Smart Packaging, Labels & Tags - Intelligent / Connected / Healthcare / Pharmaceuticals, Drinks, Beauty & Personal Care, Automotive, Food: Markets & Technologies, Opportunities & Trends

Smart Packaging is a broad term that covers a wide diversity of product technologies, features, functionalities & applications. This new report comprises a complete overhaul & update of the 1st edition of a previous Vandagarf report of the same title published in 2022.

The new report brings fresh insights, as the world of smart packaging has evolved significantly even over the last few years and this trend is set to continue. The aim of the new report is to provide stakeholders & solution providers with an up-to-date road map that can support moving forward with the development of optimal strategies & actionable plans in relation to smart packaging globally. The report aims to bring clarification to the ramifications, benefits, requirements & opportunities for smart packaging.

And to provide a guide for:

Smart packaging solution providers (both wireless & optical) - To develop fit-for-purpose technologies, that can provide optimal solutions for stakeholders
Packaging & label converters - To tailor their offerings to meet the needs of different vertical markets, product categories & customers
Retailers - To further exploit smart packaging technologies in an omnichannel setting, with many retailers already embracing smart packaging systems & related technologies - New Retail
Brand owners - To keep abreast with smart packaging related developments, as technology is fast getting better all the time - In order to support selection & deployment of appropriate smart packaging technologies for optimal results & ROI
Track & Trace - To move towards full supply chain transparency in a complex global setting
Sustainability & End-of -Life specialists - To develop an understanding as to how smart packaging can add value in terms of sustainability - A high priority.

Highlighting:

Actual & potential areas of applications & functionalities that have been identified
Important recent developments highlighted & incorporated into the report For example, the rapidly emerging field of artificial intelligence (AI) empowered image processing technology - Both online eCommerce & offline traditional channels bricks & mortar channels
How the World has changed post COVID 19
Business & market opportunities arising from the fast-changing scene in smart packaging and to provide 'quantitative' estimates of such opportunities.

The report contains quantitative analysis & market sizing estimates for Smart Packaging in 2025 with forecasts to 2030 in a global context.

Selected Vertical Markets

The report covers 5 selected vertical markets that have been identified as having significant further potential

Healthcare / Pharmaceuticals
Drinks
Beauty & Personal Care
Automotive (aftermarket)
Food.

The evolution of each of these markets is examined in detail in the report. And within each of these vertical markets there are typically an array of product categories, leading to many areas of potential opportunity. Numerous smart packaging implementations have already been rolled out commercially across the verticals listed above.

from high value niche products
to generic commodity mass market products.

Within the major vertical markets listed above, the further potential opportunities for smart packaging are very substantial & diverse across a number of areas & applications.

Evolution of Packaging to Smart

From traditional packaging to smart packaging:

Step 1 - Historically - The codified package, with a type of printed bar code that could be scanned but offered limited connectivity (specific to an SKU or batch, but not unique to individual packs). The vast number of products in the market have a point-of-sale (POC) barcode, typically a universal product code (UPC)
Step 2 - More recently - Combining connected packaging platforms with a unique scannable code printed on each item level pack, enables consumer engagement solutions & traceability. These unique codes make it possible to track and trace the location and history of any product from source to recycling. Consumers can simply scan the code with their smartphones directly accessing the online world
Step 3 - Fast emerging - Packages and devices will be able to communicate with one another, providing truly intelligent smart packaging with new levels of service, insights & benefits for multiple stakeholders (brand owners, supply chain, retailers, consumers). With a unique scannable code on each item-level pack, products are transformed into interactive media channels
Step 4 - The future is here - The integration of AI into smart packaging systems has already begun. Notably in image recognition, but other applications will surely emerge soon enough.

Smartphones - A Key Enabler for Smart Packaging

With their huge consumer held global footprint today, the importance of smart phones in relation to smart packaging can hardly be over-emphasised:

Supplanting the need for costly dedicated readers for many types of application
Constantly improving & upgrading functionality & performance.

Smartphones are the reader of choice for consumers (as opposed to dedicated readers, which are still preferred for many industrial applications).

Unique ID / Gateway to the Internet - At the Heart of Smart Packaging

Smart Connected Packaging may be defined as a carrier (packaging / labels) of various types of wireless / electronic devices that provide some form of mass customisation that can transform packaged goods into sensor platforms that can provide:

Unique serialised IDs codes for each individual primary retail pack
a gateway to the internet (incl. access to a brand's website).

Smartphones (or dedicated readers) can then be used together with such connecting devices to enable digitally printed codes.

VOLUME 1

1. AIM & SCOPE

1.1. The Aim of this Research
1.2. Scope
- 1.2.1. Geographical
- 1.2.2. Vertical Markets
- 1.2.3. Type of Packaging

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Some Key Market Figures
- 2.1.1. The Global Packaging Market - All Types
- 2.1.2. Smart Packaging Markets
- 2.1.3. Evolution of Smart Packaging & Smart Labels
- 2.1.4. Passive RFID - NFC / RAIN
- 2.1.5. Other Types of Smart Packaging, Labels Devices
2.2. Types of Smart Packaging
2.3. Conclusions - Smart Packaging

3. OPPORTUNITIES - SMART PACKAGING

3.1. Opportunities by Technology - Smart Packaging
3.2. Areas of Opportunity - Vertical Markets - Smart Packaging / Labels
3.3. Opportunities - Connected Packaging & Digital Transformation - Packaged Food Retail
3.4. Some Key Observations
- 3.4.1. Unique ID / Gateway to the Internet - Smart Packaging
- 3.4.2. Cost Implications - Specialty vs Commodity Products
- 3.4.3. Wireless Technologies
- 3.4.4. Regional Markets
- 3.4.5. Regulations & Government Mandates
  - Government Mandates - RFID
  - EPCIS (the Electronic Product Code Information Service)

4. SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING & CIRCULAR ECONOMY

4.1. The Market for Green Packaging
4.2. Notes on Packaging Types, Materials & Markets
- 4.2.1. Packaging Materials
  - Plastic Flexible Packaging versus Paper-based Packaging
  - Cartonboard Packaging
  - Corrugated Packaging
- 4.2.2. eCommerce - Packaging Materials
- 4.2.3. Sustainable Packaging
  - Sustainable eCommerce Packaging
  - Refillable & Re-usable Packaging
- 4.2.4. Food Service Packaging
4.3. Packaging Waste Management
- 4.3.1. Recycled versus Disposed by Material
- 4.3.2. Post Consumer Packaging Waste Treatment Infrastructure
- 4.3.3. Food Waste

