancy Design for D Platform: Steering Redundancy, R-EPS (Rack-Assisted) System
Redundancy Design for D Platform: Brake Redundancy, MK C2 Brake-by-wire System
Redundancy Design for D Platform: Suspension Redundancy, Semi-active Suspension Solution
Redundancy Design for D Platform: Computing Redundancy, Qualcomm Snapdragon Dual 8797 Cockpit-Driving Integrated Central Domain Control Platform
Redundancy Design for D Platform: Drive Redundancy, Multi-Motor Four-Wheel Drive and Dual Vector Electric Drive Technology
Redundancy Design for B/C Platform: LMC1.0 Chassis Motion Fusion Control System
Redundancy Design for B/C Platform: Steering Redundancy, DP-EPS (Dual Pinion) System
Redundancy Design for B Platform: Computing Redundancy, Qualcomm Snapdragon 8295+8650 Cockpit-Driving Integrated Central Domain Control Platform
3.6 Chery
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chery's Yuntai Intelligent Chassis Planning
Redundancy Design: Yuntai Intelligent Chassis 1.0
Redundancy Design: Yuntai Intelligent Chassis 2.0 (1)
Redundancy Design: Yuntai Intelligent Chassis 2.0 (2) Core Modules
Redundancy Design: Yuntai Intelligent Chassis 2.0 (3), Chassis Domain Controller CIC_2.0
Redundancy Design for EXEED ET5: Feiyu Digital Intelligent Chassis (1)
Redundancy Design for EXEED ET5: Feiyu Digital Intelligent Chassis (2)
Redundancy Design for EXEED ET5: Feiyu Digital Intelligent Chassis (3) - EMB Motor Direct-Drive Braking System
Redundancy Design for EXEED ET5: Drive Redundancy, Dual-motor Distributed Electric Drive
Redundancy Design for Zongheng G700: Drive Redundancy, Ark Amphibious System
Chery Fengyun A9L's Redundancy Design
Redundancy Design for EEA6.0: Computing Redundancy, Qualcomm 8775 Cockpit-Driving Integrated Central Computing Platform
Redundancy Design for EEA6.0: Drive Redundancy, Axial Flux Vector Dual Motor
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Communication Redundancy, Dual-ring Network Communication
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Drive Redundancy, Driving Domain Integrated Intelligent Control Platform
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Perception Redundancy, Falcon Pilot System (1)
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Perception Redundancy, Falcon Pilot System (2)
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Perception Redundancy, Falcon Pilot System (3)
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Perception Redundancy, Falcon Pilot System (4)
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Full-Scenario Intelligent Driving Assistance C-Pilot 5.0 Technology Architecture (1)
Redundancy Design for EEA5.0: Full-Scenario Intelligent Driving Assistance C-Pilot 5.0 Technology Architecture (2)
Redundancy Design for L4 Robocar: Fully Redundant Hardware Architecture
3.7 IM Motors
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Summary of Innovative Functions of IM's Representative Models
Evolution Trend of IM Motors' Vehicle Safety Technology
Evolution Trend of IM Motors' Chassis: Lizard Digital Chassis 1.0-4.0 Technology Launch Plan
Chassis Redundancy Design: IM Steer-by-Wire Digital Chassis Technology
Chassis Redundancy Design: eTAC (Edge Torque Adaption Control) Technology
IM LS9 Redundancy Design: Lizard Digital Chassis 3.0 (1)
IM LS9 Redundancy Design: Lizard Digital Chassis 3.0 (2)
IM LS9 Redundancy Design: Perception Redundancy, 520-Line LiDAR
IM LS9 Redundancy Design: Triple Safety Redundancy Door Opening
IM LS6/L6 Redundancy Design: Lizard Digital Chassis 2.0
IM L6 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Global Motion Control Platform VMC (1)
IM L6 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Global Motion Control Platform VMC (2)
3.8 Zeekr
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Summary of Innovative Functions of Zeekr's Representative Models
Redundancy Design: Steering Redundancy, Self-Developed New-Form Driving Unit
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Perception Redundancy, G-pilot System (1)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Perception Redundancy, G-pilot System (2)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Perception Redundancy, G-pilot H9 (1)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Perception Redundancy, G-pilot H9 (2)
Redundancy Design for EE3.0: Perception Redundancy, Qianli Haohan H9 (3)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Perception Redundancy, G-pilot H7 (1)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Perception Redundancy, G-pilot H7 (2)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: AI Digital Chassis
