The Global Advanced Battery and Energy Storage Market 2026-2036

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 The Li-ion Battery Market
• 1.2 The new battery policy landscape: geopolitics, national security, and defence demand
• 1.3 Global Market Forecasts to
  • 1.3.1 Addressable markets
  • 1.3.2 Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh)
    • 1.3.2.1 Battery Chemistry Distribution by Vehicle Type
    • 1.3.2.2 OEM Strategies
  • 1.3.3 Li-ion battery market value for XEV ($B)
    • 1.3.3.1 Market Value Dynamics
    • 1.3.3.2 Price Trajectory Drivers
  • 1.3.4 Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh)
    • 1.3.4.1 Technology Roadmap
    • 1.3.4.2 Competitive Positioning
    • 1.3.4.3 Technology Evolution 2025-2036
  • 1.3.5 Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B)
    • 1.3.5.1 Pricing Dynamics
  • 1.3.6 Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh)
  • 1.3.7 Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh)
    • 1.3.7.1 Growth Analysis
  • 1.3.8 Sodium-ion battery market value ($B)
    • 1.3.8.1 Pricing Analysis
    • 1.3.8.2 Profitability Outlook for Sodium-Ion Manufacturers
  • 1.3.9 Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand
    • 1.3.9.1 Market Transition Analysis
    • 1.3.9.2 Long-Term Outlook (Post-2036)
    • 1.3.9.3 Why Beyond Li-ion Remains Limited Through
    • 1.3.9.4 Market Share Trajectories by Technology
  • 1.3.10 BEV car cathode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.3.11 BEV anode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.3.12 BEV anode forecast ($B)
  • 1.3.13 EV cathode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.3.14 EV Anode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.3.15 Advanced anode forecast (GWh)
  • 1.3.16 Advanced anode forecast (S$B)
    • 1.3.16.1 Market Dynamics
• 1.4 The global market for advanced Li-ion batteries
  • 1.4.1 Electric vehicles
    • 1.4.1.1 Market overview
    • 1.4.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles
    • 1.4.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks
      • 1.4.1.3.1 Electric medium and heavy duty trucks
      • 1.4.1.3.2 Electric light commercial vehicles (LCVs)
      • 1.4.1.3.3 Electric buses
      • 1.4.1.3.4 Micro EVs
    • 1.4.1.4 Electric off-road
      • 1.4.1.4.1 Construction vehicles
      • 1.4.1.4.2 Electric trains
      • 1.4.1.4.3 Electric boats
    • 1.4.1.5 Off-highway machines: construction, agriculture and mining
    • 1.4.1.6 Market demand and forecasts
    • 1.4.1.7 Market Analysis
      • 1.4.1.7.1 BEV Passenger Cars - Dominant Segment
      • 1.4.1.7.2 PHEV Passenger Cars - Transitional Technology:
      • 1.4.1.7.3 Profitability Analysis
      • 1.4.1.7.4 Electric Buses
      • 1.4.1.7.5 Delivery Vans
      • 1.4.1.7.6 Medium-Duty Trucks
      • 1.4.1.7.7 Heavy-Duty Trucks
      • 1.4.1.7.8 Micro-EVs
        • 1.4.1.7.8.1 Micro-EV Market Overview
  • 1.4.2 Grid storage
    • 1.4.2.1 Market overview
    • 1.4.2.2 Technologies
    • 1.4.2.3 Market demand and forecasts
    • 1.4.2.4 Utility-Scale Grid Storage
      • 1.4.2.4.1 Application Categories
    • 1.4.2.5 Key Market Drivers
    • 1.4.2.6 Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage
      • 1.4.2.6.1 Application Categories:
    • 1.4.2.7 Residential Grid Storage
      • 1.4.2.7.1 Application Categories
      • 1.4.2.7.2 Market Outlook
  • 1.4.3 Consumer electronics
    • 1.4.3.1 Market overview
    • 1.4.3.2 Technologies
    • 1.4.3.3 Market demand and forecasts
  • 1.4.4 Stationary batteries
    • 1.4.4.1 Market overview
    • 1.4.4.2 Technologies
    • 1.4.4.3 Market demand and forecasts
• 1.5 Market drivers
• 1.6 Battery market megatrends
• 1.7 Advanced materials for batteries
• 1.8 Motivation for battery development beyond lithium
• 1.9 Battery chemistries

