The Global Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Market 2026-2046

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• 1.2. CO2 as a commodity
• 1.3. Meeting climate targets
• 1.4. Market drivers and trends
• 1.5. The current market and future outlook
• 1.6. CCUS Industry developments 2020-2025
• 1.7. CCUS investments
  • 1.7.1. Venture Capital Funding
    • 1.7.1.1. 2010-2024
    • 1.7.1.2. CCUS VC deals 2022-2025
• 1.8. Government CCUS initiatives and policy environment
  • 1.8.1. North America
  • 1.8.2. Europe
  • 1.8.3. Asia
    • 1.8.3.1. Japan
    • 1.8.3.2. Singapore
    • 1.8.3.3. China
• 1.9. Market map
• 1.10. Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
  • 1.10.1. Facilities
    • 1.10.1.1. Operational
    • 1.10.1.2. Under development/construction
• 1.11. Economics of CCUS projects
  • 1.11.1. CAPEX Reduction Strategies
  • 1.11.2. OPEX Reduction Approaches
  • 1.11.3. Emerging Technology Solutions
• 1.12. CCUS Value Chain
• 1.13. Key market barriers for CCUS
• 1.14. CCUS and the energy trilemma
• 1.15. Growth markets for CUS
• 1.16. Carbon pricing
  • 1.16.1. Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
  • 1.16.2. Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
  • 1.16.3. Business models
    • 1.16.3.1. Full chain
    • 1.16.3.2. Networks and hub model
    • 1.16.3.3. Partial-chain
    • 1.16.3.4. Carbon dioxide utilization business model
  • 1.16.4. The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
  • 1.16.5. Carbon Pricing in the US
  • 1.16.6. Carbon Pricing in China
  • 1.16.7. Voluntary Carbon Markets
  • 1.16.8. Challenges with Carbon Pricing
• 1.17. Global market forecasts
  • 1.17.1. CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
  • 1.17.2. Capture capacity by region to 2046, Mtpa
  • 1.17.3. Revenues
  • 1.17.4. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type
  • 1.17.5. Cost projections 2025-2046

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. What is CCUS?
  • 2.1.1. Carbon Capture
    • 2.1.1.1. Source Characterization
    • 2.1.1.2. Purification
    • 2.1.1.3. CO2 capture technologies
  • 2.1.2. Carbon Utilization
    • 2.1.2.1. CO2 utilization pathways
  • 2.1.3. Carbon storage
    • 2.1.3.1. Passive storage
    • 2.1.3.2. Enhanced oil recovery
• 2.2. Transporting CO2
  • 2.2.1. Methods of CO2 transport
    • 2.2.1.1. Pipeline
    • 2.2.1.2. Ship
    • 2.2.1.3. Road
    • 2.2.1.4. Rail
  • 2.2.2. Safety
• 2.3. Costs
  • 2.3.1. Cost of CO2 transport
• 2.4. Carbon credits
• 2.5. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies
• 2.6. Environmental Impact Assessment
• 2.7. Social acceptance and public perception
• 2.8. Fate of CO2

3. CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

• 3.1. Historical CO2 capture
• 3.2. CO2 capture technologies
• 3.3. Maturity of technologies
• 3.4. Technology selection
• 3.5. Capture Percentages
  • 3.5.1. >90% capture rate
  • 3.5.2. 99% capture rate
• 3.6. CO2 capture agent performance
• 3.7. Energy Consumption
• 3.8. TRL
• 3.9. Global Pipeline of Carbon Capture Facilities-Current and PLanned
• 3.10. CO2 capture from point sources
  • 3.10.1. Energy Availability and Costs
  • 3.10.2. Power plants with CCUS
  • 3.10.3. Transportation
  • 3.10.4. Global point source CO2 capture capacities
  • 3.10.5. By source
  • 3.10.6. Blue hydrogen
    • 3.10.6.1. Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
    • 3.10.6.2. Autothermal reforming (ATR)
    • 3.10.6.3. Partial oxidation (POX)
    • 3.10.6.4. Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
    • 3.10.6.5. Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
    • 3.10.6.6. Blue hydrogen projects
    • 3.10.6.7. Costs
    • 3.10.6.8. Market players
  • 3.10.7. Carbon capture in cement
    • 3.10.7.1. CCUS Projects
    • 3.10.7.2. Carbon capture technologies
    • 3.10.7.3. Costs
    • 3.10.7.4. Challenges
  • 3.10.8. Maritime carbon capture
• 3.11. Main carbon capture processes
  • 3.11.1. Materials
  • 3.11.2. Natural Gas Sweetening
  • 3.11.3. Post-combustion
    • 3.11.3.1. Chemicals/Solvents
    • 3.11.3.2. Amine-based post-combustion CO2 absorption
    • 3.11.3.3. Physical absorption solvents
    • 3.11.3.4. Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
    • 3.11.3.5. Chilled Ammonia Process (CAP)
    • 3.11.3.6. Molten Borates
    • 3.11.3.7. Costs
    • 3.11.3.8. Alternatives to Solvent-Based Carbon Capture
  • 3.11.4. Oxy-fuel combustion
    • 3.11.4.1. Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
    • 3.11.4.2. Chemical Looping-Based Capture
  • 3.11.5. Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
  • 3.11.6. Pre-combustion
• 3.12. Carbon separation technologies
  • 3.12.1. Absorption capture
  • 3.12.2. Adsorption capture
    • 3.12.2.1. Solid sorbent-based CO2 separation
    • 3.12.2.2. Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.3. Zeolite-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.4. Solid amine-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.5. Carbon-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.6. Polymer-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.7. Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
    • 3.12.2.8. Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
    • 3.12.2.9. Solid sorbents in post-combustion
  • 3.12.3. Membranes
    • 3.12.3.1. Membrane-based CO2 separation
    • 3.12.3.2. Gas Separation Membranes
    • 3.12.3.3. Post-combustion CO2 capture
    • 3.12.3.4. Facilitated transport membranes
    • 3.12.3.5. Pre-combustion capture
    • 3.12.3.6. Advanced membrane materials
      • 3.12.3.6.1. Graphene-based membranes
      • 3.12.3.6.2. Metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes
    • 3.12.3.7. Membranes for Direct Air Capture
  • 3.12.4. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
  • 3.12.5. Calcium Looping
    • 3.12.5.1. Calix Advanced Calciner
  • 3.12.6. Other technologies
    • 3.12.6.1. LEILAC process
    • 3.12.6.2. CO2 capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
    • 3.12.6.3. CO2 capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
    • 3.12.6.4. Microalgae Carbon Capture
  • 3.12.7. Comparison of key separation technologies
  • 3.12.8. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
• 3.13. Opportunities and barriers
• 3.14. Costs of CO2 capture
• 3.15. CO2 capture capacity