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Vehicle Dynamic Control Hub (GVMC) (1)
Redundancy Design for EE 3.0: Vehicle Dynamic Control Hub (GVMC) (2)
Redundancy Design for ZEEKR 9X: Haohan AI Digital Chassis (1)
Redundancy Design for ZEEKR 9X: Haohan AI Digital Chassis (2)
Redundancy Design for ZEEKR 9X: Haohan AI Digital Chassis (3)
Redundancy Design for ZEEKR 9X: Haohan AI Digital Chassis (4) - Active Anti-Collision Lifting
Redundancy Design for ZEEKR 9X: Drive Redundancy, Hybrid-specific Architecture HaoHan-S
Redundancy Design for ZEEKR 9X: Drive Redundancy, Three-Motor Mega-Watt Hybrid Electric Drive System
ZEEKR 001 FR Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Four-Motor + EMB Combination (1)
ZEEKR 001 FR Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Four-Motor + EMB Combination (2)
ZEEKR 001 FR Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Four-Motor + EMB Combination (3)
Geely Galaxy M9 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Raytheon EM-P AI Hybrid 2.0 Power System (1)
Geely Galaxy M9 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Raytheon EM-P AI Hybrid 2.0 Power System (2)
Geely Galaxy M9 Redundancy Design: AI Digital Chassis (1)
Geely Galaxy M9 Redundancy Design: AI Digital Chassis (3)
3.9 Voyah
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Summary of Innovative Functions of Voyah's Representative Models
Voyah Tianyuan Intelligent Architecture
Redundancy Design for Tianyuan Intelligent Driving: Qingyun L3 Intelligent Safe Driving Platform (1)
Redundancy Design for Tianyuan Intelligent Driving: Qingyun L3 Intelligent Safe Driving Platform (2) - Full Active Suspension
Redundancy Design for Tianyuan Intelligent Driving: Qingyun L3 Intelligent Safe Driving Platform (3) - Steer-by-wire
Redundancy Design for Tianyuan Intelligent Driving: Qingyun L3 Intelligent Safe Driving Platform (2) - Axial Flux Motor
Redundancy Design for Tianyuan Intelligent Driving: Algorithm Redundancy, Kunpeng L3 Intelligent Safe Driving System (1)
Redundancy Design for Tianyuan Intelligent Driving: Algorithm Redundancy, Kunpeng L3 Intelligent Safe Driving System (2)
Redundancy Design for Voyah Taishan: Super Intelligent Chassis
Voyah FREE+ Redundancy Design: Power Redundancy, PNG Power Isolation and AB Power Grid Design (1)
Voyah FREE+ Redundancy Design: Power Redundancy, PNG Power Isolation and AB Power Grid Design (2)
Voyah FREE+ Redundancy Design: Multiple Safety Redundancies for Door Unlocking
Dongfeng Automotive Redundancy Design: Intelligent Chassis
Dongfeng Yipai 007 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Distributed Hub Motors
3.10 BYD
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Summary of Innovative Functions of BYD's Representative Models
Redundancy Design for Xuanji Architecture: Communication Redundancy, Dual Gigabit Ethernet Ring Network
Redundancy Design for Xuanji Architecture: Computing Redundancy, Tianxuan Cross-Domain Computing Platform
Redundancy Design for Xuanji Architecture: Perception Redundancy, God's Eye High-Level Intelligent Driving Assistance System
Redundancy Design for Super e Platform 3.0: Dynamic Chassis Integrated Motion Control
Redundancy Design for Super e Platform 3.0: Next-Gen Super iTAC Technology
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System
Technical Versions of BYD Yun Nian Body Control System
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System Redundancy Design: Yun Nian - C System
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System Redundancy Design: Yun Nian - A/P System
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System Redundancy Design: Yun Nian - X/Z System
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System Redundancy Design: Yun Nian - Z System (1)
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System Redundancy Design: Yun Nian - Z System (2)
BYD Yun Nian Body Control System Redundancy Design: Yun Nian - M System
Yangwang U7 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, “e4" System (1)
Redundancy Design for Yangwang U7: Drive Redundancy, e4 system (2) - Lateral Parking
BYD Steer-by-Wire System Redundancy Design: Multi-Level Redundancy Protection Capabilities
3.11 Huawei (HIMA, Harmony lntelligent Mobility Alliance)
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solution
Summary of Innovative Functions of Huawei's Representative Models
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Computational Redundancy (1), "Super Cerebellum" Chip
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Computational Redundancy (2), Domain Controller + Actuator