5. ECOMMERCE - DYNAMIC GROWTH

5.1. eCommerce by Vertical Market
- 5.1.1. eCommerce - Healthcare
  - Shift from Hospitals to Home Care Continues to Shape Packaging
  - Non-Compliance - Patient Treatment / Clinical Trials
- 5.1.2. eCommerce - Drinks
- 5.1.3. eCommerce - Beauty & Personal Care
- 5.1.4. eCommerce - Food
- 5.1.5. eCommerce - Automotive Aftermarket

6. SOME OTHER DRIVERS

6.1. Advances in Technology
6.2. Smart Phone Enabled Connected Solutions
6.3. Digital Transformation
6.4. From the IoT to the IoP
6.5. Data Privacy & Security
6.6. Active Packaging - Extending Shelf Life
6.7. Product Recalls & Withdrawals - Food
6.8. Cold Chain Packaging Market - Food & Healthcare
- 6.8.1. Cold Chain - Food
- 6.8.2. Cold Chain - Healthcare

7. HEALTHCARE

7.1. The Global Healthcare Market
7.2. Healthcare Packaging - Overview & Market Sizing
7.3. Supply Chain Transformation
7.4. Counterfeiting
7.5. Regulations & Serialisation Mandates
- 7.5.1. European Medicines Verification System
7.6. RAIN RFID - Healthcare
- 7.6.1. Multiple Healthcare Benefits that can be delivered by RAIN RFID
- 7.6.2. RFID & NFC - Active & Intelligent Packaging - Pharma
- 7.6.3. QR Codes in Healthcare - Dramatic Growth
7.7. Case Studies - Healthcare
- 7.7.1. Case Study - Beontag / Confidex / DigitalTags / LabID / Temera / Zecode
- 7.7.2. Case Study - Stora Enso RFID unit Acquired by Beontag
- 7.7.3. Case Study - CCL Healthcare - Smart Packaging / Labels
- 7.7.4. Case Study - SUKU/Avery Dennison/EM Micro-Blockchain/RFID
- 7.7.5. Case Study - Kisico NFC Plastic Screw Caps - Healthcare
- 7.7.6. Case Study - Tamper Evident RFID Caps-Medical Applicns - IMI
7.8. Blister Packs - Intelligent / Connected
- 7.8.1. Case Study - Janssen/J&J - Intelligent / Connected Blister Packs
  - Janssen - Clinical Trial Management - CROdrug Adherence Mobile Medical Apps
- 7.8.2. Case Study - PhutureMed Packaging - Palladio
- 7.8.3. Case Study - Lijun Antibiotics - Hologram Security Label - DuPont / De La Rue / Crane
- 7.8.4. Case Study - Constantia Flexibles - Interactive Blister Pack Solutions
- 7.8.5. Case Study - Sproxil Systems
7.9. Medical Devices
- 7.9.1. Drivers & Challenges- Medical Devices market
- 7.9.2. Case Study - Aptar Digital Healthcare - ACTIV-VIAL PORTFOLIO
- 7.9.3. Case Studies - Schreiner MediPharm - Connected Medical Devices
  - RFID Tracking Label - Cap-Lock with RFID - Schreiner ProTech
  - Schreiner MediPharm - NFC Label for Autoinjector
  - Schreiner MediPharm - Specialty Labels for Injection Systems
- 7.9.4. Case Study - Qfinity(TM) Autoinjector Platform - Jabil Healthcare
- 7.9.5. Case Study - Merck & Gerresheimer Digital Twin Traceability

8. ALCOHOLIC DRINKS

8.1. The Global Alcoholic Drinks Market
8.2. Drinks Packaging - Market Sizing
- 8.2.1. Drinks - Global Packaging Volumes & Evolution of Market Value
- 8.2.2. Structural Packaging Formats - Alcoholic Drinks
8.3. Drivers & Trends - Alcoholic Drinks
- 8.3.1. Multiple Security Codes on a Single Pack
- 8.3.2. Soft & Hard Drinks - Convergence
- 8.3.3. Smart Packaging/Labels/Closures - Drinks
- 8.3.4. Case Study - GCL Holdings - NFC/Tamper Evidence/Non-Refillable
- 8.3.5. Case Study - Campaign with NFC & AI Technology - Remy Martin
- 8.3.6. Case Study - Identiv NFC Smart Packaging - OTACA Tequila
- 8.3.7. Case Study - AB InBev - Digital Transformation
- 8.3.8. Case Study - CustomWave RFID Smart Labels - R. R. Donnelley
- 8.3.9. Case Study - Pernod Ricard Brands - NFC Bottles
  - Pernod Ricard - IoT Demonstration Centre
  - Some Stockholm Absolut Lab NFC Enabled Innovations
  - Pernod Ricard / Malibu Rum - NFC
  - Pernod Ricard / Jameson Irish Whiskey - NFC
- 8.3.10. Case Study - Romanian Wine - Eltronis Security Labels
- 8.3.11. Case Study - BubbleTag(TM) & Other Devices from Prooftag
- 8.3.12. Case Study - Chateaux Margaux/Lafite-Multiple Security Devices
- 8.3.13. Case Study - DuPont Authentication IZON(TM)-Smart Phone Enabled
- 8.3.14. Case Study-Scribos-tesa dtect(TM) App - Smart Phone
- 8.3.15. Case Study-Scribos/Ramondin-Connected Wine Bottles
- 8.3.16. Case Study - The Coca-Cola Lens - Digital Transformation

