The Global Li-ion and Next-Gen Battery Market 2026-2036

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1. The Li-ion Battery Market in 2025
• 1.2. Global Market Forecasts to 2036
  • 1.2.1. Addressable markets
  • 1.2.2. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh)
    • 1.2.2.1. Battery Chemistry Distribution by Vehicle Type 2036
    • 1.2.2.2. OEM Strategies 2036
  • 1.2.3. Li-ion battery market value for XEV ($B)
    • 1.2.3.1. Market Value Dynamics
    • 1.2.3.2. Price Trajectory Drivers
  • 1.2.4. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh)
    • 1.2.4.1. Technology Roadmap
    • 1.2.4.2. Competitive Positioning
    • 1.2.4.3. Technology Evolution 2025-2036
  • 1.2.5. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B)
    • 1.2.5.1. Pricing Dynamics
  • 1.2.6. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh)
  • 1.2.7. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh)
    • 1.2.7.1. Growth Analysis
  • 1.2.8. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B)
    • 1.2.8.1. Pricing Analysis
    • 1.2.8.2. Profitability Outlook for Sodium-Ion Manufacturers
  • 1.2.9. Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand
    • 1.2.9.1. Market Transition Analysis
    • 1.2.9.2. Long-Term Outlook (Post-2036)
    • 1.2.9.3. Why Beyond Li-ion Remains Limited Through 2036
    • 1.2.9.4. Market Share Trajectories by Technology
  • 1.2.10. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.2.11. BEV anode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.2.12. BEV anode forecast ($B)
  • 1.2.13. EV cathode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.2.14. EV Anode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.2.15. Advanced anode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.2.16. Advanced anode forecast (S$B)
    • 1.2.16.1. Market Dynamics 2036
• 1.3. The global market for advanced Li-ion batteries
  • 1.3.1. Electric vehicles
    • 1.3.1.1. Market overview
    • 1.3.1.2. Battery Electric Vehicles
    • 1.3.1.3. Electric buses, vans and trucks
      • 1.3.1.3.1. Electric medium and heavy duty trucks
      • 1.3.1.3.2. Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs)
      • 1.3.1.3.3. Electric buses
      • 1.3.1.3.4. Micro EVs
    • 1.3.1.4. Electric off-road
      • 1.3.1.4.1. Construction vehicles
      • 1.3.1.4.2. Electric trains
      • 1.3.1.4.3. Electric boats
    • 1.3.1.5. Market demand and forecasts
    • 1.3.1.6. Market Analysis
      • 1.3.1.6.1. BEV Passenger Cars - Dominant Segment
      • 1.3.1.6.2. PHEV Passenger Cars - Transitional Technology:
      • 1.3.1.6.3. Profitability Analysis 2036
      • 1.3.1.6.4. Electric Buses
      • 1.3.1.6.5. Delivery Vans
      • 1.3.1.6.6. Medium-Duty Trucks
      • 1.3.1.6.7. Heavy-Duty Trucks
      • 1.3.1.6.8. Micro-EVs
        • 1.3.1.6.8.1. Micro-EV Market Overview
  • 1.3.2. Grid storage
    • 1.3.2.1. Market overview
    • 1.3.2.2. Technologies
    • 1.3.2.3. Market demand and forecasts
    • 1.3.2.4. Utility-Scale Grid Storage
      • 1.3.2.4.1. Application Categories
    • 1.3.2.5. Key Market Drivers
    • 1.3.2.6. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage
      • 1.3.2.6.1. Application Categories:
    • 1.3.2.7. Residential Grid Storage
      • 1.3.2.7.1. Application Categories
      • 1.3.2.7.2. Market Outlook
  • 1.3.3. Consumer electronics
    • 1.3.3.1. Market overview
    • 1.3.3.2. Technologies
    • 1.3.3.3. Market demand and forecasts
  • 1.3.4. Stationary batteries
    • 1.3.4.1. Market overview
    • 1.3.4.2. Technologies
    • 1.3.4.3. Market demand and forecasts
• 1.4. Market drivers
• 1.5. Battery market megatrends
• 1.6. Advanced materials for batteries
• 1.7. Motivation for battery development beyond lithium
• 1.8. Battery chemistries