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Huawei Tuling Longxing Platform (1)
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Huawei Tuling Longxing Platform (2)
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Huawei Tuling Longxing Platform (3)
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Huawei Tuling Longxing Platform (4)
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Drive Redundancy, Distributed Power Assembly
MAEXTRO S800 Redundancy Design: Full-Domain Redundancy Safety Design
STELATO Series 9 Redundancy Design: Perception Redundancy, 36 Sensors in the Entire Vehicle
Redundancy Design for Huawei’s Auto Brands: Communication Redundancy, Ethernet Ring Network (1)
Redundancy Design for Huawei’s Auto Brands: Communication Redundancy, Ethernet Ring Network (2)
Redundancy Design for Huawei’s Auto Brands: Drive Redundancy (1), HUAWEI DriveONE Shifts from Power Domain to Motion Domain
Redundancy Design for Huawei’s Auto Brands: Drive Redundancy (2), Three-Stage Evolution Path of Huawei DriveONE Motion Domain
Redundancy Design for Huawei’s Auto Brands: Drive Redundancy (3), Huawei DriveONE Motion Domain Fusion Solution
Redundancy Design for Huawei’s Auto Brands: Drive Redundancy (4), Huawei DriveONE Motion Domain Fusion Solution
AITO Series Redundancy Design: Seres Magic Cube Technology Platform 2.0 (1)
AITO Series Redundancy Design: Seres Magic Cube Technology Platform 2.0 (2)
AITO Series Redundancy Design: Seres Magic Cube Technology Platform 2.0 (3)
3.12 Changan
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
L3 Autonomous Driving Redundancy Design
Redundancy Design: Power Supply Redundancy, 12V+48V Power Supply Solution
Redundancy Design for SDA: Communication Redundancy, TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) + Ring Ethernet Architecture
Redundancy Design for SDA: Digital Intelligent Foundation and Platform (1)
Redundancy Design for SDA: Digital Intelligence Foundation and Platform (2)
Redundancy Design for SDA: Tianshu Intelligent Chassis (1)
Redundancy Design for SDA: Tianshu Intelligent Chassis (2) - Active Crosswind Stabilization System
Redundancy Design for SDA: Tianshu Intelligent Chassis (3) - Variable Adaptive Suspension
Redundancy Design for SDA: New Smart Blue Whale 3.0 (Powertrain + Chassis + Intelligent Cockpit + Cloud)
Redundancy Design for SDA: Smart Blue Whale 3.0, IEM3.0 Smart Power Control System
Redundancy Design for Deepal L06 : Magnetorheological Suspension
Avatr Redundancy Design: Central Zonal Electronic Architecture
Redundancy Design for Avatr 07: Taihang Intelligent Control Chassis (1)
Redundancy Design for Avatr 07: Taihang Intelligent Control Chassis (2)
Redundancy Design for Avatr 07: Taihang Intelligent Control Chassis (3) - Magic Carpet Chassis Adjustment (Perception + Chassis Integration)
Redundancy Design for Avatr 07: Taihang Intelligent Control Chassis (4) - High-Speed Tire Blowout Stability, Master Drift
3.13 Great Wall Motor
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Redundancy Design for GEEP 4.0: Security Architecture
Redundancy Design for GEEP 4.0: Intelligent Chassis-by-Wire Integrated with Chassis Domain Control
Redundancy Design for GEEP 4.0: Perception redundancy, Next-gen Intelligent Driving System Coffee Pilot Ultra (1)
Redundancy Design for GEEP 4.0: Perception redundancy, Next-gen Intelligent Driving System Coffee Pilot Ultra (2)
Redundancy Design for GEEP 4.0: Drive Redundancy, Hi4 Intelligent 4WD Electric Hybrid Technology (1)
Redundancy Design for GEEP 4.0: Drive Redundancy, Hi4 Intelligent 4WD Electric Hybrid Technology (2)
Redundancy Design for Tank 700 Hi4-T: Magic Carpet Air Suspension
Redundancy Design for Tank 700 Hi4-T: Drive Redundancy, Mlock (Mechanical Lock)
3.14 FAW Hongqi
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Perception Redundancy, Sinan Intelligent Driving (1)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Perception Redundancy, Sinan Intelligent Driving (2)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: AI Intelligent Chassis System (1)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: AI Intelligent Chassis System (2)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: AI Intelligent Chassis System (3)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Drive redundancy, "Hongqi · Tiangong" BEV Platform
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Drive Redundancy, Central Controller + Vector-Controlled Four-motor System
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Drive Redundancy, "Hongqi · Honghu" Hybrid Platform (1)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Drive Redundancy, "Hongqi · Honghu" Hybrid Platform (2)