9. BEAUTY & PERSONAL CARE

9.1. The Global Beauty & Personal Care Market
9.2. Beauty & personal Care Packaging - Overview & Market Sizing
9.3 Beauty & Personal Care Products - Smart Packaging & Labels
- 9.3.1. Integration of Tags on Packaging / Labels / Caps
- 9.3.2. Case Study - Sephora - Connectivity/Consumer Engagement/Loss Prevention
  - Sephora Flash - Connected Beauty Store
  - Sephora Mexico - Loss Prevention - Nedap EAS Systems
- 9.3.3. Case Study - L'Oreal Payfree for Beauty Products
- 9.3.4. Case Study - Grupo Boticario Brazil
- 9.3.5. Case Study - Mineral Fusion Cosmetics - DirectLink(TM) Label
- 9.3.6. Case Study - SML Group - UHF Label Designs
- 9.3.7. Case Study - TapLabel - TUOMI
- 9.3.8. Case Study - Siebersdorf Laboratories - NFC-based UV Sensor
- 9.3.9. Case Study - Origintag - Alba 1913 - Smart Label System
9.4 Some Other NFC Solutions & Demonstrators
- 9.4.1. Poissonier - NFC-enabled Cream Packaging
- 9.4.2. Carl Edelmann GmbH - Folded Carton NFC Demonstrator
- 9.4.3. Thin Film OpenSense
- 9.4.4. Texen / E-Ink - Personalised Make-up Compacts and Perfume Bottles
- 9.4.5. Indola Haircare
- 9.4.6. MyPack Connect App
9.5. C-Beauty - Leading the Way
- 9.5.1. International Brands - Historical Reliance on Chinese Tourism for Sales
- 9.5.2. C-Beauty - Gaining Traction in International Global Markets
- 9.5.3. Trends in Digitalisation - C-Beauty - Impact of COVID-19
- 9.5.4. Impact of COVID-19 on C-Beauty
- 9.5.5. Case Studies - Dynamic C-Beauty Brands

10. FOOD

10.1. Packaged Food & Grocery & Retail - Market Evolution
10.2. Benefits offered by Food Packaging Today
10.3. Global Food Packaging
10.4 Food Packaging - Overview & Market Sizing
- 10.4.1. Food Packaging - Materials & Structures
  - Flexible Packaging
  - Rigid plastic containers
  - Cartonboard and Paperboard
  - Flexible Packaging versus Folding Cartons
  - Liquid Packaging Board Laminates
  - Food Packaging Types - A Summary of Growth Patterns
10.5. Evolution of Packaged Food Retail
10.6. Food Market Segmentation
10.7. Supply-driven to Demand-driven - Packaged Food Retail
10.8. Distribution / eCommerce / Omnichannel - Packaged Food
- 10.8.1. Distribution Channels & Retail - Bricks & Mortar/Online - Omnichannel
- 10.8.2. eCommerce - Dynamic Growth - Packaged Food Retail
10.9 Connected Packaging & Digital Transformation - Packaged Food Retail
- 10.9.1. Traceability - Unique ID - Packaged Food & Grocery Retail
- 10.9.2. Online platforms
- 10.9.3. Last Mile: Pickup and Delivery
- 10.9.4. Algorithms & Automation
- 10.9.5. Big Data Analytics, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Marketing
  - Digital Transformation - Packaged Food Retail
  - Some Actions by Major Grocery Retail Chains - Digital Transformation
  - The Grocery Ecosystem - Digital Transformation
  - Enhanced Packaged Food Shopping
  - Mobile Shopping Apps
  - Digital Store Operations & Real-time inventory
10.10. Adoption Status of Connected Packaged Food
- 10.10.1. Mass Adoption of QR codes in Packaged Food Retail
- 10.10.2. Adoption of RFID / NFC in Food Packaging
10.11. Food Product Traceability - Track & Trace
10.12. RFID for Food Packaging
10.13. TTIs - Overview & Market Sizing
10.14. Case Studies
- 10.14.1. Case Study - Del Campo - HarvestMark / YottaMark
- 10.14.2. Case Study - Amcor - Smart Packaging
  - Amcor - Kezzler - MaQX System - Digital Packaging
  - Amcor & JD Farm NFC-enabled flexible packaging in China
  - Amcor China, Tencent & BMSmart - Internet of Everything Packaging
- 10.14.3. Case Study - TetraPak - Liquid Food - Smart Packaging Platform
- 10.14.4. Case Study - Sodexo
- 10.14.5. Case Study - Stora Enso Selfly Store for un-manned retail
- 10.14.6. Case Study - Intelligent Fridges / Husky - Smart Cabinets

11. AUTOMOTIVE - NEW / AFTERMARKET

11.1. Global Automotive - New Vehicles / Aftermarket
11.2. Aftermarket - Automotive - Parts & Components
- 11.2.1. Offline / Online Sales - Automotive Aftermarket
- 11.2.2. Aftermarket Products - OEM/Certified/Uncertified
- 11.2.3. Distribution Channels - Aftermarket
- 11.2.4. Automotive Electronics / IoT-Connected Vehicles / EVs
  - Automotive Electronics
  - IoT-Connected Automotive Vehicles
  - EVs (Electric Vehicles)
- 11.2.5. Drivers - Automotive Aftermarket
  - Regulations - Automotive
  - Counterfeit Automotive Parts - Aftermarket
  - Very Large Vehicle Parts Databases & Catalogues - Management
  - Smooth Transition to Electronic Powertrain
  - Legal Constraints - Eco Friendly Replacement Parts
11.3. Automotive Aftermarket Packaging
- 11.3.1. Types of Automotive Aftermarket Packaging
- 11.3.2. The Global Automotive Parts Packaging Market Sizing
- 11.3.3. Case Study - GM Europe - Genuine GM Parts - Opsec
- 11.3.4. Case Study - Federal-Mogul Motorparts - FP Diesel Products
- 11.3.5. Case Study - Scribos - PSA Group - Auto Parts
11.4. Tyres (OEM / Replacement)
- 11.4.1. Case Study - Michelin - All Car Tyres by 2023 - RFID / IoT
- 11.4.2. Global Data Service Organisation (GDSO)
- 11.4.3. Case Study - Goodyear-Blockchain-Nova Labs / Helium Network
11.5. Vehicle Identification Labels
- 11.5.1. RAIN RFID - Electronic Vehicle Identification (EVI)
- 11.5.2. Case Study - Tonnjes E.A.S.T. - RAIN RFID-based system
- 11.5.3. SURYS - IN Groupe - Vehicle Labels Solutions
11.6. Packaging / Labels - Automotive Sector
- 11.6.1. Automotive Labels - All Types - Market Overview
- 11.6.2. Automotive Smart Labels
- 11.6.3. Case Study - Schreiner ProTech-RFID Part Tracking label

