Commercial Drones Global Market Report 2024

Description

“Commercial Drones Global Market Report 2024 ” from The Business Research Company provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.

This report focuses on commercial drones market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.

Reasons to Purchase

Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
Understand how the market has been affected by the COVID-19 and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
Assess the Russia - Ukraine war's impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Identify growth segments for investment.
Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
Benchmark performance against key competitors.
Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you within 3-5 working days of order along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.

Where is the largest and fastest growing market for commercial drones? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? “The commercial drones market global report ” from The Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.

The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market's historic and forecast market growth by geography.

Scope

Markets Covered:

1) By Type: Fixed wing drones; Rotary blade drones; Hybrid drones
2) By Technology: Remotely Operated; Semi-Autonomous; Autonomous
3) By Application: Agriculture and environment; Media and entertainment; Energy; Government; Construction & archaeology; Others
Companies Mentioned: SZ DJI Technology Co. Ltd.; Parrot SA; AeroVironment Inc.; PrecisionHawk Inc.; Draganfly Inc.
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time series: Five years historic and ten years forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita,
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
Delivery format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard.

Executive Summary

Commercial drones are unmanned aerial vehicles used for industrial and business purposes. These versatile flying devices are employed by various entities to collect and consolidate data, perform safety and security inspections, and conduct a wide range of industrial tasks.

The primary types of commercial drones include fixed-wing drones, rotary-blade drones, and hybrid drones. Fixed-wing drones are aircraft that do not have a human pilot on board. These UAVs can be controlled remotely by a human operator or autonomously by onboard systems. Different technologies are used for these drones, including remote operation, semi-autonomous operation, and full autonomous operation. They find applications in various industries, such as agriculture and the environment, media and entertainment, energy, government, construction, and archaeology, among others.

The commercial drones market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides commercial drones market statistics, including commercial drones industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a commercial drones market share, detailed commercial drones market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the commercial drones industry. This commercial drones market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

The commercial drones market size has grown rapidly in recent years. It will grow from $1.95 billion in 2023 to $2.17 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.0%. The growth observed during the historical period can be attributed to several factors, including technological advancements in drone technology, the establishment of regulatory frameworks governing their use, the development of industry-specific applications, and the increasing awareness of the capabilities and benefits of commercial drones.

The commercial drones market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $2.88 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period can be attributed to several factors, including the expanding range of use cases for commercial drones, their integration with data analytics and artificial intelligence, the emphasis on environmental and sustainability initiatives, increased investment and research in drone technology, and the ongoing process of urbanization and infrastructure development. Key trends expected in the forecast period encompass increased adoption of commercial drones across various industries, technological advancements in drone technology, the use of drones in e-commerce and delivery services, and the rise of the drone-as-a-service (DaaS) model as a business model.

Companies in the last-mile delivery business are increasingly exploring the use of commercial drones to enhance their operations. These drones offer the potential to reduce delivery costs and times, ultimately leading to increased profits. The adoption of commercial drones is a key driver behind the growth of the commercial drone market. According to a report by McKinsey, companies that can achieve a 40% reduction in delivery costs using drones may see a significant boost in their profit margins, up to 15%-20%, while also potentially lowering product or service prices by a similar percentage. An example of this trend can be seen in Amazon's Prime Air Service, which commenced operations in California, USA, in June 2022. This service utilizes drones to deliver packages weighing up to five pounds in under an hour, benefiting customers in Lockeford, California, and College Station, Texas.

The commercial drone market is expected to experience growth due to the increasing demand and budget allocated to the defense industry. This sector encompasses a wide array of companies, organizations, and government entities engaged in developing, producing, and supplying military equipment, technology, and services for armed forces. Commercial drones have found applications in defense through cost-effective means of conducting reconnaissance, surveillance, and data collection, which enhance situational awareness and reduce risks to military personnel. For instance, according to the Ministry of Defense (MOD) departmental resources 2022, published by the UK government in December 2022, defense spending for 2021-2022 reached $58.39 billion (£45.930 billion), marking an 8.4% increase compared to the previous year's $53.85 billion (£42.365 billion). Therefore, the rising overall demand and budget in the defense industry are significant drivers of growth in the commercial drone market.

The commercial drone market is facing limitations due to disruptions in supply chains and manufacturing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has affected drone production schedules globally, with manufacturing disruptions in Chinese facilities. As a result, delays in drone production have become a challenge for manufacturers. An example of this impact can be seen in the case of Skydio, a California-based drone manufacturer, which discontinued its consumer drone offerings in August 2023 due to component shortages.