2. LI-ION BATTERIES

• 2.1. Types of Lithium Batteries
• 2.2. Anode materials
  • 2.2.1. Graphite
  • 2.2.2. Lithium Titanate
  • 2.2.3. Lithium Metal
  • 2.2.4. Silicon anodes
• 2.3. SWOT analysis
• 2.4. Trends in the Li-ion battery market
• 2.5. Li-ion technology roadmap
• 2.6. Silicon anodes
  • 2.6.1. Benefits
  • 2.6.2. Silicon anode performance
  • 2.6.3. Development in li-ion batteries
    • 2.6.3.1. Manufacturing silicon
    • 2.6.3.2. Commercial production
    • 2.6.3.3. Costs
    • 2.6.3.4. Value chain
    • 2.6.3.5. Markets and applications
      • 2.6.3.5.1. EVs
      • 2.6.3.5.2. Consumer electronics
      • 2.6.3.5.3. Energy Storage
      • 2.6.3.5.4. Portable Power Tools
      • 2.6.3.5.5. Emergency Backup Power
    • 2.6.3.6. Future outlook
  • 2.6.4. Consumption
    • 2.6.4.1. By anode material type
    • 2.6.4.2. By end use market
  • 2.6.5. Alloy anode materials
  • 2.6.6. Silicon-carbon composites
  • 2.6.7. Silicon oxides and coatings
  • 2.6.8. Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion
  • 2.6.9. Graphene coatings for Li-ion
  • 2.6.10. Prices
  • 2.6.11. Companies
• 2.7. Li-ion electrolytes
• 2.8. Cathodes
  • 2.8.1. Materials
    • 2.8.1.1. High and Ultra-High nickel cathode materials
      • 2.8.1.1.1. Types
      • 2.8.1.1.2. Benefits
      • 2.8.1.1.3. Stability
      • 2.8.1.1.4. Single Crystal Cathodes
      • 2.8.1.1.5. Commercial activity
      • 2.8.1.1.6. Manufacturing
      • 2.8.1.1.7. High manganese content
    • 2.8.1.2. Zero-cobalt NMx
      • 2.8.1.2.1. Overview
      • 2.8.1.2.2. Ultra-high nickel, zero-cobalt cathodes
      • 2.8.1.2.3. Extending the operating voltage
      • 2.8.1.2.4. Operating NMC cathodes at high voltages
    • 2.8.1.3. Lithium-Manganese-Rich (Li-Mn-Rich, LMR-NMC)
      • 2.8.1.3.1. Li-Mn-rich cathodes LMR-NMC
      • 2.8.1.3.2. Stability
      • 2.8.1.3.3. Energy density
      • 2.8.1.3.4. Commercialization
      • 2.8.1.3.5. Hybrid battery chemistry design for manganese-rich
    • 2.8.1.4. Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) - LCO
    • 2.8.1.5. Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) - LFP
    • 2.8.1.6. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) - LMO
    • 2.8.1.7. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) - NMC
    • 2.8.1.8. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) - NCA
    • 2.8.1.9. Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP)
    • 2.8.1.10. Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)
      • 2.8.1.10.1. Key characteristics
      • 2.8.1.10.2. LMFP energy density
      • 2.8.1.10.3. Costs
      • 2.8.1.10.4. Saft phosphate-based cathodes
      • 2.8.1.10.5. Commercialization
      • 2.8.1.10.6. Challenges
      • 2.8.1.10.7. LMFP (lithium manganese iron phosphate) market
      • 2.8.1.10.8. Companies
    • 2.8.1.11. Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)
      • 2.8.1.11.1. Overview
      • 2.8.1.11.2. High-voltage spinel cathode LNMO
      • 2.8.1.11.3. LNMO energy density
      • 2.8.1.11.4. Cathode chemistry selection
      • 2.8.1.11.5. LNMO (lithium nickel manganese oxide) high-voltage spinel cathodes cost
    • 2.8.1.12. Graphite and LTO
    • 2.8.1.13. Silicon
    • 2.8.1.14. Lithium metal
  • 2.8.2. Alternative Cathode Production
    • 2.8.2.1. Production/Synthesis
    • 2.8.2.2. Commercial development
    • 2.8.2.3. Recycling cathodes
  • 2.8.3. Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials
  • 2.8.4. Emerging cathode material synthesis methods
  • 2.8.5. Cathode coatings
• 2.9. Binders and conductive additives
  • 2.9.1. Materials
• 2.10. Separators
  • 2.10.1. Materials
• 2.11. High-Performance Lithium-Ion Systems: Approaching 350 Wh/kg
  • 2.11.1. Energy Density Evolution and Current State
  • 2.11.2. Pathways to 350+ Wh/kg
    • 2.11.2.1. Cathode Advances
    • 2.11.2.2. Anode Advances
    • 2.11.2.3. Electrolyte and Cell Design Optimization
  • 2.11.3. Performance Projections and Technology Roadmap
    • 2.11.3.1. Critical Dependencies and Risk Factors
  • 2.11.4. Commercial Deployment Timeline
• 2.12. PFAS-Free Battery Additives and Regulatory Transitions
  • 2.12.1. Global Regulatory Trend Analysis
  • 2.12.2. PFAS Materials in Current Battery Manufacturing
  • 2.12.3. Non-PFAS Cathode Binders - The Critical Challenge
  • 2.12.4. Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Technologies
    • 2.12.4.1. Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) and Lithium Polyacrylate (Li-PAA)
    • 2.12.4.2. Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Modified Cellulose Derivatives
    • 2.12.4.3. Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Acrylamide Copolymers
    • 2.12.4.4. Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Synthetic Rubber Derivatives
    • 2.12.4.5. Hybrid and Composite Binder Systems
  • 2.12.5. PFAS in Electrolyte Additives - Critical Performance Trade-offs
    • 2.12.5.1. Major PFAS Electrolyte Additives
  • 2.12.6. Market Analysis
• 2.13. Platinum group metals
• 2.14. Li-ion battery market players
• 2.15. Li-ion recycling
  • 2.15.1. Comparison of recycling techniques
  • 2.15.2. Hydrometallurgy
    • 2.15.2.1. Method overview
      • 2.15.2.1.1. Solvent extraction
    • 2.15.2.2. SWOT analysis
  • 2.15.3. Pyrometallurgy
    • 2.15.3.1. Method overview
    • 2.15.3.2. SWOT analysis
  • 2.15.4. Direct recycling
    • 2.15.4.1. Method overview
      • 2.15.4.1.1. Electrolyte separation
      • 2.15.4.1.2. Separating cathode and anode materials
      • 2.15.4.1.3. Binder removal
      • 2.15.4.1.4. Relithiation
      • 2.15.4.1.5. Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
      • 2.15.4.1.6. Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
    • 2.15.4.2. SWOT analysis
  • 2.15.5. Other methods
    • 2.15.5.1. Mechanochemical Pretreatment
    • 2.15.5.2. Electrochemical Method
    • 2.15.5.3. Ionic Liquids
  • 2.15.6. Recycling of Specific Components
    • 2.15.6.1. Anode (Graphite)
    • 2.15.6.2. Cathode
    • 2.15.6.3. Electrolyte
  • 2.15.7. Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
    • 2.15.7.1. Conventional vs Emerging Processes
• 2.16. Global revenues

3. LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES

• 3.1. Technology description
• 3.2. Solid-state batteries and lithium metal anodes
• 3.3. Increasing energy density
• 3.4. Lithium-metal anodes
  • 3.4.1. Overview
• 3.5. Challenges
• 3.6. Energy density
• 3.7. Anode-less Cells
  • 3.7.1. Overview
  • 3.7.2. Benefits
  • 3.7.3. Key companies
• 3.8. Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries
• 3.9. Hybrid batteries
• 3.10. Applications
• 3.11. SWOT analysis
• 3.12. Product developers

4. LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

• 4.1. Technology description
• 4.2. Operating principle of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries
  • 4.2.1. Advantages
  • 4.2.2. Challenges
  • 4.2.3. Commercialization
• 4.3. Costs
• 4.4. Material composition
• 4.5. Lithium intensity
• 4.6. Value chain
• 4.7. Markets
• 4.8. SWOT analysis
• 4.9. Global revenues
• 4.10. Product developers

5. LITHIUM TITANATE OXIDE (LTO) AND NIOBATE BATTERIES

• 5.1. Technology description
  • 5.1.1. Lithium titanate oxide (LTO)
  • 5.1.2. Niobium titanium oxide (NTO)
    • 5.1.2.1. Niobium tungsten oxide
    • 5.1.2.2. Vanadium oxide anodes
• 5.2. Global revenues
• 5.3. Product developers

6. SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES

• 6.1. Technology description
  • 6.1.1. Cathode materials
    • 6.1.1.1. Layered transition metal oxides
      • 6.1.1.1.1. Types
      • 6.1.1.1.2. Cycling performance
      • 6.1.1.1.3. Advantages and disadvantages
      • 6.1.1.1.4. Market prospects for LO SIB
    • 6.1.1.2. Polyanionic materials
      • 6.1.1.2.1. Advantages and disadvantages
      • 6.1.1.2.2. Types
      • 6.1.1.2.3. Market prospects for Poly SIB
    • 6.1.1.3. Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
      • 6.1.1.3.1. Types
      • 6.1.1.3.2. Advantages and disadvantages
      • 6.1.1.3.3. Market prospects for PBA-SIB
  • 6.1.2. Anode materials
    • 6.1.2.1. Hard carbons
    • 6.1.2.2. Carbon black
    • 6.1.2.3. Graphite
    • 6.1.2.4. Carbon nanotubes
    • 6.1.2.5. Graphene
    • 6.1.2.6. Alloying materials
    • 6.1.2.7. Sodium Titanates
    • 6.1.2.8. Sodium Metal
  • 6.1.3. Electrolytes
• 6.2. Comparative analysis with other battery types
• 6.3. Cost comparison with Li-ion
• 6.4. Materials in sodium-ion battery cells
• 6.5. SWOT analysis
• 6.6. Global revenues
• 6.7. Product developers
  • 6.7.1. Battery Manufacturers
  • 6.7.2. Large Corporations
  • 6.7.3. Automotive Companies
  • 6.7.4. Chemicals and Materials Firms

7. SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

• 7.1. Technology description
• 7.2. Applications
• 7.3. SWOT analysis

8. ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES

• 8.1. Technology description
• 8.2. SWOT analysis
• 8.3. Commercialization
• 8.4. Global revenues
• 8.5. Product developers

