PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1401964
PUBLISHER: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | PRODUCT CODE: 1401964
Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Forecasts to 2030 - Global Analysis By Type, By Application, End User and By Geography
According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market is growing at a CAGR of 19.8% during the forecast period. A Modularized Residential Energy Storage System is a scalable setup designed for homes to store electrical energy efficiently. Comprised of adaptable modules, it harnesses renewable sources or off-peak grid power, allowing customization of storage capacity. This system optimizes energy usage, ensures backup power, and promotes sustainability in residential settings with its flexible and expandable design.
According to Germany Energy Storage Association, at the end of 2020, residential energy storage systems capacity was approximately 831 MW.
Market Dynamics:
Driver:
Growing adoption of renewable energy sources
The rising adoption of renewable energy sources, like solar or wind power, acts as a key driver in the modularized residential energy storage system market. As households increasingly install solar panels, the need to store generated energy becomes pivotal. Energy storage systems complement these sources by storing surplus energy for later use, ensuring self-sufficiency and reliability. This synergy not only optimizes energy consumption but also reduces reliance on the grid, fostering a sustainable and resilient approach to residential energy management, thus boosting demand for storage solutions and driving the market's growth.
Restraint:
High investment for these systems
High initial costs encompass system procurement, installation and integration with renewable sources. This financial barrier deters some potential buyers, particularly in cases where the return on investment isn't immediately apparent. Despite long-term savings, the initial capital outlay remains a challenge for many households, limiting widespread adoption.
Opportunity:
Ongoing advancements in battery technology and energy management systems
Continual advancements in battery technology and energy management systems present a substantial opportunity in the market. Improved battery chemistry, enhanced energy density, and prolonged cycle life bolster storage capacities and system longevity. Coupled with sophisticated energy management software, these innovations optimize energy usage, increase efficiency and enable better integration with renewable sources. Such progressions not only enhance system performance but also drive affordability, encouraging wider adoption of these systems.
Threat:
Regulatory changes and intense competition
Regulatory changes pose a threat to the market, impacting investment incentives in energy storage systems. Shifts in regulations could disrupt market dynamics, affecting adoption rates and investment confidence. In addition, intense competition also threatens the market, potentially leading to price wars and decreased margins. This can hinder innovation, R&D efforts, and profitability for providers, impacting the overall growth and development of the residential energy storage sector.
COVID-19 Impact:
The COVID-19 pandemic initially slowed the market due to disrupted supply chains, project delays, and economic uncertainties. However, as the crisis spurred remote work and heightened energy reliability concerns, it accelerated interest in residential energy independence. The shift towards home-centric living drove increased demand for energy storage systems, emphasizing resilience, contributing to market recovery, and fostering a stronger focus on sustainable home energy solutions.
The battery-based systems segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period
During the forecast period, the battery-based systems segment is anticipated to dominate the market due to its widespread adoption and technological advantages. Lithium-ion batteries, in particular, offer high energy density, longer cycle life, and compact designs, making them ideal for residential applications. Increasing interest in renewable energy, coupled with government incentives, drives the demand for battery-based systems. These systems provide reliable energy storage, allowing homeowners to harness solar or wind power efficiently and ensuring a continuous power supply, leading them to hold the largest market share.
The solar integration segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period
During the forecast period, the solar integration segment is projected to experience substantial growth in the market due to the burgeoning adoption of solar energy. As residential solar installations surge, homeowners seek efficient means to store surplus energy for later use, fostering the demand for integrated storage solutions. These systems complement solar panels, enabling households to harness and store excess solar energy, optimizing self-consumption, reducing reliance on the grid, and ensuring consistent power supply, particularly during peak demand or grid outages. This synergy between solar integration and storage drives the segment's rapid growth.
Region with largest share:
North America is poised to lead the market. The region experiences a surge in renewable energy adoption, with a growing emphasis on sustainable practices and reducing carbon footprints. Favorable government policies, tax incentives and increasing awareness among consumers drive the demand. Additionally, the need for reliable backup power, especially in regions prone to weather-related disruptions, accelerates the adoption of modularized systems. Moreover, technological advancements and a robust residential solar market further contribute to North America's prominence in the residential energy storage sector.