2 LI-ION BATTERIES

• 2.1 Types of Lithium Batteries
• 2.2 Anode materials
  • 2.2.1 Graphite
  • 2.2.2 Lithium Titanate
  • 2.2.3 Lithium Metal
  • 2.2.4 Silicon anodes
• 2.3 SWOT analysis
• 2.4 Trends in the Li-ion battery market
• 2.5 Li-ion technology roadmap
• 2.6 Silicon anodes
  • 2.6.1 Benefits
  • 2.6.2 Silicon anode performance
  • 2.6.3 Development in li-ion batteries
    • 2.6.3.1 Manufacturing silicon
    • 2.6.3.2 Commercial production
    • 2.6.3.3 Costs
    • 2.6.3.4 Value chain
    • 2.6.3.5 Markets and applications
      • 2.6.3.5.1 EVs
      • 2.6.3.5.2 Consumer electronics
      • 2.6.3.5.3 Energy Storage
      • 2.6.3.5.4 Portable Power Tools
      • 2.6.3.5.5 Emergency Backup Power
    • 2.6.3.6 Future outlook
  • 2.6.4 Consumption
    • 2.6.4.1 By anode material type
    • 2.6.4.2 By end use market
    • 2.6.4.3 Market Segment Analysis
      • 2.6.4.3.1 Passenger EVs
      • 2.6.4.3.2 Commercial EVs
      • 2.6.4.3.3 Consumer Electronics
      • 2.6.4.3.4 Stationary Storage
      • 2.6.4.3.5 Industrial & Others
  • 2.6.5 Alloy anode materials
  • 2.6.6 Silicon-carbon composites
  • 2.6.7 Silicon oxides and coatings
  • 2.6.8 Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion
  • 2.6.9 Graphene coatings for Li-ion
  • 2.6.10 Prices
    • 2.6.10.1 Price Trend Analysis and Drivers
      • 2.6.10.1.1 Natural Graphite
      • 2.6.10.1.2 Synthetic Graphite
      • 2.6.10.1.3 Silicon-Graphite Composite
      • 2.6.10.1.4 Silicon-Dominant
      • 2.6.10.1.5 Lithium Metal
      • 2.6.10.1.6 Lithium Titanate/LTO
  • 2.6.11 Companies
• 2.7 Li-ion electrolytes
• 2.8 Cathodes
  • 2.8.1 Materials
    • 2.8.1.1 High and Ultra-High nickel cathode materials
      • 2.8.1.1.1 Types
      • 2.8.1.1.2 Benefits
      • 2.8.1.1.3 Stability
      • 2.8.1.1.4 Single Crystal Cathodes
      • 2.8.1.1.5 Commercial activity
      • 2.8.1.1.6 Manufacturing
      • 2.8.1.1.7 High manganese content
    • 2.8.1.2 Zero-cobalt NMx
      • 2.8.1.2.1 Overview
      • 2.8.1.2.2 Ultra-high nickel, zero-cobalt cathodes
      • 2.8.1.2.3 Extending the operating voltage
      • 2.8.1.2.4 Operating NMC cathodes at high voltages
    • 2.8.1.3 Lithium-Manganese-Rich (Li-Mn-Rich, LMR-NMC)
      • 2.8.1.3.1 Li-Mn-rich cathodes LMR-NMC
      • 2.8.1.3.2 Stability
      • 2.8.1.3.3 Energy density
      • 2.8.1.3.4 Commercialization
      • 2.8.1.3.5 Hybrid battery chemistry design for manganese-rich
    • 2.8.1.4 Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) - LCO
    • 2.8.1.5 Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) - LFP
    • 2.8.1.6 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) - LMO
    • 2.8.1.7 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) - NMC
    • 2.8.1.8 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) - NCA
    • 2.8.1.9 Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP)
    • 2.8.1.10 Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)
      • 2.8.1.10.1 Key characteristics
      • 2.8.1.10.2 LMFP energy density
      • 2.8.1.10.3 Costs
      • 2.8.1.10.4 Saft phosphate-based cathodes
      • 2.8.1.10.5 Commercialization
      • 2.8.1.10.6 Challenges
      • 2.8.1.10.7 LMFP (lithium manganese iron phosphate) market
      • 2.8.1.10.8 Companies
    • 2.8.1.11 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)
      • 2.8.1.11.1 Overview
      • 2.8.1.11.2 High-voltage spinel cathode LNMO
      • 2.8.1.11.3 LNMO energy density
      • 2.8.1.11.4 Cathode chemistry selection
      • 2.8.1.11.5 LNMO (lithium nickel manganese oxide) high-voltage spinel cathodes cost
    • 2.8.1.12 Graphite and LTO
    • 2.8.1.13 Silicon
    • 2.8.1.14 Lithium metal
  • 2.8.2 Alternative Cathode Production
    • 2.8.2.1 Production/Synthesis
    • 2.8.2.2 Commercial development
    • 2.8.2.3 Recycling cathodes
  • 2.8.3 Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials
  • 2.8.4 Emerging cathode material synthesis methods