9. SOLID STATE BATTERIES

• 9.1. Technology description
  • 9.1.1. Solid-state electrolytes
• 9.2. Features and advantages
• 9.3. Technical specifications
• 9.4. Types
• 9.5. Technology Readiness and Manufacturing Status
  • 9.5.1. Manufacturing Process Comparison
  • 9.5.2. Critical Manufacturing Challenges and Solutions
• 9.6. Automotive OEM Strategies and Deployment Timelines
• 9.7. Microbatteries
  • 9.7.1. Introduction
  • 9.7.2. Materials
  • 9.7.3. Applications
  • 9.7.4. 3D designs
    • 9.7.4.1. 3D printed batteries
• 9.8. Bulk type solid-state batteries
• 9.9. SWOT analysis
• 9.10. Limitations
• 9.11. Global revenues
• 9.12. Product developers

10. STRUCTURAL BATTERY COMPOSITES

• 10.1. Introduction
• 10.2. Materials and Architecture
• 10.3. Applications
  • 10.3.1. Electric Vehicle Applications
  • 10.3.2. Aerospace and Aviation
  • 10.3.3. Consumer Electronics and Portable Devices
  • 10.3.4. Construction and Infrastructure
• 10.4. Technical Challenges
  • 10.4.1. Energy Density Limitations
  • 10.4.2. Long-term Mechanical and Electrochemical Stability
• 10.5. Supply chain
• 10.6. Market Forecasts
• 10.7. Safety Considerations
  • 10.7.1. Safety Challenges
• 10.8. Environmental profile of structural battery composites

11. FLEXIBLE BATTERIES

• 11.1. Technology description
• 11.2. Technical specifications
  • 11.2.1. Approaches to flexibility
• 11.3. Flexible electronics
• 11.4. Flexible materials
• 11.5. Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries
• 11.6. Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries
• 11.7. Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries
  • 11.7.1. Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs
    • 11.7.1.1. Flexible planar LiBs
    • 11.7.1.2. Flexible Fiber LiBs
    • 11.7.1.3. Flexible micro-LiBs
    • 11.7.1.4. Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
    • 11.7.1.5. Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
• 11.8. Flexible Li/S batteries
  • 11.8.1. Components
  • 11.8.2. Carbon nanomaterials
• 11.9. Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li-MnO2) batteries
• 11.10. Flexible zinc-based batteries
  • 11.10.1. Components
    • 11.10.1.1. Anodes
    • 11.10.1.2. Cathodes
  • 11.10.2. Challenges
  • 11.10.3. Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn-Mn) batteries
  • 11.10.4. Flexible silver-zinc (Ag-Zn) batteries
  • 11.10.5. Flexible Zn-Air batteries
  • 11.10.6. Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
• 11.11. Fiber-shaped batteries
  • 11.11.1. Carbon nanotubes
  • 11.11.2. Types
  • 11.11.3. Applications
  • 11.11.4. Challenges
• 11.12. Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices
• 11.13. SWOT analysis
• 11.14. Global revenues
• 11.15. Product developers

12. TRANSPARENT BATTERIES

• 12.1. Technology description
• 12.2. Components
• 12.3. SWOT analysis
• 12.4. Market outlook

13. DEGRADABLE BATTERIES

• 13.1. Technology description
• 13.2. Components
• 13.3. SWOT analysis
• 13.4. Market outlook
• 13.5. Product developers

14. PRINTED BATTERIES

• 14.1. Technical specifications
• 14.2. Components
• 14.3. Design
• 14.4. Key features
• 14.5. Printable current collectors
• 14.6. Printable electrodes
• 14.7. Materials
• 14.8. Applications
• 14.9. Printing techniques
• 14.10. Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
• 14.11. Zinc-based printed batteries
• 14.12. 3D Printed batteries
  • 14.12.1. 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
  • 14.12.2. Materials for 3D printed batteries
    • 14.12.2.1. Electrode materials
    • 14.12.2.2. Electrolyte Materials
• 14.13. SWOT analysis
• 14.14. Global revenues
• 14.15. Product developers

15. REDOX FLOW BATTERIES

• 15.1. Technology description
• 15.2. Market Overview
• 15.3. Technology Benchmarking - Chemistry Comparison
• 15.4. Chemistry Selection Matrix by Application
• 15.5. Component Technologies and Cost Reduction Pathways
• 15.6. Component Innovation
• 15.7. Types
  • 15.7.1. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
    • 15.7.1.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.1.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.1.3. Market players
  • 15.7.2. Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)
    • 15.7.2.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.2.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.2.3. Market players
  • 15.7.3. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)
    • 15.7.3.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.3.2. SWOT analysis
  • 15.7.4. Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB)
    • 15.7.4.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.4.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.4.3. Market players
  • 15.7.5. All-Iron flow batteries
    • 15.7.5.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.5.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.5.3. Market players
  • 15.7.6. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries
    • 15.7.6.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.6.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.6.3. Market players
  • 15.7.7. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
    • 15.7.7.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.7.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.7.3. Market players
  • 15.7.8. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries
    • 15.7.8.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.8.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.8.3. Market players
  • 15.7.9. Organic flow batteries
    • 15.7.9.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.9.2. SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.9.3. Market players
  • 15.7.10. Emerging Flow-Batteries
    • 15.7.10.1. Semi-Solid Redox Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.10.2. Solar Redox Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.10.3. Air-Breathing Sulfur Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.10.4. Metal-CO2 Batteries
  • 15.7.11. Hybrid Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.11.1. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.1.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.11.2. Zinc-Polyiodide Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.2.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.11.3. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.3.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.11.4. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.4.1. Technology description
    • 15.7.11.5. Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.5.1. Technology description
• 15.8. Markets for redox flow batteries
• 15.9. Global revenues
  • 15.9.1. Regional Market Analysis and Capacity Distribution