Redundancy Design for Feiren 1.X Architecture: Steering Redundancy, 48V R-EPS
Redundancy Design for Hongqi Tiangong 08: Central Computing Platform, Self-Developed Five-Domain Integrated AI Chip "Hongqi No.1"
Redundancy Design for Hongqi E-HS9: L3 Intelligent Driving System
Redundancy Design for Hongqi HS6: Perception Redundancy, Zhuoyu Inertial Navigation Trinocular? Vision System
3.15 GAC Group
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (3)
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: X-Soul Safety Protection System
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Hyptec Intelligent Digital Chassis (1)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Hyptec Intelligent Digital Chassis (2)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Hyptec Intelligent Digital Chassis (3)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Hyptec Intelligent Digital Chassis (4) - ASTC 2.0
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Perception Redundancy, ADiGO (1)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Perception Redundancy, ADiGO (2)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Perception Redundancy, ADiGO (3) - Self-Developed Mapless Pure Vision Autonomous Driving System
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Perception Redundancy, ADiGO (1) - Huawei ADS 3.0
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Drive Redundancy, Hyptec ADiMOTION System (1)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Drive Redundancy, Hyptec ADiMOTION System (2)
Redundancy Design for GA3.5: Drive Redundancy, Hyptec ADiMOTION System (3)
Redundancy Design for L4 Robotaxi: Three-Domain Intergated Central Computing Platform
3.16 Arcfox
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Redundancy Design for Arcfox αT5: SA8775P Cockpit-Driving Integrated Solution
Redundancy Design for Arcfox αT5: Perception Redundancy, BAIC Yuanjing Intelligent Driving Assistance System (1)
Redundancy Design for Arcfox αT5: Perception Redundancy, BAIC Yuanjing Intelligent Driving Assistance System (2)
3.17 Tesla
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (1)
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions (2)
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Zone Controller Enables Chassis/Powertrain/Body Domain Integration
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Power Supply redundancy, 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (1)
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Power Supply redundancy, 48V Low-voltage PDN Architecture (2)
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Communication Redundancy, Ring Ethernet (1)
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Communication Redundancy, Ring Ethernet (2)
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Steering Redundancy, Steer-by-wire Technology (1)
Redundancy Design for Cybertruck: Steering Redundancy, Steer-by-wire Technology (2)
3.18 Mercedes-Benz
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Intelligent Driving/Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Redundancy Design for STAR3 Domain: Drive-suspension-by-wire
Redundancy Design for STAR3 Domain: Mercedes-Benz Intelligent Suspension System E-ABC
Redundancy Design for STAR3 Domain: E-ABC Intelligent Suspension System, Magic Carpet Suspension
Redundancy Design for STAR3 Domain: E-ABC Intelligent Suspension System, PRE-SAFE Automatic Body Lifting
Redundancy Design for STAR3 Domain: Power Supply Redundancy, Dual Power Supply System Design
Redundancy Design for MBEA: Steer-by-Wire System and Half-Rib Steering Wheel
Redundancy Design for MB.EA: Steer-by-wire Safety Redundancy
Redundancy Design for Mercedes-Benz Electric GLC
Redundancy Design: Perception Redundancy, DRIVE PILOT
3.19 BMW
EEA: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Chassis/Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundancy Design Solutions
Summary of Innovative Features of Representative Models
New Four-domain Architecture for BMW Neue Klasse Models
New Four-domain Architecture for BMW Neue Klasse Models: BMW Heart of Joy (Powertrain + Chassis Domain)
Redundancy Design for BMW iX3: Drive Redundancy, Dual Motor System (1)
Redundancy Design for BMW iX3: Drive Redundancy, Dual Motor System (2)
Redundancy Design for BMW i4 M60: Drive Redundancy, Dual Motor System
3.20 Volkswagen
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Powertrain/Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Redundant Design of MEB Platform: Chassis System