  • 2.8.5 Cathode coatings
• 2.9 Binders and conductive additives
  • 2.9.1 Materials
• 2.10 Separators
  • 2.10.1 Materials
• 2.11 High-Performance Lithium-Ion Systems: Approaching 350 Wh/kg
  • 2.11.1 Energy Density Evolution and Current State
  • 2.11.2 Pathways to 350+ Wh/kg
    • 2.11.2.1 Cathode Advances
    • 2.11.2.2 Anode Advances
      • 2.11.2.2.1 Silicon-Graphite Composites (20-40% Si)
      • 2.11.2.2.2 Silicon-Dominant Anodes (50-80% Si)
      • 2.11.2.2.3 Lithium Metal Anodes
    • 2.11.2.3 Electrolyte and Cell Design Optimization
  • 2.11.3 Performance Projections and Technology Roadmap
    • 2.11.3.1 Critical Dependencies and Risk Factors
  • 2.11.4 Commercial Deployment Timeline
• 2.12 Silicon-carbon composite anodes
  • 2.12.1 Technology architecture and performance characteristics
  • 2.12.2 Manufacturing scale-up
  • 2.12.3 Market forecast
  • 2.12.4 Key commercial players
• 2.13 PFAS-Free Battery Additives and Regulatory Transitions
  • 2.13.1 Global Regulatory Trend Analysis
  • 2.13.2 PFAS Materials in Current Battery Manufacturing
  • 2.13.3 Non-PFAS Cathode Binders - The Critical Challenge
  • 2.13.4 Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Technologies
    • 2.13.4.1 Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) and Lithium Polyacrylate (Li-PAA)
    • 2.13.4.2 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Modified Cellulose Derivatives
    • 2.13.4.3 Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Acrylamide Copolymers
    • 2.13.4.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Synthetic Rubber Derivatives
    • 2.13.4.5 Hybrid and Composite Binder Systems
  • 2.13.5 PFAS in Electrolyte Additives - Critical Performance Trade-offs
    • 2.13.5.1 Major PFAS Electrolyte Additives
  • 2.13.6 Market Analysis
    • 2.13.6.1 Battery additives market forecast and structural shifts
    • 2.13.6.2 Dry electrode processing and its binder implications
    • 2.13.6.3 Path to the first PFAS-free commercial Li-ion cell
• 2.14 Platinum group metals
• 2.15 Li-ion battery market players
• 2.16 Li-ion recycling
  • 2.16.1 Comparison of recycling techniques
  • 2.16.2 Hydrometallurgy
    • 2.16.2.1 Method overview
      • 2.16.2.1.1 Solvent extraction
    • 2.16.2.2 SWOT analysis
  • 2.16.3 Pyrometallurgy
    • 2.16.3.1 Method overview
    • 2.16.3.2 SWOT analysis
  • 2.16.4 Direct recycling
    • 2.16.4.1 Method overview
      • 2.16.4.1.1 Electrolyte separation
      • 2.16.4.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials
      • 2.16.4.1.3 Binder removal
      • 2.16.4.1.4 Relithiation
      • 2.16.4.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
      • 2.16.4.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
    • 2.16.4.2 SWOT analysis
  • 2.16.5 Other methods
    • 2.16.5.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment
    • 2.16.5.2 Electrochemical Method
    • 2.16.5.3 Ionic Liquids
  • 2.16.6 Recycling of Specific Components
    • 2.16.6.1 Anode (Graphite)
    • 2.16.6.2 Cathode
    • 2.16.6.3 Electrolyte
  • 2.16.7 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
    • 2.16.7.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes
  • 2.16.8 Companies
• 2.17 Global revenues
  • 2.17.1 Passenger EVs
  • 2.17.2 Commercial EVs
    • 2.17.2.1 Electric Buses
    • 2.17.2.2 Medium & Heavy-Duty Trucks
    • 2.17.2.3 Light Commercial Vehicles/Vans
    • 2.17.2.4 Two/Three-Wheeler EVs
  • 2.17.3 Consumer Electronics
  • 2.17.4 Stationary Storage
  • 2.17.5 Industrial Applications
  • 2.17.6 Other Applications
• 2.18 EV Battery Cell and Pack Materials Outlook
  • 2.18.1 Cathode materials: the LFP/LMFP and high-nickel bifurcation
  • 2.18.2 Anode materials: silicon rises, graphite persists
  • 2.18.3 Other cell materials
  • 2.18.4 Pack materials: the aluminium-to-composite transition
  • 2.18.5 Supply chain localisation and material-security considerations