16. ZN-BASED BATTERIES

• 16.1. Technology description
  • 16.1.1. Zinc-Air batteries
  • 16.1.2. Zinc-ion batteries
  • 16.1.3. Zinc-bromide
• 16.2. Market outlook
• 16.3. Product developers

17. AI BATTERY TECHNOLOGY

• 17.1. Overview
• 17.2. Applications
  • 17.2.1. Machine Learning
    • 17.2.1.1. Overview
  • 17.2.2. Material Informatics
    • 17.2.2.1. Overview
    • 17.2.2.2. Companies
  • 17.2.3. Cell Testing
    • 17.2.3.1. Overview
    • 17.2.3.2. Companies
  • 17.2.4. Cell Assembly and Manufacturing
    • 17.2.4.1. Overview
    • 17.2.4.2. Companies
  • 17.2.5. Battery Analytics
    • 17.2.5.1. Overview
    • 17.2.5.2. Companies
  • 17.2.6. Second Life Assessment
    • 17.2.6.1. Overview
    • 17.2.6.2. Companies

18. PRINTED SUPERCAPACITORS

• 18.1. Overview
• 18.2. Printing methods
• 18.3. Electrode materials
• 18.4. Electrolytes

19. CELL AND BATTERY DESIGN

• 19.1. Cell Design
  • 19.1.1. Overview
    • 19.1.1.1. Larger cell formats
    • 19.1.1.2. Bipolar battery architecture
    • 19.1.1.3. Thick Format Electrodes
    • 19.1.1.4. Dual Electrolyte Li-ion
  • 19.1.2. Commercial examples
    • 19.1.2.1. Tesla 4680 Tabless Cell
    • 19.1.2.2. EnPower multi-layer electrode technology
    • 19.1.2.3. Prieto Battery
    • 19.1.2.4. Addionics
  • 19.1.3. Electrolyte Additives
  • 19.1.4. Enhancing battery performance
• 19.2. Cell Performance
  • 19.2.1. Energy density
    • 19.2.1.1. BEV cell energy
    • 19.2.1.2. Cell energy density
• 19.3. Battery Packs
  • 19.3.1. Cell-to-pack
  • 19.3.2. Cell-to-chassis/body
  • 19.3.3. Bipolar batteries
  • 19.3.4. Hybrid battery packs
    • 19.3.4.1. CATL
    • 19.3.4.2. Our Next Energy
    • 19.3.4.3. Nio
  • 19.3.5. Battery Management System (BMS)
    • 19.3.5.1. Overview
    • 19.3.5.2. Advantages
    • 19.3.5.3. Innovation
    • 19.3.5.4. Fast charging capabilities
    • 19.3.5.5. Wireless Battery Management System technology

20. COMPANY PROFILES (406 company profiles)

21. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 21.1. Report scope
• 21.2. Research methodology

22. REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Trends in the Li-ion market in 2025
• Table 2. Total Addressable Market for Li-ion Batteries
• Table 3. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 4. Regional XEV Battery Demand 2036
• Table 5. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036
• Table 6. Market Value by Chemistry 2036
• Table 7. Regional Market Value Distribution 2036
• Table 8. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 9. Semi-solid-state battery Application Analysis 2036
• Table 10. Semi-solid-state battery Cost Evolution
• Table 11. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
• Table 12. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
• Table 13. Application Value Breakdown 2036
• Table 14. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 15. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
• Table 16. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 17. Sodium-ion Technology Distribution 2036
• Table 18. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
• Table 19. Sodium-ion Regional Market Value 2036
• Table 20. Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand 2019-2036
• Table 21. Technology Composition of Beyond Li-ion 2036
• Table 22. Market Value Comparison: Li-ion vs Beyond Li-ion 2036
• Table 23. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 24. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 25. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036
• Table 26. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 27. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 28. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Table 29. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036
• Table 30. Annual sales of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 2018-2036
• Table 31. Battery chemistries used in electric buses
• Table 32. Micro EV types
• Table 33. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types
• Table 34. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats
• Table 35. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036
• Table 36. Regional Breakdown 2036
• Table 37. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036
• Table 38. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2036
• Table 39. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2036
• Table 40. Regional Distribution 2036
• Table 41. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036
• Table 42. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh)
• Table 43. Regional Micro-EVs Battery Value 2036
• Table 44. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage
• Table 45. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036
• Table 46. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Project Size Distribution 2036:
• Table 47. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036
• Table 48. Battery Chemistry Mix Utility-Scale 2036
• Table 49. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Customer Segments 2036
• Table 50. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036
• Table 51. Battery Chemistry Mix C&I 2036
• Table 52. Residential Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036
• Table 53. Battery Chemistry Mix Residential 2036
• Table 54. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics
• Table 55. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage
• Table 56. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries
• Table 57. Battery market megatrends
• Table 58. Advanced materials for batteries
• Table 59. Motivation for Battery Development Beyond Lithium
• Table 60. Battery Chemistries
• Table 61. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition
• Table 62. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain
• Table 63. Types of lithium battery
• Table 64. Comparison of Li-ion battery anode materials
• Table 65. Trends in the Li-ion battery market
• Table 66. Si-anode performance summary
• Table 67. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes
• Table 68. Market Players' Production Capacites
• Table 69. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements
• Table 70. Markets and applications for silicon anodes
• Table 71. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes)
• Table 72. Anode material consumption by end use market (tonnes)
• Table 73. Anode materials prices, current and forecasted (USD/kg)
• Table 74. Silicon-anode companies
• Table 75. Li-ion battery cathode materials
• Table 76. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development
• Table 77. Benefits of High and Ultra-High Nickel NMC
• Table 78. Routes to High Nickel Cathode Stabilisation
• Table 79. High-nickel Products Table
• Table 80. Li-Mn-rich / lithium-manganese-rich / LMR-NMC costs
• Table 81. Commercial lithium-manganese-rich cathode development
• Table 82. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode developers
• Table 83. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
• Table 84. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
• Table 85. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material
• Table 86. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
• Table 87. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
• Table 88. LMFP Cell Performance
• Table 89. LMFP Energy Density Analysis
• Table 90. LMFP Cost Analysis
• Table 91. LMFP Cathode Developers
• Table 92. LNMO Performance
• Table 93. LNMO Energy Density Comparison
• Table 94. Alternative Cathode Production Routes
• Table 95. Alternative cathode synthesis routes
• Table 96. Alternative Cathode Production Companies
• Table 97. Recycled cathode materials facilities and capactites
• Table 98. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials
• Table 99. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials
• Table 100. Li-ion battery Separator materials
• Table 101. Lithium-Ion Cell Energy Density Evolution 2000-2036
• Table 102. Anode Technology Comparison for High-Energy Cells
• Table 103. Energy Density Technology Roadmap 2025-2036
• Table 104. Market Penetration Forecast - High Energy Density Cells (>350 Wh/kg)
• Table 105. PFAS Regulations Impacting Battery Manufacturing 2025-2036
• Table 106. PFAS Compounds in Lithium-Ion Battery Production
• Table 107. Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Performance Comparison
• Table 108. PFAS Electrolyte Additives and Functions
• Table 109. Economic Impact of PFAS Elimination by Cell Component ($/kWh)
• Table 110. Revenue Impact
• Table 111. Li-ion battery market players
• Table 112. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow
• Table 113. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries
• Table 114. Comparison of LIB recycling methods
• Table 115. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries
• Table 116. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 117. Anode-less lithium-metal cell benefits
• Table 118. Anode-less lithium-metal cell developers
• Table 119. Hybrid Battery Technologies
• Table 120. Applications for Li-metal batteries
• Table 121. Li-metal battery developers
• Table 122. Li-S performance characteristics
• Table 123. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types
• Table 124. Challenges with lithium-sulfur
• Table 125. Li-S advantages and use cases
• Table 126. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 127. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers
• Table 128. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 129. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries
• Table 130. Comparison of cathode materials
• Table 131. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
• Table 132. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials
• Table 133. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes
• Table 134. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials
• Table 135. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries
• Table 136. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials
• Table 137. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes
• Table 138. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes
• Table 139. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite
• Table 140. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof
• Table 141. Comparison of carbon based anodes
• Table 142. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries
• Table 143. Na-ion electrolyte formulations
• Table 144. Pros and cons compared to other battery types
• Table 145. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries
• Table 146. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells
• Table 147. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 148. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 149. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries
• Table 150. Types of solid-state electrolytes
• Table 151. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries
• Table 152. Solid Electrolyte Material Comparison
• Table 153. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries
• Table 154. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries
• Table 155. Solid-State Battery Technology Readiness Level (TRL) by Company 2025
• Table 156. Automotive OEM Solid-State Battery Programs 2025-2036
• Table 157. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries
• Table 158. Solid-State Battery Market Forecast by Electrolyte Type 2025-2036
• Table 159. Solid-state thin-film battery market players
• Table 160. Key Material Properties for Structural Battery Composites
• Table 161. Electric Vehicle Impact Analysis - Structural Battery Composites
• Table 162. Structural Battery Composites Market Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 163. Life Cycle Environmental Impact Comparison (per kg of material)
• Table 164. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements
• Table 165. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Table 166. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components
• Table 167. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes
• Table 168. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries
• Table 169. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries
• Table 170. Types of fiber-shaped batteries
• Table 171. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 172. Product developers in flexible batteries
• Table 173. Components of transparent batteries
• Table 174. Components of degradable batteries
• Table 175. Product developers in degradable batteries
• Table 176. Main components and properties of different printed battery types
• Table 177. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements
• Table 178. 2D and 3D printing techniques
• Table 179. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries
• Table 180. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries
• Table 181. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn-MnO2 and other battery types
• Table 182. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
• Table 183. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries
• Table 184. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Table 185. Product developers in printed batteries
• Table 186. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries
• Table 187. Global Redox Flow Battery Market Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 188. Comprehensive RFB Chemistry Benchmarking
• Table 189. RFB Component Cost Evolution 2025-2036
• Table 190. Comparison of different battery types
• Table 191. Summary of main flow battery types
• Table 192. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 193. Market players in Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
• Table 194. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 195. Market players in Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr)
• Table 196. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 197. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 198. Market players in Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries
• Table 199. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 200. Market players in All-iron Flow Batteries
• Table 201. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 202. Market players in Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) Flow Batteries
• Table 203. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 204. Market players in Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
• Table 205. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 206. Market players in Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) Flow Batteries
• Table 207. Materials in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB)
• Table 208. Key Active species for ORFBs
• Table 209. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 210. Market players in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB)
• Table 211. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 212. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 213. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 214. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 215. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
• Table 216. Redox flow battery value chain
• Table 217. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD)
• Table 218. RFB Regional Market Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 219. ZN-based battery product developers
• Table 220. Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in battery technology
• Table 221. Machine learning approaches
• Table 222. Types of Neural Networks
• Table 223. Companies in materials informatics for batteries
• Table 224. Data Forms for Cell Modelling
• Table 225. Algorithmic Approaches for Different Testing Modes
• Table 226. Companies in AI for cell testing for batteries
• Table 227.Algorithmic Approaches in Manufacturing and Cell Assembly:
• Table 228. AI-based battery manufacturing players
• Table 229. Companies in AI for battery diagnostics and management
• Table 230. Algorithmic Approaches and Data Inputs/Outputs
• Table 231. Companies in AI for second-life battery assessment
• Table 232. Methods for printing supercapacitors
• Table 233. Electrode Materials for printed supercapacitors
• Table 234. Electrolytes for printed supercapacitors
• Table 235. Main properties and components of printed supercapacitors
• Table 236. Electrolyte Additives
• Table 237. Cell performance specification
• Table 238. Commercial cell chemistries
• Table 239. Drivers and Challenges for Cell-to-pack
• Table 240. Cell-to-pack and cell-to-body designs
• Table 241. 3DOM separator
• Table 242. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics
• Table 243. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics
• Table 244. Chasm SWCNT products
• Table 245. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics
• Table 246. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics
• Table 247. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries
• Table 248. LiNa Energy battery characteristics
• Table 249. Natrium Energy battery characteristics