Region with highest CAGR:
The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness substantial growth in the market due to increasing urbanization coupled with rising energy demand in countries like China, India and Japan. Government initiatives, supportive policies and incentives promoting renewable energy integration further propel this growth. Additionally, the region's technological advancements, coupled with a burgeoning middle class seeking energy independence and reliability, contribute to the escalating adoption of modularized energy storage systems in residential setups.
Key players in the market:
Some of the key players in Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market include Tesla, Inc., AlphaESS, Blue Planet Energy, Eaton Corporation, Eguana Technologies Inc., Electriq Power, Enphase Energy, ESS Inc., Luminous Power Technologies, Panasonic Corporation, Powervault, Pylontech, Samsung SDI Co., Ltd., SimpliPhi Power, SMA Solar Technology AG, Sonnen GmbH, Sunrun Inc. and Varta AG.
Key Developments:
In November 2023, Electriq Power expands into New England with solar-plus-battery storage system program. The program, dubbed PoweredUp Derby, is supported by the city and will contribute to lowering electricity costs and providing back-up power for participants during outages, according to the company. Under the program, homeowners can have a turnkey solar-plus-battery storage system installed in their homes without any upfront costs, income verification, credit score, or property lien requirements. Almost 3,000 homeowners in the city are eligible for the program.
In May 2023, AlphaESS, the world-leading energy storage solution and service provider, and OSW, Australia's leading solar distributor, announced their strategic global partnership to boost product sales worldwide. AlphaESS authorized OSW to utilize its marketing network to develop markets and sell AlphaESS products around the globe. By combining AlphaESS's state-of-the-art power conversion and energy storage solutions and services with OSW's strong distribution capabilities, the partnership offers one simple way to help diverse customer groups across Europe and North America.
In January 2023, AlphaESS, a leading global energy storage solution and service provider, unveiled its Gen 3 portable power stations consisting of a variety of swappable batteries that enable customers to DIY their own portable batteries according to their needs.
Types Covered:
- Battery-based Systems
- Hybrid Systems
- Off-Grid
- Other Types
Applications Covered:
- Backup Power
- Load Balancing
- Solar Integration
- Other Applications
End Users Covered:
- Private Villas
- Residential Apartments
- Other End Users
Regions Covered:
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- Italy
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Japan
- China
- India
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- South America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Rest of South America
- Middle East & Africa
- Saudi Arabia
- UAE
- Qatar
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
What our report offers:
- Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
- Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
- Covers Market data for the years 2021, 2022, 2023, 2026, and 2030
- Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
- Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
- Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
- Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
- Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements
Free Customization Offerings:
All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:
- Company Profiling
- Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
- SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
- Regional Segmentation
- Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
- Competitive Benchmarking
- Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary
2 Preface
- 2.1 Abstract
- 2.2 Stake Holders
- 2.3 Research Scope
- 2.4 Research Methodology
- 2.4.1 Data Mining
- 2.4.2 Data Analysis
- 2.4.3 Data Validation
- 2.4.4 Research Approach
- 2.5 Research Sources
- 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
- 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
- 2.5.3 Assumptions
3 Market Trend Analysis
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Drivers
- 3.3 Restraints
- 3.4 Opportunities
- 3.5 Threats
- 3.6 Application Analysis
- 3.7 End User Analysis
- 3.8 Emerging Markets
- 3.9 Impact of Covid-19
4 Porters Five Force Analysis
- 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
- 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
- 4.3 Threat of substitutes
- 4.4 Threat of new entrants
- 4.5 Competitive rivalry
5 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market, By Type
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Battery-based Systems
- 5.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries
- 5.2.2 Lead-Acid Batteries
- 5.2.3 Other Types
- 5.3 Hybrid Systems
- 5.4 Off-Grid
- 5.5 Other Types
6 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market, By Application
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Backup Power
- 6.3 Load Balancing
- 6.4 Solar Integration
- 6.5 Other Applications
7 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market, By End User
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Private Villas
- 7.3 Residential Apartments
- 7.4 Other End Users
8 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market, By Geography
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 North America
- 8.2.1 US
- 8.2.2 Canada
- 8.2.3 Mexico
- 8.3 Europe
- 8.3.1 Germany
- 8.3.2 UK
- 8.3.3 Italy
- 8.3.4 France
- 8.3.5 Spain
- 8.3.6 Rest of Europe
- 8.4 Asia Pacific
- 8.4.1 Japan
- 8.4.2 China
- 8.4.3 India
- 8.4.4 Australia
- 8.4.5 New Zealand
- 8.4.6 South Korea
- 8.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 8.5 South America
- 8.5.1 Argentina
- 8.5.2 Brazil
- 8.5.3 Chile
- 8.5.4 Rest of South America
- 8.6 Middle East & Africa
- 8.6.1 Saudi Arabia
- 8.6.2 UAE
- 8.6.3 Qatar
- 8.6.4 South Africa
- 8.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa
9 Key Developments
- 9.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
- 9.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
- 9.3 New Product Launch
- 9.4 Expansions
- 9.5 Other Key Strategies
10 Company Profiling
- 10.1 Tesla, Inc.