12. OTHER MARKETS - SMART PACKAGING

12.1. Traceability & Connectivity - Manufacturing - Other Markets
12.2. Number of Parts / Components / Assemblies - Aircraft vs Cars
- 12.2.1. Case Study-Industrial Products/Components incl. Aviation-Opsec
- 12.2.2. Case Study - John Deere Licensed Merchandise - Opsec
12.3. RAIN Enabled - Baggage Handling Labels

About Vandagraf International

The Vandagraf Approach & Method
Vandagraf Multi-Client Reports & Single Client Consultancy Projects
- Existing Vandagraf multi-client Reports
- Selected Previous Single Client Vandagraf Consultancy Clients
Author Profiles

VOLUME 2

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Defining Smart Packaging
- 1.1.1. Intelligent Packaging
- 1.1.2. Connected Packaging
- 1.1.3. Active Packaging
- 1.1.4. Key Attributes of Smart Packaging
1.2. Mega Trends - Impact on the Packaging Industry
- 1.2.1. The Internet of Things (IoT)
- 1.2.2. The Internet of Packaging (IoP)
- 1.2.3. Packaging Sustainability
- 1.2.4. The Shift from Linear to Circular Supply Chains
- 1.2.5. Industry 4.0 - Implications for Smart Packaging
- 1.2.6. eCommerce & Omnichannel Retailing
  - Achieving Availability across all Channels
  - A Conflict of Interest - Loss Prevention Measures versus Flexible Checkouts
- 1.2.7. Smartphones - A Key Role to Play in the Future of Retail

2. WIRELESS / ELECTRONIC SMART PACKAGING / LABELS

2.1. Smart Packaging / Labels Construction - Wireless / Electronic
- 2.1.1. Smart Packaging Construction - Inlay or Label - Wireless / Electronic
- 2.1.2. Smart Labels / Inlays - Building Blocks for Smart Packaging
- 2.1.3. Frequency Ranges - RFID
- 2.1.4. Read Ranges - Electronic / Wireless & Types of Application
2.2. Digital Twins
- 2.2.1. Retail Applications for Digital Twins
- 2.2.2. Digital Twins - Enhancing Visibility
2.3. Digital Platforms
- 2.3.1. Cloud-based and Edge-based Digital Platforms
- 2.3.2. Linking Digital Platforms to ERP & MIS Systems
  - Example: Nedap iD Cloud Platform - Single Source of Factual Inventory
- 2.3.3. Digital Software Platforms for the IoP
- 2.3.4. Web 3.0

3. NFC (NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION)-SMART PACKAGING

3.1. Overview - NFC
3.2. The NFC Forum Standard NFC Tag Types
3.3. Security - NFC
- 3.3.1. Crypto RFID / NFC Tags - Secure / Unclonable
- 3.3.2. Tamper Evident NFC RFID Tags
3.4. Packaging Applications - NFC
- 3.4.1. NFC Marketing Campaigns
- 3.4.2. Wearable Technology
- 3.4.3. Sustainability - Paper-based Eco-friendly RAIN RFID

4. RAIN PASSIVE UHF RFID - SMART PACKAGING

4.1. Some Key Attributes of Passive UHF RFID
4.2. Key Features - RAIN RFID
- 4.2.1. Security Considerations - RAIN RFID
- 4.2.2. Tamper Evident - RAIN RFID Tags
4.3. Advances in RAIN UHF-based Systems
- 6.3.1. Smart Box - INTELLIGO
- 6.3.2. Microwave Safe RFID
- 6.3.2. RAIN RFID for Fluids
- 6.3.3. RAIN Compliant RFID for use on Metals
- 6.3.4. Sustainability - Paper-based Eco-friendly RAIN RFID
  - All4 Labels: e-RFID (aka 4E Antenna Process)
  - Avery Dennison: SmartFace(TM) Technology
  - Beontag: ECO RFID
  - HUAYUAN: ECO UHF RFID Inlay
  - Tageos: EOSZero
  - Authentix - Collimetrix Paper Embedded Identifiers
  - Trimco Group PaperMark
  - Yuanzhun S&S - TRC Direct-on-Paper (DOP) Antennas
  - Joaneo
  - Voltera - Printed Copper Antennas for RAIN UHF RFID

5. COMBINATION NFC / UHF SENSOR PLATFORMS

5.1. EM Microelectronic-Marin/Swatch - Dual UHF/NFC chips
- 5.1.1. Smartrac / Avery Dennison - Web DF Inlays
- 5.1.2. CapTag Solutions - Smart-CapTag
5.2. Shanghai Quanray - China

6. BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE)

6.1. Passive BLE
- 6.1.1. Wiliot BLE Tags - IoT Pixels - Battery Free
- 6.1.2. Case Study - NanoBT - Nexite
- 6.1.3. Ambient IoT
6.2. Battery Powered BLE
- 6.2.1. Wiliot BLE Tags - IoT Pixels - Battery Powered
6.3. BLE compared to Passive RAIN RFID

7. OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

7.1. Hybrid (RFID + other Wireless) Solutions

8. PRINTED ELECTRONICS

8.1. Promise of Much Lower Cost Electronic UIDs
8.2. Pragmatic Semiconductor
- 8.2.1. PragmatIC's ConnectIC-R
- 8.2.2. Some Application Examples- PragmatIC
8.3. Chipless RFID Digitalised Sensors
- 8.3.1. Pulpatronics - Laser printed Chipless RFID Tags
8.4. Case Study: Smart Vial Kit - Schreiner MediPharm

9. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

9.1. Variable 2D Barcodes (QR / Datamatrix)
- 9.1.1. QR (Quick Response) Codes
- 9.1.2. QR Code Statistics-Global
- 9.1.3. Massive Growth of QR Codes since COVID-19
  - Payments - QR Codes
  - Consumer Engagement - Focus of Advertising Strategy
  - Digital Coupons
- 9.1.4. China - Dramatic Rise of QR Codes
- 9.1.5. QR Code Growth - Drivers
- 9.1.6. Mobile Marketing Tools - QR Codes & Smartphones
- 9.1.7. The Power of Analytics
- 9.1.8. Datamatrix 2D Codes
- 9.1.9. Secure QR Codes
- 9.1.10. Print Quality Assurance
9.2. Digital Watermarking
- 9.2.1. Case Study - Digimarc for Packaging - The Barcode of Everything(TM)
- 9.2.2. Case Study - EVRYTHNG's IoT Platform - SmartLabel-R DL (Digimarc)
  - EVRYTHNG SmartLabel-R DL
  - Benefits of EVRYTHNG SmartLabel DL (Direct Link)
  - EVRYTHNG's Dynamic Redirection Service
- 9.2.3. Case Study - WestRock Connected Packaging- Digimarc EVRYTHNG
9.3. Augmented Reality (AR) & The Metaverse
- 9.3.1. AR Market - All Vertical Markets / All Types of Application
- 9.3.2. AR - 'Always-On' Approach
- 9.3.3. Trigger Technologies & Augmented Reality
- 9.3.4. Case Study - Omnichannel Call to Action - AR
- 9.3.5. Case Study- Bombay Sapphire - AR
- 9.3.6. Towards the Metaverse with AR
- 9.3.7. Immersive Experiences with AR
  - Creating Immersive Experiences
  - Personalisation and Customisation
  - Enhancing Storytelling and Brand Identity
9.4. AI-powered Image Processing / Recognition
- 9.4.1. Case Study - Malong Technologies - ProductAI(TM)
9.5. Surface Feature Authentication - eFingerprint
- 9.5.1. Artificial Random Feature Generation
- 9.5.2. Case Study - e-Fingerprint - Systech
9.6. Optically Activated Chips - p-Chip
- 9.6.1. Case Study - Parmigiano Reggiano - Kaasmerk Matec - p-Chip
- 9.6.2. Case Study - Merck p-chip Digital Twins

10. TOUCH ACTIVATED SMART PACKAGING

10.1. Case Study - Touchcode - International Paper - Ohmega
10.2. Case Study - Edding Code - PRISMA ID (Prismade Labs)
10.3. Case Study-SmashBox-Estee Lauder-Touchcode(TM) Conductive Ink

11. ELECTRONIC VERSUS OPTICAL APPROACHES

12. DIGITALISED SENSORS FOR SMART PACKAGING

12.1. Digitalised Sensors for Primary Packaging
- 12.1.1. Multi-function Smartphone Readable Sensors
  - Status Detect ICs - NTAG 22x DNA
  - Authentication / Tamper Detect - Cachet Tag; Toppan/ Selinko
  - Authenticity / Tamper Detect - NTAG 424DNA
- 12.1.2. Liquid Volume Detection - NFC RFID Tags
12.2. Digitalised Sensors for Transport Packaging
- 15.1.1. Chip Based Sensors
  - NFC-based RFID Sensor Tags
  - RAIN UHF-based RFID Sensor Tags
- 15.1.2. Disposable Data Loggers
- 15.1.3. BLE Pixels - for Temperature or Humidity Control
  - Case Study - Shufersal IoT Pixels on Vegetable Crates for Temperature Control
  - Case Study - Wiliot IoT Pixel Combined Humidity Sensor
  - Case Study - Identiv / Energous Cold Chain Monitoring

13. EAS (ELECTRONIC ARTICLE SURVEILLANCE) - ANTI THEFT

13.1. Hybrid RFID / EAS Systems

14. OBSERVATIONS

14.1.1. Smartphones
14.1.2. Wireless / Electronic versus Optical - Performance / Cost
14.1.3. Wireless / Electronic Devices - Unit Cost Issues
14.1.4. Single Platform - Multiple Functions - Enhanced ROI
14.1.5. Enhancing Business Cases & ROI
14.1.6. Hybrid RFID / EAS Systems
14.1.7. 2D / QR Codes
14.1.8. Digital Watermarking
14.1.9. Augmented Reality & the Metaverse
14.1.10. Surface Feature Authentication
14.1.11. Touch Activated Connected Packaging
14.1.12. RTLS - Real Time Location Systems
14.1.13. Regulations, Gov't initiatives & Standardisation of Wireless

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 - SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABILITY REGULATIONS

Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR)

EU's Digital Product Passport (DPP) regulations (2026)

Circular Economy and Sustainability
CIRPASS
The EU Roadmap for Net Zero Emissions
Companies Registered Outside of the EU
Data Collection & Requirements
Data Carrier
Data Sharing
Blockchain an Enabler
Customer Experience Layer
Benefits to Businesses and Organisations
Benefits to Consumers and End-Users
Benefits to Policy Makers and Governing Bodies
The Impact of Digital Product Passports
Use-Cases and Opportunities

APPENDIX 2 - SMARTPHONES

Mobile Marketing with Smartphones

Super-fast 5th-Generation Wireless Systems (5G)

VOLUME 1

List of Tables

Notes: Unless otherwise stated.

All market figures listed below are by Value ($ USD)
All historic and forecast data are expressed in constant terms; inflationary effects are discounted
The base year is 2025, with forecasts to 2030