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (in GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 2. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036
• Figure 3. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
• Figure 4. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
• Figure 5. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 6. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036
• Figure 7. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 8. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036
• Figure 9. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 10. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 11. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036
• Figure 12. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 13. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 14. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036
• Figure 15. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036
• Figure 16. Salt-E Dog mobile battery
• Figure 17. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution
• Figure 18. Lithium Cell Design
• Figure 19. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery
• Figure 20. Li-ion battery cell pack
• Figure 21. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery
• Figure 22. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries
• Figure 23. Li-ion technology roadmap
• Figure 24. Silicon anode value chain
• Figure 25. Market development timeline
• Figure 26. Silicon Anode Commercialization Timeline
• Figure 27. Silicon anode value chain
• Figure 28. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes)
• Figure 29. Anode material consumption by end user market (tonnes)
• Figure 30. Ultra-high Nickel Cathode Commercialization Timeline
• Figure 31. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode SWOT analysis
• Figure 32. Li-cobalt structure
• Figure 33. Li-manganese structure
• Figure 34. LNMO cathode SWOT
• Figure 35. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials
• Figure 36. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
• Figure 37. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet
• Figure 38. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
• Figure 39. Umicore recycling flow diagram
• Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
• Figure 41. Schematic of direct recycling process
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling
• Figure 43. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 44. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery
• Figure 45. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries
• Figure 46. Schematic diagram of Lithium-sulfur battery
• Figure 47. Lithium-sulfur market value chain
• Figure 48. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries
• Figure 49. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 50. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 51. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
• Figure 52. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG)
• Figure 53. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications
• Figure 54. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)
• Figure 55. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery
• Figure 56. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries
• Figure 57. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 58. Schematic of a Na-S battery
• Figure 59. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries
• Figure 60. Saturnose battery chemistry
• Figure 61. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries
• Figure 62. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 63. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery
• Figure 64. ULTRALIFE thin film battery
• Figure 65. Examples of applications of thin film batteries
• Figure 66. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials
• Figure 67. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right)
• Figure 68. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB
• Figure 69. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries
• Figure 70. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries
• Figure 71. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage
• Figure 72. Types of flexible batteries
• Figure 73. Flexible batteries on the market
• Figure 74. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries
• Figure 75. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures
• Figure 76. a-c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs
• Figure 77. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d-f)
• Figure 78. Origami disposable battery
• Figure 79. Zn-MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt
• Figure 80. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries
• Figure 81. Zn-MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark
• Figure 82. Ag-Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy
• Figure 83. Wearable self-powered devices
• Figure 84. SWOT analysis: Flexible batteries
• Figure 85. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 86. Transparent batteries
• Figure 87. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries
• Figure 88. Degradable batteries
• Figure 89. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries
• Figure 90. Various applications of printed paper batteries
• Figure 91.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery
• Figure 92. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together
• Figure 93. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III)
• Figure 94. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries
• Figure 95. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD)
• Figure 96. Scheme of a redox flow battery
• Figure 97. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery schematic
• Figure 98. SWOT analysis: Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
• Figure 99. Schematic of zinc bromine flow battery energy storage system
• Figure 100. SWOT analysis: Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr)
• Figure 101. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries
• Figure 102. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries
• Figure 103. Schematic of All-Iron Redox Flow Batteries
• Figure 104. SWOT analysis: All-iron Flow Batteries
• Figure 105. SWOT analysis: Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries
• Figure 106. Schematic of Hydrogen-bromine flow battery
• Figure 107. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
• Figure 108. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries
• Figure 109. SWOT analysis: Organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs) batteries
• Figure 110. Schematic of zinc-polyiodide redox flow battery (ZIB)
• Figure 111. Redox flow batteries applications roadmap
• Figure 112. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD)
• Figure 113. Main printing methods for supercapacitors
• Figure 114. Types of integrated battery packs
• Figure 115. Battery pack with a cell-to-pack design and prismatic cells
• Figure 116. 24M battery
• Figure 117. 3DOM battery
• Figure 118. AC biode prototype
• Figure 119. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation
• Figure 120. Ampcera's all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm)
• Figure 121. Amprius battery products
• Figure 122. All-polymer battery schematic
• Figure 123. All Polymer Battery Module
• Figure 124. Resin current collector
• Figure 125. Ateios thin-film, printed battery
• Figure 126. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery
• Figure 127. Containerized NAS-R batteries
• Figure 128. 3D printed lithium-ion battery
• Figure 129. Blue Solution module
• Figure 130. TempTraq wearable patch
• Figure 131. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process
• Figure 132. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest
• Figure 133. Cymbet EnerChip(TM)
• Figure 134. E-magy nano sponge structure
• Figure 135. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery
• Figure 136. SoftBattery-R
• Figure 137. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg
• Figure 138. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate
• Figure 139. 40 Ah battery cell
• Figure 140. FDK Corp battery
• Figure 141. 2D paper batteries
• Figure 142. 3D Custom Format paper batteries
• Figure 143. Fuji carbon nanotube products
• Figure 144. Gelion Endure battery
• Figure 145. Gelion GEN3 lithium sulfur batteries
• Figure 146. Grepow flexible battery
• Figure 147. HPB solid-state battery
• Figure 148. HiNa Battery pack for EV
• Figure 149. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery
• Figure 150. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose
• Figure 151. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery
• Figure 152. Ilika solid-state batteries
• Figure 153. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials
• Figure 154. Ionic Materials battery cell
• Figure 155. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure
• Figure 156. ITEN micro batteries
• Figure 157. Kite Rise's A-sample sodium-ion battery module
• Figure 158. LiBEST flexible battery
• Figure 159. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells
• Figure 160. LiNa Energy battery
• Figure 161. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology
• Figure 162. Lyten batteries
• Figure 163. Cellulomix production process
• Figure 164. Nanobase versus conventional products
• Figure 165. Nanotech Energy battery
• Figure 166. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept
• Figure 167. NBD battery
• Figure 168. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production
• Figure 169. TEM images of carbon nanobrush
• Figure 170. EnerCerachip
• Figure 171. Cambrian battery
• Figure 172. Printed battery
• Figure 173. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery
• Figure 174. Printed Energy flexible battery
• Figure 175. ProLogium solid-state battery
• Figure 176. QingTao solid-state batteries
• Figure 177. Schematic of the quinone flow battery
• Figure 178. Sakuu Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery
• Figure 179. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery
• Figure 180. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries
• Figure 181. SES Apollo batteries
• Figure 182. Sionic Energy battery cell
• Figure 183. Solid Power battery pouch cell
• Figure 184. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
• Figure 185.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery
• Figure 186. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell
• Figure 187. Zoolnasm batteries