- 10.2 AlphaESS
- 10.3 Blue Planet Energy
- 10.4 Eaton Corporation
- 10.5 Eguana Technologies Inc.
- 10.6 Electriq Power
- 10.7 Enphase Energy
- 10.8 ESS Inc.
- 10.9 Luminous Power Technologies
- 10.10 Panasonic Corporation
- 10.11 Powervault
- 10.12 Pylontech
- 10.13 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd.
- 10.14 SimpliPhi Power
- 10.15 SMA Solar Technology AG
- 10.16 Sonnen GmbH
- 10.17 Sunrun Inc.
- 10.18 Varta AG
List of Tables
- Table 1 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Region (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 2 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 3 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Battery-based Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 4 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 5 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lead-Acid Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 6 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 7 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 8 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Off-Grid (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 9 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 10 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 11 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Backup Power (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 12 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Load Balancing (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 13 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Solar Integration (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 14 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 15 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 16 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Private Villas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 17 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Residential Apartments (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 18 Global Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 19 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 20 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 21 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Battery-based Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 22 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 23 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lead-Acid Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 24 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 25 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 26 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Off-Grid (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 27 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 28 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 29 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Backup Power (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 30 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Load Balancing (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 31 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Solar Integration (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 32 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 33 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 34 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Private Villas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 35 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Residential Apartments (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 36 North America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 37 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 38 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 39 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Battery-based Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 40 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 41 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lead-Acid Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 42 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 43 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 44 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Off-Grid (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 45 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 46 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 47 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Backup Power (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 48 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Load Balancing (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 49 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Solar Integration (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 50 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 51 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 52 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Private Villas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 53 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Residential Apartments (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 54 Europe Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 55 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 56 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 57 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Battery-based Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 58 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 59 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lead-Acid Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 60 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 61 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 62 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Off-Grid (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 63 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 64 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 65 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Backup Power (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 66 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Load Balancing (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 67 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Solar Integration (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 68 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 69 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 70 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Private Villas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 71 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Residential Apartments (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 72 Asia Pacific Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 73 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 74 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 75 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Battery-based Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 76 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 77 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lead-Acid Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 78 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 79 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 80 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Off-Grid (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 81 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 82 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 83 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Backup Power (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 84 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Load Balancing (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 85 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Solar Integration (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 86 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 87 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 88 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Private Villas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 89 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Residential Apartments (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 90 South America Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 91 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Country (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 92 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Type (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 93 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Battery-based Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 94 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lithium-Ion Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 95 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Lead-Acid Batteries (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 96 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 97 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Hybrid Systems (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 98 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Off-Grid (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 99 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Types (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 100 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Application (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 101 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Backup Power (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 102 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Load Balancing (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 103 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Solar Integration (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 104 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other Applications (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 105 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By End User (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 106 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Private Villas (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 107 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Residential Apartments (2021-2030) ($MN)
- Table 108 Middle East & Africa Modularized Residential Energy Storage System Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2021-2030) ($MN)