Table 1: Evolution of Global Packaging by Vertical Market
Table 2: Number of Packaging Units Globally by Selected Vertical Markets
Table 3: Vertical Markets - Smart Packaging / Labels - 2025
Table 4: Evolution of Smart Packaging / Smart Labels by Value - 2025 to 2030
Table 5: Market Size & Shipments - Passive Tags / Inlays - $ USD
Table 6: Market Size & Shipments - Passive Tags / Inlays - No. of Units
Table 7: Breakdown by Types of Smart Packaging Device - 2025 to 2030
Table 8: Types of Smart Packaging - Intelligent / Connected / Active
Table 9: Opportunities by Type of Smart and Connected Packaging
Table 10: Areas of Opportunity - Vertical Markets - Smart Packaging / Labels
Table 11: Technology Families - Smart Packaging/ Labels
Table 12: Radio / Electronic vs. Optical Platforms - Types of Functionality
Table 13: Evolution of Global Green Packaging - All Markets
Table 14: Evolution of Global Cold Chain Packaging - Primarily Food & Healthcare
Table 15: Global Cold Chain Packaging Market Shares by Product Category - % - 2025
Table 16: Market Segmentation - Cold Chain - Food
Table 17: Typical Temperature Range Requirements - Cool Chain / Cold Chain
Table 18: Global Food Packaging Market Share by Packaging Format - % by Pack Type
Table 19: Global Evolution of Frozen Food / Global Chilled Food
Table 20: Global Evolution of Pharmaceuticals, Medical & Surgical Equipment Markets
Table 21: Global Evolution of Consumer Health Product Markets
Table 22: Global Evolution of Healthcare Packaging Markets
Table 23: Segmentation - Healthcare Packaging
Table 24: Global Evolution of Medical & Surgical Equipment Markets
Table 25: Types of Healthcare Related Devices & Equipment
Table 26: Global Evolution of Global Alcoholic Drinks Markets
Table 27: Evolution of Global Alcoholic Drinks Markets by Volume
Table 28: The Global Drinks Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs
Table 29: Global Evolution of Global Alcoholic Drinks Packaging Markets
Table 30: Typical Structural Packaging Formats - Wines & Spirits
Table 31: Coca Cola & Jack Daniels - Convergence of Categories
Table 32: Evolution of Global Beauty & Personal Care Products
Table 33: Evolution of Beauty & Personal Care Packaging - Unit Volumes - Number of Packs
Table 34: Evolution of The Global Packaged Food & Grocery Market By Value - 2025 to 2030
Table 35: Evolution of Global Food Packaging by Value -2023 - 2028
Table 36: Global Food Packaging Market Shares by Value - % - 2025
Table 37: Evolution of Food Packaging Unit Volumes - Number of Packs
Table 38: Evolution of Global Food Packaging Categories
Table 39: Global Evolution of Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs) Market
Table 40: TTIs - Segmentation
Table 41: Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket & New Vehicles
Table 42: Aftermarket Breakdown - Share % - 2025
Table 43: Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket - Component Type
Table 44: Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket Market - Product Types
Table 45: Evolution of Global Automotive Aftermarket - by Part Type
Table 46: Evolution of the Global Automotive Parts Packaging Market
Table 47: Evolution of the Global Tyre Market
Table 48: Evolution of the Global Automotive Labels Market
Table 49: Types of Labels - Coding Method, Function & Application
Table 50: Typical Overall No. of Components - Internal combustion engine versus EVs

List of Figures

Figure 1: Smart Packaging - Intelligent / Connected / Active
Figure 2: Forecast Evolution of Consumer Packaging from 2050 to 2030
Figure 3: Global Consumption of Packaging by Material - 2025
Figure 4: Packaging Waste - Recycled versus Disposed by Material - 2025
Figure 5: Cold chain being maintained using ice box while transporting polio vaccine - 'Last Mile' 54
Figure 6: Global Serialisation Regulatory Snapshot
Figure 7: Example of Linear Barcode - Regulatory Requirement in China
Figure 8: Prescription medicine pack with DataMatrix Code & Tamper Evidence Features
Figure 9: Stora Enso's Ecotag Technology
Figure 10: CCL - Kitcheck NFC-vaccines
Figure 11: CCL Healthcare's Range of Smart Packaging / Labels Solutions - Some examples
Figure 12: Kisico NFC-enabled plastic capsule & Holographic Variant
Figure 13: IMI's Prep-Lock(TM) Tamper Evident Caps - RFID Enabled
Figure 14: Janssen Smart Adherence Blister Pack with Smartphone
Figure 15: PhutureMed Packaging - Palladio
Figure 16: E Ink Display for monitoring the ambient conditions - Palladio
Figure 17: Lijun Antibiotics - Hologram Security Label - DuPont / De La Rue / Crane
Figure 18: Interactive Blister Packaging - Constantia
Figure 19: Sproxil's Verification App
Figure 20: Package with Sproxil label and phone showing SMS reply
Figure 21: A Range of Aptar Smart Connected Devices - ACTIV-VIAL
Figure 22: Smart healthcare Solution - Digital respiratory medicine - Aptar HeroTracker-R Sense
Figure 23: Metered Dose Inhaler Kit - Aptar
Figure 24: Cap-Lock with RFID - Schreiner Protech / Schreiner MediPharm & SCHOT Pharma Digitised pre-filled syringes with RFID labels
Figure 25: NFC-Label for Auto-injector - Schreiner MediPharm
Figure 26: Specialty Labels for Injection Systems - Schreiner MediPharm
Figure 27: Cellular Qfinity+ Home Hub Solution - Jabil Healthcare
Figure 28: Digital Twin Pre-filled syringes - Merck & Gerresheimer
Figure 29: Tap into your Brand's Full Potential - Guala Closures
Figure 30: Tamper Evident Technology - Guala Closures
Figure 31: Rupture Control Loop - RFID Enabled Tamper Evidence - EM Microelectronics
Figure 32: NFC Integrated in Plastic Closures - Guala Closures
Figure 33: Marketing Campaign with NFC & AI Technology - Remy Martin
Figure 34: OTACA Tequilla with Identiv Tap & Go NFC Cap
Figure 35: World's Largest Brewer - AB InBev
Figure 36: CustomWave RFID Smart Labels - RRD
Figure 37: Absolut Vodka - Absolut Capp / 'Flo Heiss' Absolut Touch
Figure 38: Mailibu Rum - Smartphone Enabled Consumer Engagement
Figure 39: Jameson Irish Whiskey - Smartphone Enabled Consumer Engagement
Figure 40: Interactive Holographic Labels Promote Wine Provenance and Fight Fraud with Multiple Security Features - Eltronis
Figure 41: Tamper Evident Wine Bottle Label with Integrated Prooftag Technology Feature
Figure 42: Prooftag - Bubble Tag
Figure 43: Chateau Lafite Wine Bottle with Prooftag bubble seal system
Figure 44: DuPont IZON(TM) System - Presence or Absence of a Number of Visible Dots
Figure 45: DuPont IZON(TM) Security Label Applied to a Glass Bottle
Figure 46: DuPont IZON(TM) - Shrink Sleeve with Integrated Security Features
Figure 47: tesa BevSeal(TM) - Champagne
Figure 48: tesa BevSeal(TM) - Scotch Whisky
Figure 49: tesa PrioSpot-R - Counterfeit protection
Figure 50: tesa-R dtect App - Product Authentication
Figure 51: Scribos/Ramondin-Connected Wine Bottles
Figure 52: The Coca-Cola Lens
Figure 53: Some Approaches to Integrating Tags on Packaging / Labels / Caps
Figure 54: Sephora Flash - Connected Beauty Retail Store
Figure 55: In-store Interaction Using Touch Screens - Sephora
Figure 56: Sephora Retail Store Entrance with EAS Gates
Figure 57: L'Oreal pop-up shop: payfree and Avery Dennison self-checkout technology
Figure 58: Mineral Fusion Cosmetics - DirectLink(TM) NFC-enabled Labels on POS Displays
Figure 59: TapLabel - TUOMI
Figure 60: TapLabel with Smartphone
Figure 61: Siebersdorf Laboratories - NFC-based UV Sensor
Figure 62: Origintag - Alba 1913 - Smart Label System - Gallenic Hand Cream
Figure 63: Poissonier - NFC-enabled Cream packaging
Figure 64: Carl Edelmann GmbH - Folded Carton NFC Demonstrator
Figure 65: Thin Film OpenSense - NFC with Tamper Evidence
Figure 66: Texen / E-Ink - Personalised Make-up Compacts and Perfume Bottles
Figure 67: Henkel NFC pilot - Professional Haircare Indola brand
Figure 68: MyPack Connect App
Figure 69: C-Beauty - Products on Display at Retail
Figure 70: C-Beauty - Florasis Beauty Brand
Figure 71: C-Beauty - Perfect Diary Brand
Figure 72: C-Beauty - Herborist Brand
Figure 73: C-Beauty - Caicui Brand - Sold on the US Amazon Store
Figure 74: C-Beauty - Chando's Women's Day campaign #She's gonna say
Figure 75: C-Beauty - Hedone Brand
Figure 76: C-Beauty - Marie Dalgar's 2018 I love me as I am campaign
Figure 77: Model of grocery ecosystem showing key processes and enablers of Digital Transformation
Figure 78: An Example of how a QR code / Smartphone Enabled System for Food operates
Figure 79: HarvestMark - YottaMark / Weber Marking Systems - Authentication & Traceability
Figure 80: The Amcor MaXQ System
Figure 81: NFC-enabled Flexible Packaging for the Chinese Market - Amcor / JD Farm
Figure 82: TetraPak - Non-Alcoholic Drinks - Connected Package Platform
Figure 83: SmartChef Powered by SmartFridge
Figure 84: Stora Enso Selfly Store
Figure 85: Intelligent Fridges - RFID-enabled self-service food cabinet
Figure 86: Examples - Air Filter & Sparkplug Packaging
Figure 87: Anti-Counterfeiting Technology - OVD Security Label
Figure 88: Federal-Mogul Motorparts - Coding (NFC, QR, Linear)
Figure 89: tesa 'Holospot(TM)' label (enlarged)
Figure 90: An example of a Tyre Label Carrying 2D barcode, logos & text
Figure 91: Michelin Car Tyre with Embedded RFID Tag
Figure 92: The IDePLATE System - Electronic Vehicle Identification
Figure 93: SURYS - Windshield Solutions
Figure 94: SURYS - Carplate Registration Plate Solutions
Figure 95: SURYS - Vehicle Identification System
Figure 96: Schreiner ProTech's - Poly-Track Cap-Lock label with RFID
Figure 97: Industrial Spares Label with Integrated Hologram - Opsec
Figure 98: John Deere Licensed Merchandise - Opsec
Figure 99: RAIN Enabled Labels - Baggage Handling Labels- Airlines