The financial challenges posed by investing in drones, many companies opt for drone leasing rather than full ownership. Drone leasing is an attractive option, particularly for entry-level companies with limited financial resources. Companies like Kespry and LiDARUSA specialize in offering commercial drone leasing solutions to other businesses.

Leading companies in the commercial drone market are focusing on innovation and product development, such as the Skydio X10, which is designed for thermal imaging applications. The Skydio X10 is tailored for enterprise-level customers and is equipped with a FLIR Boson+ sensor for high-quality thermal imaging. This drone boasts resolutions of 640 x 512 pixels and offers enhanced sensitivity down to <=30 mK. With a flight time of 40 minutes, a transmission range of 7.5 miles, and a maximum flight speed of 45mph, the X10 is well-suited for various applications. It is IP55-certified against dust and water and boasts a rapid deployment time of less than 40 seconds.

Their have been notable acquisitions in the commercial drone market, such as Ondas Holdings Inc.'s acquisition of Airobotics for $15.2 million in January 2023. This acquisition enhances Ondas Holdings' presence in the drone market and expands its capabilities for designing, developing, and offering a comprehensive range of commercial drone solutions. Airobotics, based in Israel, is a company specializing in drone systems and platform development, drone sales, and providing a wide array of commercial drone solutions.

Major companies operating in the commercial drones market include SZ DJI Technology Co. Ltd., Parrot SA, AeroVironment Inc., PrecisionHawk Inc., Draganfly Inc., 3D Robotics Inc., AsTec, XAIRCRAFT Technology Co. Ltd., ZeroTech Robotics, Yamaha Motor Co. Ltd., Lockheed Martin Corporation, Yuneec International Co. Ltd., DroneDeploy Inc., senseFly Ltd., Insitu a Boeing Company, Kespry Inc., LiDARUSA, EHang Holdings Limited, Delair, Nutel Communications Pvt Ltd., CyPhy Works Inc., Aerialtronics (Note: The company is now part of DroneMatrix), GoPro Inc., FLIR Systems Inc., Intel Corporation, Skycatch Inc., Raptor Maps Inc., DroneBase Inc., Cape Analytics Inc., Drone Volt, Cyberhawk Innovations Ltd., Flytrex Aviation Ltd., Volansi Inc., Flirtey, Skyfront, Vaayu Drones

North America was the largest region in commercial drones market in 2023. North America is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the commercial drones market during the forecast period. The regions covered in the commercial drones market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa

The countries covered in the commercial drones market report are: Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA, Italy, Spain, Canada

The commercial drones market consists of sales of commercial drones for surveying, mapping, imaging, and search and rescue purposes. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods.

The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).

The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.

Product Code: r9086

1. Executive Summary

2. Commercial Drones Market Characteristics

3. Commercial Drones Market Trends And Strategies

4. Commercial Drones Market - Macro Economic Scenario

4.1. Impact Of High Inflation On The Market
4.2. Ukraine-Russia War Impact On The Market
4.3. COVID-19 Impact On The Market

5. Global Commercial Drones Market Size and Growth

5.1. Global Commercial Drones Market Drivers and Restraints
- 5.1.1. Drivers Of The Market
- 5.1.2. Restraints Of The Market
5.2. Global Commercial Drones Historic Market Size and Growth, 2018 - 2023, Value ($ Billion)
5.3. Global Commercial Drones Forecast Market Size and Growth, 2023 - 2028, 2033F, Value ($ Billion)

6. Commercial Drones Market Segmentation

6.1. Global Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Fixed-wing drones
Rotary blade drones
Hybrid drones
6.2. Global Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Remotely Operated
Semi-Autonomous
Autonomous
6.3. Global Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
Agriculture and environment
Media and entertainment
Energy
Government
Construction & archaeology
Other Applications

7. Commercial Drones Market Regional And Country Analysis

7.1. Global Commercial Drones Market, Split By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
7.2. Global Commercial Drones Market, Split By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

8. Asia-Pacific Commercial Drones Market

8.1. Asia-Pacific Commercial Drones Market Overview
Region Information, Impact Of COVID-19, Market Information, Background Information, Government Initiatives, Regulations, Regulatory Bodies, Major Associations, Taxes Levied, Corporate Tax Structure, Investments, Major Companies
8.2. Asia-Pacific Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.3. Asia-Pacific Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
8.4. Asia-Pacific Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