Redundant Design of ID.4 CROZZ: Mechanical Pull Rope
Redundant Design of ID.7 VIZZION: Safety of "Electric Drive, Battery, Electric Control" Systems
Redundant Design of ID.7 VIZZION: Body Safety
Redundant Design of ID.7 VIZZION: Intelligent Security
Redundant Design of Audi E5 Sportback: Drive Redundancy, Dual-Motor System
Redundant Design of L4 Autonomous Driving Solution: Perception Redundancy and Computational Redundancy (1)
Redundant Design of L4 Autonomous Driving Solution: Perception Redundancy and Computational Redundancy (2)
3.21 Toyota
Autonomous Driving Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Chassis Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Powertrain Domain: Core System and Redundant Design Solutions
Redundant Design of bZ7: Sixfold Safety Redundancy
Redundant Design of bZ3X: Perceptual Redundancy
Redundant Design of bZ3X: Braking Redundancy
3.22 SAIC GM
EEA: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Chassis/Powertrain Domain: Core Systems and Redundant Design Solutions
Summary of innovative features of representative models
Redundant Design of ELECTRA L7: Safety of "Electric Drive, Battery, Electric Control" Systems
Redundant Design of L7: Perceptual Redundancy
Redundant Design for ATEV (Advance Technology Engineering Vehicle): All-New Intelligent Chassis (1)
Redundant Design for ATEV (Advance Technology Engineering Vehicle): All-New Intelligent Chassis (2) - Vehicle Motion Control System (VMC)
Redundant Design for ATEV (Advance Technology Engineering Vehicle): All-New Intelligent Chassis (3) - Vehicle Motion Control System (VMC)
Redundant Design for ATEV (Advance Technology Engineering Vehicle): All-New Intelligent Chassis (4)
Redundant Design for ATEV (Advance Technology Engineering Vehicle): All-New Intelligent Chassis (5) - Compass Turning Function/Extreme Lateral Parking

4 Redundancy Architecture Designs and Driving Assistance Redundancy Strategies of L4 Intelligent Driving Companies

Redundant Architecture Design and Autonomous Driving Redundancy Strategies of L4 Autonomous Driving Companies
4.1 Baidu Apollo
ADAS Redundant Design Solution
Galaxy Architecture Platform
Autonomous Vehicle Redundant Design (1)
Autonomous Vehicle Redundant Design (2)
Redundant Design of Autonomous Vehicles (3)
4.2 WeRide
ADAS Redundant System Design Solution
WeRideOne
WeRide One Redundant System Design (1)
WeRide One Redundant System Design (2)
Vehicle Models with WeRide One: Robotaxi GXR (1)
Vehicle Models with WeRide One: Robotaxi GXR (2)
4.3 DeepRoute.ai
ADAS Redundant Design Solution
Redundant Design of DeepRoute-Driver (1)
Redundant Design of DeepRoute-Driver (2)
Redundant Design of DeepRoute-Driver (3)
DeepRoute IO Redundant Design (1)
DeepRoute IO Redundant Design (2)
DeepRoute IO Redundant Design (3)
4.4 Pony.ai
ADAS Redundant System Design Solution
Redundant Design for Multi-sensor Fusion Positioning System
Redundant Design for Sixth-generation Autonomous Driving System (1)
Redundant Design for Sixth-generation Autonomous Driving System (2)
Redundant Design of Seventh-Generation Autonomous Driving System (1)
Redundant Design of Seventh-Generation Autonomous Driving System (2)
Redundant Design of Seventh-Generation Autonomous Driving System (3)
Redundant Design for Software and Hardware Integrated System for Third-generation Autonomous Truck
4.5 QCraft
ADAS Redundant Design Solution
Redundant Design of Driven-by-QCraft Autonomous Driving System (1)
Redundant Design for "Driven-by-QCraft" Autonomous Driving System (2)
Redundant Design for Autonomous Driving Sensor Kit
Redundant Design of L2+ Autonomous Driving System (1)
Redundant Design of L2+ Autonomous Driving System (2)
Redundant Design of L2+ Autonomous Driving System (3)
Redundant Design of L2+ Autonomous Driving System (4)
4.6 Waymo
ADAS Redundant Design Solution
Autonomous Driving System Redundant Design (1)
Autonomous Driving System Redundant Design (2)
Truck Redundant Design (1)
Truck Redundant Design (2)
Sixth generation Driver system Redundancy Design

5 Redundancy Architecture Designs of Chinese and Foreign Suppliers for Subsystems of Intelligent Vehicles

5.1 Bosch
Brake-by-Wire System: Product Line and Design Concept
Braking-by-Wire Systems: Development Plan
Brake-by-Wire System: Performance Characteristics
Redundant Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB Tow-box Solution, ESP+iBooster
Redundant Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, IPB+RBU (1)
Redundant Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, IPB+RBU (2)
Redundant Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB Tow-box Solution, DPB+ESP