VOLUME 2

List of Tables

Table 1: Types of Smart Packaging - An Overview
Table 2: Types of Smart Packaging - Attributes
Table 3: Evolution of Global Green Packaging - All Markets
Table 4: Passive RFID Operating Frequency Ranges & Types of Application
Table 5: Functionality of Short, Long & Extended Range RFID Radio Electronic Devices
Table 6: Breakdown by Type of Applications - NFC Tags - 2025
Table 7: Some Key Attributes of Passive UHF RFID
Table 8: Key Performance Characteristics-UHF RFID Chip-based Tags Operating to ISO 18000-6: UHF passive RFID systems for item identification
Table 9: Comparative Summary of RFID versus BLE
Table 10: Printed Electronics - 2022 to 2027
Table 11: Some Examples - PragmatIC FlexICs
Table 12: Types of Optical Solutions - 2D / QR / Datamatrix Barcodes, Digital watermarks, Augmented Reality
Table 13: Some Mobile Marketing Tools
Table 14: Types of Additional Content & Interactive Experience
Table 15: Steps to creating, monitoring and refining online interactive Advertising Campaigns, Feedback Loop
Table 16: Global Augmented Reality Market Breakdown - % Share
Table 17: Types of Players in the Emerging AR Supply Chain
Table 18: Augmented Reality - Technical Functionality - Some Major Suppliers
Table 19: Radio / Electronic vs. Optical Platforms - Functionality Type
Table 20: EAS Systems by Type of Retailer by Value
Table 21: Functionalities, Applications & Benefits - Smart Packaging