9. China Commercial Drones Market

9.1. China Commercial Drones Market Overview
9.2. China Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.3. China Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion
9.4. China Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F,$ Billion

10. India Commercial Drones Market

10.1. India Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.2. India Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
10.3. India Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

11. Japan Commercial Drones Market

11.1. Japan Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.2. Japan Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
11.3. Japan Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

12. Australia Commercial Drones Market

12.1. Australia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.2. Australia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
12.3. Australia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

13. Indonesia Commercial Drones Market

13.1. Indonesia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.2. Indonesia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
13.3. Indonesia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

14. South Korea Commercial Drones Market

14.1. South Korea Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.2. South Korea Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
14.3. South Korea Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

15. Western Europe Commercial Drones Market

15.1. Western Europe Commercial Drones Market Overview
15.2. Western Europe Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.3. Western Europe Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
15.4. Western Europe Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

16. UK Commercial Drones Market

16.1. UK Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.2. UK Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
16.3. UK Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

17. Germany Commercial Drones Market

17.1. Germany Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.2. Germany Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
17.3. Germany Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

18. France Commercial Drones Market

18.5. France Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.6. France Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
18.7. France Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

19. Italy Commercial Drones Market

19.9. Italy Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.10. Italy Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
19.11. Italy Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

20. Spain Commercial Drones Market

20.13. Spain Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.14. Spain Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
20.15. Spain Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

21. Eastern Europe Commercial Drones Market

21.1. Eastern Europe Commercial Drones Market Overview
21.2. Eastern Europe Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.3. Eastern Europe Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
21.4. Eastern Europe Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

22. Russia Commercial Drones Market

22.1. Russia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.2. Russia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
22.3. Russia Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

23. North America Commercial Drones Market

23.1. North America Commercial Drones Market Overview
23.2. North America Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.3. North America Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
23.4. North America Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

24. USA Commercial Drones Market

24.1. USA Commercial Drones Market Overview
24.2. USA Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.3. USA Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
24.4. USA Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

25. Canada Commercial Drones Market

25.1. Canada Commercial Drones Market Overview
25.2. Canada Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.3. Canada Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
25.4. Canada Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

26. South America Commercial Drones Market

26.1. South America Commercial Drones Market Overview
26.2. South America Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.3. South America Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
26.4. South America Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

27. Brazil Commercial Drones Market

27.1. Brazil Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.2. Brazil Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
27.3. Brazil Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

28. Middle East Commercial Drones Market

28.1. Middle East Commercial Drones Market Overview
28.2. Middle East Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.3. Middle East Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
28.4. Middle East Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

29. Africa Commercial Drones Market

29.1. Africa Commercial Drones Market Overview
29.2. Africa Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Type, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.3. Africa Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Technology, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion
29.4. Africa Commercial Drones Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic and Forecast, 2018-2023, 2023-2028F, 2033F, $ Billion

30. Commercial Drones Market Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles

30.1. Commercial Drones Market Competitive Landscape
30.2. Commercial Drones Market Company Profiles
- 30.2.1. SZ DJI Technology Co. Ltd.
  - 30.2.1.1. Overview
  - 30.2.1.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.1.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.1.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.2. Parrot SA
  - 30.2.2.1. Overview
  - 30.2.2.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.2.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.2.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.3. AeroVironment Inc.
  - 30.2.3.1. Overview
  - 30.2.3.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.3.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.3.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.4. PrecisionHawk Inc.
  - 30.2.4.1. Overview
  - 30.2.4.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.4.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.4.4. Financial Performance
- 30.2.5. Draganfly Inc.
  - 30.2.5.1. Overview
  - 30.2.5.2. Products and Services
  - 30.2.5.3. Strategy
  - 30.2.5.4. Financial Performance

31. Global Commercial Drones Market Competitive Benchmarking

32. Global Commercial Drones Market Competitive Dashboard

33. Key Mergers And Acquisitions In The Commercial Drones Market

34. Commercial Drones Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis

34.1 Commercial Drones Market In 2028 - Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
34.2 Commercial Drones Market In 2028 - Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
34.3 Commercial Drones Market In 2028 - Growth Strategies
34.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
34.3.2 Competitor Strategies

35. Appendix

35.1. Abbreviations
35.2. Currencies
35.3. Historic And Forecast Inflation Rates
35.4. Research Inquiries
35.5. The Business Research Company
35.6. Copyright And Disclaimer