3 LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES

• 3.1 Technology description
• 3.2 Solid-state batteries and lithium metal anodes
• 3.3 Increasing energy density
• 3.4 Lithium-metal anodes
  • 3.4.1 Overview
• 3.5 Challenges
• 3.6 Energy density
• 3.7 Anode-less Cells
  • 3.7.1 Overview
  • 3.7.2 Benefits
  • 3.7.3 Key companies
• 3.8 Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries
• 3.9 Hybrid batteries
• 3.10 Applications
• 3.11 SWOT analysis
• 3.12 Product developers

4 LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

• 4.1 Technology description
• 4.2 Operating principle of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries
  • 4.2.1 Advantages
  • 4.2.2 Challenges
  • 4.2.3 Commercialization
• 4.3 Costs
• 4.4 Material composition
• 4.5 Lithium intensity
• 4.6 Value chain
• 4.7 Markets
• 4.8 SWOT analysis
• 4.9 Global revenues
  • 4.9.1 Key Insights and Technology Status
    • 4.9.1.1 Commercial Status
• 4.10 Product developers

5 LITHIUM TITANATE OXIDE (LTO) AND NIOBATE BATTERIES

• 5.1 Technology description
  • 5.1.1 Lithium titanate oxide (LTO)
  • 5.1.2 Niobium titanium oxide (NTO)
    • 5.1.2.1 Niobium tungsten oxide
    • 5.1.2.2 Vanadium oxide anodes
• 5.2 Global revenues
  • 5.2.1 Application Analysis
    • 5.2.1.1 Electric Buses
    • 5.2.1.2 Commercial Vehicles
    • 5.2.1.3 Consumer Electronics
    • 5.2.1.4 Industrial Equipment
    • 5.2.1.5 Grid Frequency Regulation
• 5.3 Future Outlook
• 5.4 Product developers