List of Figures

Figure 1: Smart Packaging Construction - Inlay or Label - Wireless / Electronic
Figure 2: Smart Labels / Inlays - Building Blocks for Smart Packaging
Figure 3: Internationally Agreed Frequency Bands - Main Types of Chip-based RFID Tags
Figure 4: Low-frequency (LF) / high-frequency (HF) / ultra-high-frequency (UHF) tags
Figure 5: Nedap's Multi-user App
Figure 6: NFC Tags, Stickers and packaged Key Fobs
Figure 7: Traditional Tamper Evident Label - Polyart
Figure 8: Circus Tamper loop NFC Tag from Smartrac
Figure 9: Toppan's Plastic-Free Eco-Friendly Tags with Paper-Based Substrate
Figure 10: Intelligo Smart Box
Figure 11: WaveSafe(TM) Microwave-safe UHF RFID solution - Avery Dennison
Figure 12: RAIN-compliant UHF Labels on Wines, Spirits and Beers - CapTag Solutions
Figure 13 0.6mm Thick UHF On Metal Tags from CiRFID
Figure 14: Huayuan eco-friendly UHF inlay
Figure 15: Collimetrix Paper Embedded Identifiers
Figure 16: Joaneo Printed Antenna
Figure 17: EM Microelectronic-Marin/Swatch - Dual UHF/NFC chips - Inlays
Figure 18: Avery Dennison D Midas Flagtag DF's dual-frequency inlay
Figure 19: Smartrac's WebDF Inlay
Figure 20: Shanghai HUAYUAN Company Combi EM4423 NFC/UHF Inlays
Figure 21: Smart CapTag Solutions Dual NFC/UHF Labels on Wine (standard and anti-tamper)
Figure 22: Quanray's Inlay and Data Capture Process
Figure 23: A typical passive BLE Tag Cloud-based System
Figure 24: A Fanstel BLE Databridge
Figure 25: Wiliot Battery-free Pixel Tags WL100
Figure 26: Wiliot Battery-free Pixel Tags WL100 on Products
Figure 27: Nexite Smart NanoBT Tag
Figure 28: A NanoBT tag in a Care Label on a Vest
Figure 29: Real time data & AI Predictive Analytics drives Visual Merchandising strategies
Figure 30: Wiliot Battery Powered Pixel Tags
Figure 31: Fully Printed Memory Cells
Figure 32: PragmatIC Semiconductor Flex ICs
Figure 33: The FlexLogIC Line - PragmatIC Semiconductor
Figure 34: A PragmatIC Wafer
Figure 35: Sustainable PragmatIC Flexible NFC Chips
Figure 36: Pulpatronics Chipless RFID Tag for Apparel
Figure 37: Digital Therapy Monitoring - Schreiner MediPharm
Figure 38: The Smart Syringe Box
Figure 39: Chinese Train Ticket with QR Code
Figure 40: Scantrust Secure Code
Figure 41: Digimarc BarCode - With In-store Robots
Figure 42: Digimarc - Barcode of Everything(TM) - Looks like this / Performs like this
Figure 43: Digimarc - Process from Product Digitalisation to Intelligence
Figure 44: A Digimarc Digitally Watermarked Pack using EVRYTHNG's Smart Label Platform
Figure 45: Digimarc Code with Smartphone - Multiple Functionalities
Figure 46: WestRock Connected Packaging- Digimarc Evrythng
Figure 47: Omnichannel Call to Action - AR - Carlton Dry Beer
Figure 48: Call to Action - AR - Bombay Sapphire - Experience
Figure 49: Adidas AR app for Visualising How its Hoes Look
Figure 50: Stories of Jack - Jack Daniels AR Storytelling
Figure 51: Search by Image - Enabling Shoppers to Search for Products without Text
Figure 52: Type of Microscopic Variation that Occur in Printed Barcodes
Figure 53: p-Chip - Miniaturisation and Optical Data Capture
Figure 54: Parmigiano Reggiano with p-Chip
Figure 55: The Internet of Packaging Stack - with Touch-Activated Devices Positioned vs Radio Electronic & Optically Read Codes
Figure 56: How Ohmega Works
Figure 57: Ohmega Carton
Figure 58: Edding Code - PRISMA ID (Prismade Labs)
Figure 59: SmashBox - Touchcode(TM)
Figure 60: QR Code/ Smartphone based System for Food Quality Monitoring
Figure 61: The Cachet Tag Stops Working when Removed
Figure 62: Selinko's ORM(TM) (Object Relationship Management) Authentication Platform
Figure 63: D2C sales enabled by Selinko's ORM(TM) Platform and NFC Tags
Figure 64: NXP's NTAG 424DNA labels with and without a Tamper Loop
Figure 65: Toppan's NFC Passive Sensor Tag for detecting Liquid Volume in a Container
Figure 66: Block Diagram of SL900A NFC-Enabled Sensor from ams
Figure 67: Semi-passive RFID Sensor Tag based on the ams SL900A Chip
Figure 68: Coldcha Flexible NFC Temperature Label
Figure 69: An Asygn AS321x RAIN UHF Sensor Chip
Figure 70: Xerafy's XENSE Cargo RAIN UHF Sensor Tag
Figure 71: Disposable USB Temp. Data Logger - TZone Digital Technology
Figure 72: Shufersal Vegetable Crates equipped with the Wiliot IOT Pixel
Figure 73: Wiliot Humidity Sensor IOT Pixel Tag
Figure 74: EAS Gates & Tags
Figure 75: A Further Step in Multi-Functionality - Omnichannel Management
Figure 76: Radio-Electronic vs Optical Codes for Commodity or Speciality Products

Smart Packaging, Labels & Tags - Intelligent / Connected / Healthcare / Pharmaceuticals, Drinks, Beauty & Personal Care, Automotive, Food: Markets & Technologies, Opportunities & Trends - Volumes 1 & 2, 2nd Edition

Description

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Aims & Scope of this Research

Highlighting:

Selected Vertical Markets

Evolution of Packaging to Smart

Smartphones - A Key Enabler for Smart Packaging

Unique ID / Gateway to the Internet - At the Heart of Smart Packaging

Table of Contents

VOLUME 1

1. AIM & SCOPE

2. INTRODUCTION

3. OPPORTUNITIES - SMART PACKAGING

4. SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING & CIRCULAR ECONOMY

5. ECOMMERCE - DYNAMIC GROWTH

6. SOME OTHER DRIVERS

7. HEALTHCARE

8. ALCOHOLIC DRINKS

9. BEAUTY & PERSONAL CARE

10. FOOD

11. AUTOMOTIVE - NEW / AFTERMARKET

12. OTHER MARKETS - SMART PACKAGING

About Vandagraf International

VOLUME 2

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WIRELESS / ELECTRONIC SMART PACKAGING / LABELS

3. NFC (NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION)-SMART PACKAGING

4. RAIN PASSIVE UHF RFID - SMART PACKAGING

5. COMBINATION NFC / UHF SENSOR PLATFORMS

6. BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE)

7. OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

8. PRINTED ELECTRONICS

9. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

10. TOUCH ACTIVATED SMART PACKAGING

11. ELECTRONIC VERSUS OPTICAL APPROACHES

12. DIGITALISED SENSORS FOR SMART PACKAGING

13. EAS (ELECTRONIC ARTICLE SURVEILLANCE) - ANTI THEFT

14. OBSERVATIONS

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 - SUMMARY OF SUSTAINABILITY REGULATIONS

Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR)

EU's Digital Product Passport (DPP) regulations (2026)

APPENDIX 2 - SMARTPHONES

Mobile Marketing with Smartphones

Super-fast 5th-Generation Wireless Systems (5G)

VOLUME 1

List of Tables

List of Figures

VOLUME 2

List of Tables

List of Figures