Redundant Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB Tow-box Solution, BWA+ESP
Redundant Design for Brake-by-wire System: EMB (Dry Brake-by-Wire)
Steering System: Product Line and Design Concept
Steering System: 48V EPS Prototype
Redundant Design of Steering System: 48V Steering Solution
Redundant Design of Steering System: Vehicle Motion Management (VMM) (Integration of Powertrain Domain and Chassis Domain)
Redundant Design of Steering System: VDC 2.0 (Integration of Powertrain Domain and Chassis Domain)
5.2 Continental
Brake-by-Wire System: Product Line and Design Philosophy
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: MK Cx HAD Redundant Brake-by-Wire System (1)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: MK Cx HAD Redundant Brake-by-Wire System (2)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: MK Cx HAD Redundant Brake-by-Wire System (3) - MKC1 VS MKC2
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, MK C2 System (1)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, MK C2 System (2) –Technology Evolution
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, MK C2 System (3) –Technology Evolution
Redundancy Design for Corner Module: Corner Module Unit
5.3 Nexteer
Business Layout
Steer-by-Wire/Brake-by-Wire Systems: Product Line and Design Philosophy
Steer-by-wire System
Redundancy Design for Steer-by-Wire System: Rear Wheel Steering (RWS) System
Redundancy Design for Steer-by-Wire System: Direct Drive Hand Wheel Actuator
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EMB
5.4 FinDreams Powertrain
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, BSC (1)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, BSC (2)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, BSC (3)
5.5 JTEKT
Steer-by-Wire System: R&D History and Patent Layout
Steer-by-Wire System (1)
Steer-by-Wire System (2)
Redundancy Design for Steer-by-Wire Systems: JTEKT Fault Operation System (JFOPS)
Redundancy Design for Steer-by-Wire Systems: Electrical and Electronic (EE) Architecture and State Machine Design (1)
Redundancy Design for Steer-by-Wire Systems: Electrical and Electronic (EE) Architecture and State Machine Design (2)
Redundancy Design for Steer-by-Wire Systems: Human-Machine Collaborative Steering Control Technology
5.6 Bethel
Business Layout
Brake-by-Wire Systems: Product Line and Design Philosophy
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, WCBS+EPB (1)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EHB One-box Solution, WCBS+EPB (2)
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EMB
5.7 Vibracoustic
Business Layout
Redundancy Design for Air Suspension Systems: Dual-Chamber Design
Redundancy Design for Air Suspension Systems: Triple-Chamber Design
5.8 KH Automotive Technologies
Business Layout
Closed-Loop Air Suspension System
Air Suspension System Redundancy Design: Dual-Chamber Design (1)
Air Suspension System Redundancy Design: Dual-Chamber Design (2)
5.9 Baolong Technology
Business Layout
Air Suspension System: Product Line and Design Thoughts
Air Suspension System Redundancy Design: Dual-Chamber Design
5.10 Jingxi Zhixing (Beijing) Automotive Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
Business Layout
Product Line and Design Thoughts
Air Suspension System Redundancy Design: MagneRide? Magnetorheological Active Suspension System
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: EMB System
5.11 ZF
Intelligent Chassis System: Technology Evolution
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: Steer-by-wire System (1)
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: Steer-by-wire System (2)
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: Brake-by-wire System
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: Fully Active Suspension System sMOTION
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: Chassis Intelligent Sensors
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: cubiX Software (1)
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: cubiX Software (2)
ZF Intelligent Chassis 2.0 Redundancy Design: cubiX Software (3)
ZF Perception Redundancy Design: AI Road Sense Road Perception System
5.12 Tuopu Group
Business Layout
Product Line and Design Thoughts
Intelligent Chassis System Redundancy Design: 800V Fully Active Suspension System
Tuopu Group Air Suspension System Redundancy Design: Dual-Chamber Design
Redundancy Design for Brake-by-wire System: Intelligent Brake System IBS2.0/EMB System
Steer-by-wire System Redundancy Design: 48V Steer-by-wire System
Abbreviations