• 3.16. Direct air capture (DAC)
  • 3.16.1. Technology description
    • 3.16.1.1. Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
    • 3.16.1.2. Solvent-based CO2 Capture
    • 3.16.1.3. DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
    • 3.16.1.4. Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
    • 3.16.1.5. Solid and liquid DAC
  • 3.16.2. Advantages of DAC
  • 3.16.3. Deployment
  • 3.16.4. Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
  • 3.16.5. Technologies
    • 3.16.5.1. Solid sorbents
    • 3.16.5.2. Liquid sorbents
    • 3.16.5.3. Liquid solvents
    • 3.16.5.4. Airflow equipment integration
    • 3.16.5.5. Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
    • 3.16.5.6. Direct conversion
    • 3.16.5.7. Co-product generation
    • 3.16.5.8. Low Temperature DAC
    • 3.16.5.9. Regeneration methods
  • 3.16.6. Electricity and Heat Sources
  • 3.16.7. Commercialization and plants
  • 3.16.8. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
  • 3.16.9. DAC plants and projects-current and planned
  • 3.16.10. Capacity forecasts
  • 3.16.11. Costs
  • 3.16.12. Market challenges for DAC
  • 3.16.13. Market prospects for direct air capture
  • 3.16.14. Players and production
  • 3.16.15. Co2 utilization pathways
  • 3.16.16. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
    • 3.16.16.1. Fuels
      • 3.16.16.1.1. Overview
      • 3.16.16.1.2. Production routes
      • 3.16.16.1.3. Methanol
      • 3.16.16.1.4. Algae based biofuels
      • 3.16.16.1.5. CO2-fuels from solar
      • 3.16.16.1.6. Companies
      • 3.16.16.1.7. Challenges
    • 3.16.16.2. Chemicals, plastics and polymers
      • 3.16.16.2.1. Overview
      • 3.16.16.2.2. Scalability
      • 3.16.16.2.3. Plastics and polymers
        • 3.16.16.2.3.1. CO2 utilization products
      • 3.16.16.2.4. Urea production
      • 3.16.16.2.5. Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
      • 3.16.16.2.6. Carbon nanotubes
      • 3.16.16.2.7. Companies
    • 3.16.16.3. Construction materials
      • 3.16.16.3.1. Overview
      • 3.16.16.3.2. CCUS technologies
      • 3.16.16.3.3. Carbonated aggregates
      • 3.16.16.3.4. Additives during mixing
      • 3.16.16.3.5. Concrete curing
      • 3.16.16.3.6. Costs
      • 3.16.16.3.7. Companies
      • 3.16.16.3.8. Challenges
    • 3.16.16.4. CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
      • 3.16.16.4.1. Overview
      • 3.16.16.4.2. Applications
        • 3.16.16.4.2.1. Greenhouses
        • 3.16.16.4.2.2. Algae cultivation
        • 3.16.16.4.2.3. Microbial conversion
      • 3.16.16.4.3. Companies
    • 3.16.16.5. Food and feed production
    • 3.16.16.6. CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
      • 3.16.16.6.1. Overview
        • 3.16.16.6.1.1. Process
        • 3.16.16.6.1.2. CO2 sources
      • 3.16.16.6.2. CO2-EOR facilities and projects
• 3.17. Hybrid Capture Systems
• 3.18. Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture
• 3.19. Integration with Renewable Energy Systems
• 3.20. Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions
• 3.21. Carbon Capture Retrofitting
• 3.22. Carbon Capture in Industry
  • 3.22.1. Cement
  • 3.22.2. Iron and Steel
    • 3.22.2.1. Post-combustion capture for BF-BOF processes
    • 3.22.2.2. Pre-Combustion Carbon Capture for Ironmaking
    • 3.22.2.3. Gas Recycling and Oxyfuel Combustion for Ironmaking
    • 3.22.2.4. Direct reduced iron (DRI) production
  • 3.22.3. Power Generation
    • 3.22.3.1. Power plants with carbon capture systems
    • 3.22.3.2. Coal Power Generation
    • 3.22.3.3. Gas Power Generation
      • 3.22.3.3.1. Gas Power CCS for Data Centers
    • 3.22.3.4. Power sector CCUS cost

4. CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

• 4.1. Conventional CDR on land
  • 4.1.1. Wetland and peatland restoration
  • 4.1.2. Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
• 4.2. Technological CDR Solutions
• 4.3. Main CDR methods
• 4.4. Novel CDR methods
• 4.5. Value chain
• 4.6. Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies
• 4.7. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
• 4.8. Carbon Credits
  • 4.8.1. Description
  • 4.8.2. Carbon pricing
  • 4.8.3. Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
  • 4.8.4. Carbon credit certification
  • 4.8.5. Carbon registries
  • 4.8.6. Carbon credit quality
  • 4.8.7. Voluntary Carbon Credits
    • 4.8.7.1. Definition
    • 4.8.7.2. Purchasing
    • 4.8.7.3. Key Market Players and Projects
    • 4.8.7.4. Pricing
  • 4.8.8. Compliance Carbon Credits
    • 4.8.8.1. Definition
    • 4.8.8.2. Market players
    • 4.8.8.3. Pricing
  • 4.8.9. Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
  • 4.8.10. Corporate commitments
  • 4.8.11. Increasing government support and regulations
  • 4.8.12. Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
  • 4.8.13. Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
  • 4.8.14. Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
    • 4.8.14.1. Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
    • 4.8.14.2. Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
    • 4.8.14.3. Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
  • 4.8.15. Certification
  • 4.8.16. Challenges and risks
• 4.9. Monitoring, reporting, and verification
• 4.10. Government policies
• 4.11. Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
  • 4.11.1. Feedstocks
  • 4.11.2. BiCRS Conversion Pathways
• 4.12. BECCS
  • 4.12.1. Technology overview
    • 4.12.1.1. Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
    • 4.12.1.2. Energy efficiency
    • 4.12.1.3. Heat generation
    • 4.12.1.4. Waste-to-Energy
    • 4.12.1.5. Blue Hydrogen Production
  • 4.12.2. Biomass conversion
  • 4.12.3. CO2 capture technologies
  • 4.12.4. BECCS facilities
  • 4.12.5. Cost analysis
  • 4.12.6. BECCS carbon credits
  • 4.12.7. Sustainability
  • 4.12.8. Challenges
• 4.13. Mineralization-based CDR
  • 4.13.1. Overview
  • 4.13.2. Storage in CO2-Derived Concrete
  • 4.13.3. Oxide Looping
  • 4.13.4. Enhanced Weathering
    • 4.13.4.1. Overview
    • 4.13.4.2. Benefits
    • 4.13.4.3. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
    • 4.13.4.4. Applications
    • 4.13.4.5. Commercial activity and companies
    • 4.13.4.6. Challenges and Risks
  • 4.13.5. Cost analysis
  • 4.13.6. SWOT analysis
• 4.14. Afforestation/Reforestation
  • 4.14.1. Overview
  • 4.14.2. Carbon dioxide removal methods
    • 4.14.2.1. Nature-based CDR
    • 4.14.2.2. Land-based CDR
  • 4.14.3. Technologies
    • 4.14.3.1. Remote Sensing
    • 4.14.3.2. Drone technology and robotics
    • 4.14.3.3. Automated forest fire detection systems
    • 4.14.3.4. AI/ML
    • 4.14.3.5. Genetics
  • 4.14.4. Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.14.5. Challenges and Risks
    • 4.14.5.1. SWOT analysis
    • 4.14.5.2. Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
      • 4.14.5.2.1. Overview
      • 4.14.5.2.2. Practices
      • 4.14.5.2.3. Measuring and Verifying
      • 4.14.5.2.4. Trends and Opportunities
      • 4.14.5.2.5. Carbon credits
      • 4.14.5.2.6. Challenges and Risks
      • 4.14.5.2.7. SWOT analysis
    • 4.14.5.3. Biochar
      • 4.14.5.3.1. What is biochar?
      • 4.14.5.3.2. Carbon sequestration
      • 4.14.5.3.3. Properties of biochar
      • 4.14.5.3.4. Feedstocks
      • 4.14.5.3.5. Production processes
        • 4.14.5.3.5.1. Sustainable production
        • 4.14.5.3.5.2. Pyrolysis
          • 4.14.5.3.5.2.1. Slow pyrolysis
          • 4.14.5.3.5.2.2. Fast pyrolysis
        • 4.14.5.3.5.3. Gasification
        • 4.14.5.3.5.4. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
        • 4.14.5.3.5.5. Torrefaction
        • 4.14.5.3.5.6. Equipment manufacturers
      • 4.14.5.3.6. Biochar pricing
      • 4.14.5.3.7. Biochar carbon credits
        • 4.14.5.3.7.1. Overview
        • 4.14.5.3.7.2. Removal and reduction credits
        • 4.14.5.3.7.3. The advantage of biochar
        • 4.14.5.3.7.4. Prices
        • 4.14.5.3.7.5. Buyers of biochar credits
        • 4.14.5.3.7.6. Competitive materials and technologies
      • 4.14.5.3.8. Bio-oil based CDR
      • 4.14.5.3.9. Biomass burial for CO2 removal
      • 4.14.5.3.10. Bio-based construction materials for CDR
      • 4.14.5.3.11. SWOT analysis
• 4.15. Ocean-based CDR
  • 4.15.1. Overview
  • 4.15.2. CO2 capture from seawater
  • 4.15.3. Ocean fertilisation
    • 4.15.3.1. Biotic Methods
    • 4.15.3.2. Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
    • 4.15.3.3. Algal Cultivation
    • 4.15.3.4. Artificial Upwelling
  • 4.15.4. Ocean alkalinisation
    • 4.15.4.1. Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
    • 4.15.4.2. Direct Ocean Capture
    • 4.15.4.3. Artificial Downwelling
  • 4.15.5. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
  • 4.15.6. Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
  • 4.15.7. Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.15.8. Ocean-based carbon credits
  • 4.15.9. Cost analysis
  • 4.15.10. Challenges and Risks
  • 4.15.11. SWOT analysis
  • 4.15.12. Companies

5. CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION

• 5.1. Overview
  • 5.1.1. Current market status
• 5.2. Competition with other low carbon technologies
• 5.3. Carbon utilization business models
  • 5.3.1. Benefits of carbon utilization
  • 5.3.2. Market challenges
• 5.4. Co2 utilization pathways
• 5.5. Conversion processes
  • 5.5.1. Thermochemical
    • 5.5.1.1. Process overview
    • 5.5.1.2. Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
  • 5.5.2. Electrochemical conversion of CO2
    • 5.5.2.1. Process overview
  • 5.5.3. Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 5.5.4. Catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 5.5.5. Biological conversion of CO2
  • 5.5.6. Copolymerization of CO2
  • 5.5.7. Mineral carbonation
• 5.6. CO2-Utilization in Fuels
  • 5.6.1. Overview
  • 5.6.2. Production routes
  • 5.6.3. CO2 -fuels in road vehicles
  • 5.6.4. CO2 -fuels in shipping
  • 5.6.5. CO2 -fuels in aviation
  • 5.6.6. Costs of e-fuel
  • 5.6.7. Power-to-methane
    • 5.6.7.1. Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
    • 5.6.7.2. Biological fermentation
    • 5.6.7.3. Costs
  • 5.6.8. Algae based biofuels
  • 5.6.9. DAC for e-fuels
  • 5.6.10. Syngas Production Options
  • 5.6.11. CO2-fuels from solar
  • 5.6.12. Companies
  • 5.6.13. Challenges
  • 5.6.14. Global market forecasts 2025-2046
• 5.7. CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
  • 5.7.1. Overview
  • 5.7.2. Carbon nanostructures
  • 5.7.3. Scalability
  • 5.7.4. Pathways
    • 5.7.4.1. Thermochemical
    • 5.7.4.2. Electrochemical
      • 5.7.4.2.1. Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
      • 5.7.4.2.2. High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
      • 5.7.4.2.3. Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
    • 5.7.4.3. Microbial conversion
    • 5.7.4.4. Other
      • 5.7.4.4.1. Photocatalytic
      • 5.7.4.4.2. Plasma technology
  • 5.7.5. Applications
    • 5.7.5.1. Urea production
    • 5.7.5.2. CO2-derived polymers
      • 5.7.5.2.1. Pathways
      • 5.7.5.2.2. Polycarbonate from CO2
      • 5.7.5.2.3. Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
      • 5.7.5.2.4. Ethanol to polymers
    • 5.7.5.3. Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
  • 5.7.6. Companies
  • 5.7.7. Global market forecasts 2025-2046
• 5.8. CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
  • 5.8.1. Overview
  • 5.8.2. Market drivers
  • 5.8.3. Key CO2 utilization technologies in construction
  • 5.8.4. Carbonated aggregates
  • 5.8.5. Additives during mixing
  • 5.8.6. Concrete curing
  • 5.8.7. Costs
  • 5.8.8. Market trends and business models
  • 5.8.9. Carbon credits
  • 5.8.10. Companies
  • 5.8.11. Challenges
  • 5.8.12. Global market forecasts
• 5.9. CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
  • 5.9.1. Overview
  • 5.9.2. CO2 utilization in biological processes
  • 5.9.3. Applications
    • 5.9.3.1. Greenhouses
      • 5.9.3.1.1. CO2 enrichment
    • 5.9.3.2. Algae cultivation
      • 5.9.3.2.1. CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
      • 5.9.3.2.2. CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
    • 5.9.3.3. Microbial conversion
    • 5.9.3.4. Food and feed production
  • 5.9.4. Companies
  • 5.9.5. Global market forecasts 2025-2046
• 5.10. CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • 5.10.1. Overview
    • 5.10.1.1. Process
    • 5.10.1.2. CO2 sources
  • 5.10.2. CO2-EOR facilities and projects
  • 5.10.3. Challenges
  • 5.10.4. Global market forecasts 2025-2046
• 5.11. Enhanced mineralization
  • 5.11.1. Advantages
  • 5.11.2. In situ and ex-situ mineralization
  • 5.11.3. Enhanced mineralization pathways
  • 5.11.4. Challenges
• 5.12. Digital Solutions and IoT in Carbon Utilization
• 5.13. Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
• 5.14. Carbon Utilization in Data Centers
• 5.15. Integration with Smart City Infrastructure
• 5.16. Novel Applications
  • 5.16.1. 3D Printing with CO2-derived Materials
  • 5.16.2. CO2 in Energy Storage
  • 5.16.3. CO2 in Electronics Manufacturing

6. CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE

• 6.1. Introduction
• 6.2. CO2 storage sites
  • 6.2.1. Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
  • 6.2.2. Oil and gas fields
  • 6.2.3. Saline formations
  • 6.2.4. Coal seams and shale
  • 6.2.5. Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
• 6.3. CO2 leakage
• 6.4. Global CO2 storage capacity
• 6.5. CO2 Storage Projects
• 6.6. CO2 -EOR
  • 6.6.1. Description
  • 6.6.2. Injected CO2
  • 6.6.3. CO2 capture with CO2 -EOR facilities
  • 6.6.4. Companies
  • 6.6.5. Economics
• 6.7. Costs
• 6.8. Challenges
• 6.9. Storage Monitoring Technologies
• 6.10. Underground Hydrogen Storage Synergies
• 6.11. Advanced Modelling and Simulation
• 6.12. Storage Site Selection Criteria
• 6.13. Risk Assessment and Management

7. CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION

• 7.1. Introduction
• 7.2. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
• 7.3. CO2 transportation by pipeline
• 7.4. CO2 transportation by ship
• 7.5. CO2 transportation by rail and truck
• 7.6. Cost analysis of different methods
• 7.7. Smart Pipeline Networks
• 7.8. Transportation Hubs and Infrastructure
• 7.9. Safety Systems and Monitoring
• 7.10. Future Transportation Technologies
• 7.11. Companies

8. COMPANY PROFILES (374 company profiles)

9. APPENDICES

• 9.1. Abbreviations
• 9.2. Research Methodology
• 9.3. Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
• 9.4. Technology Readiness Level (TRL)

10. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
• Table 2. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2025
• Table 3. Global Investment in Carbon Capture Technologies (2010-2024)
• Table 4. CCUS VC deals 2022-2025
• Table 5. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook
• Table 6. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China
• Table 7. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation
• Table 8. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction
• Table 9. Cost Reduction Using Proven and Emerging Technologies
• Table 10. Key market barriers for CCUS
• Table 11. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world
• Table 12. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters
• Table 13. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 endpoint, Mtpa of CO2, to 2046
• Table 14. Capture capacity by region to 2046, Mtpa
• Table 15. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO2 offtaker, billion US $ to 2046
• Table 16. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO2, to 2046
• Table 17. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 source sector, Mtpa of CO2, to 2046
• Table 18. CCUS Cost Projections 2025-2046
• Table 19. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 20. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
• Table 21. CO2 capture technologies
• Table 22. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
• Table 23. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
• Table 24. Methods of CO2 transport
• Table 25. Comparison of CO2 Transportation Methods
• Table 26. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
• Table 27. Key Milestones in Carbon Market Development
• Table 28.Carbon Credit Prices by Market
• Table 29. Carbon Credit Project Types
• Table 30. Life Cycle Assessment of CCUS Technologies
• Table 31. Environmental Impact Assessment for CCUS Technologies
• Table 32. Comparison of CO2 capture technologies
• Table 33. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies
• Table 34. Conditions and Performance for Capture Technologies
• Table 35. Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Existing Large-Scale Projects
• Table 36.Capture Percentages by technology
• Table 37. Metrics for CO2 Capture Agents
• Table 38. Energy consumption by technology
• Table 39. Technology Readiness of Carbon capture Technologies
• Table 40. Global CCUS Facilities Pipeline
• Table 41. PSCC technologies
• Table 42. Point source examples
• Table 43. Comparison of point-source CO2 capture systems
• Table 44. Blue hydrogen projects
• Table 45. Commercial CO2 capture systems for blue H2
• Table 46. Market players in blue hydrogen
• Table 47. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector
• Table 48. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector
• Table 49. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector
• Table 50. Assessment of carbon capture materials
• Table 51. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
• Table 52. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems
• Table 53. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
• Table 54.Amine Solvent Carbon Capture Technology Providers for Post-Combustion Capture
• Table 55.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents
• Table 56.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
• Table 57. Emerging solvents for carbon capture
• Table 58. Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
• Table 59. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion
• Table 60. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
• Table 61. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
• Table 62. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
• Table 63. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
• Table 64. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
• Table 65. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
• Table 66. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture
• Table 67. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture
• Table 68. Polymer-based adsorbents
• Table 69. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture
• Table 70. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems
• Table 71. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
• Table 72. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
• Table 73. Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
• Table 74. Membranes for pre-combustion capture
• Table 75. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies
• Table 76. Cryogenic Direct Air Capture Companies
• Table 77. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
• Table 78. Comparison of main separation technologies
• Table 79. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
• Table 80. Opportunities and Barriers by sector
• Table 81. DAC technologies
• Table 82. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
• Table 83. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
• Table 84. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
• Table 85. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
• Table 86. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
• Table 87. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
• Table 88. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 89. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
• Table 90. DAC technology developers and production
• Table 91. DAC projects in development
• Table 92. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2024-2046, base case
• Table 93. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2030-2046, optimistic case
• Table 94. Costs summary for DAC
• Table 95. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system
• Table 96. Cost estimates of DAC
• Table 97. Challenges for DAC technology
• Table 98. DAC companies and technologies
• Table 99. Example CO2 utilization pathways
• Table 100. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
• Table 101. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 102. Compnaies in Methanol Production from CO2
• Table 103. Microalgae products and prices
• Table 104. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
• Table 105. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
• Table 106. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
• Table 107. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
• Table 108. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
• Table 109. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 110. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
• Table 111. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
• Table 112. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
• Table 113. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food
• Table 114. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
• Table 115. AI Applications in Carbon Capture
• Table 116. Renewable Energy Integration in Carbon Capture
• Table 117. Mobile Carbon Capture Applications
• Table 118. Carbon Capture Retrofitting
• Table 119. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector
• Table 120. Benchmarking Carbon Capture Technologies in the Cement Sector
• Table 121. Post-combustion capture for BF-BOF processes
• Table 122. CCUS Project Pipeline for the Steel Sector
• Table 123.Market Drivers for Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)
• Table 124. CDR versus CCUS
• Table 125. Status and Potential of CDR Technologies
• Table 126. Main CDR methods
• Table 127. Novel CDR Methods
• Table 128.Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
• Table 129. CDR Value Chain
• Table 130. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain
• Table 131. Carbon pricing and carbon markets
• Table 132. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets
• Table 133. Carbon Crediting Programs
• Table 134. Channels for Purchasing Voluntary Carbon Credits
• Table 135. Voluntary Carbon Credits Trading Platforms and Exchanges
• Table 136. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
• Table 137. Nature-Based Solutions Market Dynamics
• Table 138. Voluntary Carbon Credits Pricing by Category and Project Type
• Table 139. Price Range Analysis by Project Quality and Type:
• Table 140. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
• Table 141. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits
• Table 142. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers
• Table 143. Prices of CDR Credits
• Table 144. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments
• Table 145. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms
• Table 146. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
• Table 147. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
• Table 148. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics
• Table 149. Challenges and Risks
• Table 150. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock
• Table 151. BiCRS feedstocks
• Table 152. BiCRS conversion pathways
• Table 153. BiCRS Technological Challenges
• Table 154. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
• Table 155. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
• Table 156. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
• Table 157. Challenges of BECCS
• Table 158. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods
• Table 159. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization
• Table 160. Companies in CO2-derived Concrete
• Table 161. Enhanced Weathering Applications
• Table 162. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes
• Table 163. Enhanced Weathering Companies
• Table 164. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering
• Table 165. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering
• Table 166. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering
• Table 167. Nature-based CDR approaches
• Table 168. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
• Table 169. Forest Carbon Removal Projects
• Table 170. Companies in Robotics in A/R
• Table 171. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation
• Table 172.Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation
• Table 173. Soil carbon sequestration practices
• Table 174. Soil sampling and analysis methods
• Table 175. Remote sensing and modeling techniques
• Table 176. Carbon credit protocols and standards
• Table 177. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
• Table 178. Key aspects of soil carbon credits
• Table 179. Challenges and Risks in SCS
• Table 180. Summary of key properties of biochar
• Table 181. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
• Table 182. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
• Table 183. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 184. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
• Table 185. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
• Table 186. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
• Table 187. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
• Table 188. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
• Table 189. Ocean-based CDR methods
• Table 190. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR
• Table 191. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods
• Table 192. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods
• Table 193. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR
• Table 194. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
• Table 195. Comparison of Low Carbon CO2 vs Incumbent Low Carbon Technologies
• Table 196. Carbon utilization business models
• Table 197. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
• Table 198. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
• Table 199. Example CO2 utilization pathways
• Table 200. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 201. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 202. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
• Table 203. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
• Table 204. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
• Table 205. Comparison of emerging CO2 utilization applications
• Table 206. Main routes to CO2-fuels
• Table 207. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
• Table 208. Main routes to CO2 -fuels
• Table 209.Comparison of e-fuels to fossil and biofuels
• Table 210. Existing and future CO2-derived synfuels (kerosene, diesel, and gasoline) projects.. :
• Table 211. CO2-Derived Methane Projects
• Table 212. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide
• Table 213. Power-to-Methane projects
• Table 214. Microalgae products and prices
• Table 215. Syngas Production Options for E-fuels
• Table 216. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
• Table 217. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
• Table 218. CO2 utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2046
• Table 219. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2046
• Table 220. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
• Table 221.CO2-derived Chemicals: Thermochemical Pathways
• Table 222. Thermochemical Methods: CO2-derived Methanol
• Table 223. CO2-derived Methanol Projects
• Table 224. CO2-Derived Methanol: Economic and Market Analysis (Next 5-10 Years)
• Table 225. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
• Table 226. Comparison of RWGS and SOEC Co-electrolysis Routes
• Table 227. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
• Table 228. Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO2U Chemicals
• Table 229. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
• Table 230. CO2 utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2046
• Table 231. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2046
• Table 232. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 233. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets
• Table 234. CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing
• Table 235. CO2 utilization business models in building materials
• Table 236. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
• Table 237. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
• Table 238. CO2 utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2046
• Table 239. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2046
• Table 240. Enrichment Technology
• Table 241. Food and Feed Production from CO2
• Table 242. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
• Table 243. CO2 utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO2 per year), 2025-2046
• Table 244. Global revenue forecast for CO2 use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2046
• Table 245. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
• Table 246. CO2 utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2046
• Table 247. Global revenue forecast for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2046
• Table 248. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
• Table 249. Digital and IoT Applications in Carbon Utilization
• Table 250. Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
• Table 251. Carbon Utilization Strategies in Data Centers
• Table 252. CCU Integration in Smart City Infrastructure
• Table 253. CO2-derived Materials in 3D Printing
• Table 254. CO2 Applications in Energy Storage
• Table 255. CO2 Applications in Electronics Manufacturing
• Table 256. Storage and utilization of CO2
• Table 257. Mechanisms of subsurface CO2 trapping
• Table 258. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
• Table 259. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects
• Table 260. CO2 EOR/storage projects
• Table 261. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
• Table 262. Global storage capacity estimates, by region
• Table 263. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO2 Storage
• Table 264. Carbon storage challenges
• Table 265. Status of CO2 Storage Projects
• Table 266. Types of CO2 -EOR designs
• Table 267. CO2 capture with CO2 -EOR facilities
• Table 268. CO2 -EOR companies
• Table 269. Carbon Capture Storage Monitoring Technologies
• Table 270. Storage Site Selection Criteria
• Table 271. Phases of CO2 for transportation
• Table 272. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
• Table 273. Status of CO2 transportation methods in CCS projects
• Table 274. CO2 pipelines Technical challenges
• Table 275. Cost comparison of CO2 transportation methods
• Table 276. Components of Smart Pipeline Networks
• Table 277. Components of CO2 Transportation Hubs
• Table 278. CO2 Pipeline Safety Systems and Monitoring
• Table 279. Emerging CO2 Transportation Technologies
• Table 280. CO2 transport operators
• Table 281. List of abbreviations
• Table 282. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
• Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
• Figure 3. CCUS business model
• Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use
• Figure 5. Regional capacity share 2025-2035
• Figure 6. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2024, millions USD
• Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
• Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035
• Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects
• Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain
• Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process
• Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
• Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system
• Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
• Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
• Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
• Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies
• Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
• Figure 19. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
• Figure 20. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
• Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
• Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology
• Figure 23. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
• Figure 24. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2024
• Figure 25. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2046
• Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS)
• Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant
• Figure 28. POX process flow diagram
• Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
• Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
• Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping
• Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
• Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
• Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology
• Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology
• Figure 38. Membrane separation technology
• Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
• Figure 40. Cryocap(TM) process
• Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor
• Figure 42. LEILAC process
• Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
• Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture
• Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture
• Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2
• Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030
• Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
• Figure 49. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
• Figure 50. DAC technologies
• Figure 51. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
• Figure 52. Climeworks' first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
• Figure 53. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
• Figure 54. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
• Figure 55. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
• Figure 56. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
• Figure 57. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
• Figure 58. Co2 utilization pathways and products
• Figure 59. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 60. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 61. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
• Figure 62. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
• Figure 63. Audi synthetic fuels
• Figure 64. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
• Figure 65. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
• Figure 66. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
• Figure 67. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
• Figure 68. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
• Figure 69. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
• Figure 70. Algal cultivation in the desert
• Figure 71. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
• Figure 72. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
• Figure 73. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
• Figure 74. Process Flow of Carbon Trading: Total Carbon Credits (CCs), amounting to CCB (MtCO2e) = (c) - EB, are issued to firm with CHG emissions below the allowance. These credits can be subsequently sold to firm with emissions exceeding the allowance. In the representation, the latter firm must purchase total credits equivalent to CCA (MtCO2e) = EA - (c)
• Figure 75. BiCRS Value Chain
• Figure 76. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
• Figure 77. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide
• Figure 78. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation
• Figure 79. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
• Figure 80. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
• Figure 81. SWOT analysis: SCS
• Figure 82. Schematic of biochar production
• Figure 83. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
• Figure 84. Compressed biochar
• Figure 85. Biochar production diagram
• Figure 86. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
• Figure 87. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR
• Figure 88. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR
• Figure 89. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
• Figure 90. Applications for CO2
• Figure 91. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
• Figure 92. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
• Figure 93. Co2 utilization pathways and products
• Figure 94. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
• Figure 95. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
• Figure 96. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
• Figure 97. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
• Figure 98. Econic catalyst systems
• Figure 99. Mineral carbonation processes
• Figure 100. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
• Figure 101. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
• Figure 102. SWOT analysis: e-fuels
• Figure 103. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
• Figure 104. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO2 c
• Figure 105. Audi synthetic fuels
• Figure 106. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
• Figure 107. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
• Figure 108. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
• Figure 109. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
• Figure 110. Carbon8 Systems' ACT process
• Figure 111. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
• Figure 112. Algal cultivation in the desert
• Figure 113. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
• Figure 114. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
• Figure 115. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
• Figure 116. Carbon mineralization pathways
• Figure 117. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
• Figure 118. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
• Figure 119. Subsurface storage cost estimation
• Figure 120. Air Products production process
• Figure 121. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
• Figure 122. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
• Figure 123. Aspiring Materials method
• Figure 124. Aymium's Biocarbon production
• Figure 125. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
• Figure 126. Carbonminer technology
• Figure 127. Carbon Blade system
• Figure 128. CarbonCure Technology
• Figure 129. Direct Air Capture Process
• Figure 130. CRI process
• Figure 131. PCCSD Project in China
• Figure 132. Orca facility
• Figure 133. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
• Figure 134. Colyser process
• Figure 135. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
• Figure 136. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
• Figure 137. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
• Figure 138. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
• Figure 139. Heirloom DAC facilities
• Figure 140. Carbon Capture balloon
• Figure 141. Holy Grail DAC system
• Figure 142. INERATEC unit
• Figure 143. Infinitree swing method
• Figure 144. Audi/Krajete unit
• Figure 145. Made of Air's HexChar panels
• Figure 146. Mosaic Materials MOFs
• Figure 147. Neustark modular plant
• Figure 148. OCOchem's Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
• Figure 149. ZerCaL(TM) process
• Figure 150. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
• Figure 151. RepAir technology
• Figure 152. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system
• Figure 153. Soletair Power unit
• Figure 154. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
• Figure 155. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
• Figure 156. Takavator
• Figure 157. O12 Reactor
• Figure 158. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
• Figure 159. CO2 made car part
• Figure 160. Molecular sieving membrane