6 SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES

• 6.1 Technology description
  • 6.1.1 Cathode materials
    • 6.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides
      • 6.1.1.1.1 Types
      • 6.1.1.1.2 Cycling performance
      • 6.1.1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages
      • 6.1.1.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB
    • 6.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials
      • 6.1.1.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages
      • 6.1.1.2.2 Types
      • 6.1.1.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB
    • 6.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
      • 6.1.1.3.1 Types
      • 6.1.1.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages
      • 6.1.1.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB
  • 6.1.2 Anode materials
    • 6.1.2.1 Hard carbons
    • 6.1.2.2 Carbon black
    • 6.1.2.3 Graphite
    • 6.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes
    • 6.1.2.5 Graphene
    • 6.1.2.6 Alloying materials
    • 6.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates
    • 6.1.2.8 Sodium Metal
  • 6.1.3 Electrolytes
• 6.2 Comparative analysis with other battery types
• 6.3 Cost comparison with Li-ion
• 6.4 Materials in sodium-ion battery cells
• 6.5 SWOT analysis
• 6.6 Global revenues
  • 6.6.1 Market Analysis by Application
    • 6.6.1.1 Low-Cost EVs
    • 6.6.1.2 Grid Energy Storage
    • 6.6.1.3 E-bikes and Light EVs
    • 6.6.1.4 Consumer Electronics
• 6.7 Market Growth Drivers
• 6.8 Technology Roadmap
• 6.9 Future Outlook
• 6.10 Product developers
  • 6.10.1 Battery Manufacturers
  • 6.10.2 Large Corporations
  • 6.10.3 Automotive Companies
  • 6.10.4 Chemicals and Materials Firms

7 SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES

• 7.1 Technology description
• 7.2 Applications
• 7.3 SWOT analysis

8 ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES

• 8.1 Technology description
  • 8.1.1 Aluminium-Ion Battery Fundamentals
• 8.2 SWOT analysis
• 8.3 Commercialization
• 8.4 Global revenues
  • 8.4.1 Market Analysis by Application
• 8.5 Product developers

9 SOLID STATE BATTERIES

• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Technology description
  • 9.2.1 Solid-state electrolytes
• 9.3 Features and advantages
• 9.4 Technical specifications
• 9.5 Types
• 9.6 Technology Readiness and Manufacturing Status
  • 9.6.1 Manufacturing Process Comparison
  • 9.6.2 Critical Manufacturing Challenges and Solutions
    • 9.6.2.1 Interface Engineering (Most Critical Challenge)
    • 9.6.2.2 Moisture Sensitivity (Sulfide Systems)
    • 9.6.2.3 Pressure Management (Oxide and Some Sulfide Systems)
• 9.7 Automotive OEM Strategies and Deployment Timelines
  • 9.7.1 Deployment
    • 9.7.1.1 OEM Strategic Considerations
• 9.8 Microbatteries
  • 9.8.1 Introduction
  • 9.8.2 Materials
  • 9.8.3 Applications
  • 9.8.4 3D designs
    • 9.8.4.1 3D printed batteries
• 9.9 Bulk type solid-state batteries
• 9.10 SWOT analysis
• 9.11 Limitations
• 9.12 Global revenues
• 9.13 Commercialization Timeline
• 9.14 Product developers

10 STRUCTURAL BATTERY COMPOSITES

• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Materials and Architecture
• 10.3 Applications
  • 10.3.1 Electric Vehicle Applications
  • 10.3.2 Aerospace and Aviation
  • 10.3.3 Consumer Electronics and Portable Devices
  • 10.3.4 Construction and Infrastructure
• 10.4 Technical Challenges
  • 10.4.1 Energy Density Limitations
  • 10.4.2 Long-term Mechanical and Electrochemical Stability
• 10.5 Supply chain
• 10.6 Market Forecasts
• 10.7 Safety Considerations
  • 10.7.1 Safety Challenges
• 10.8 Environmental profile of structural battery composites

11 FLEXIBLE BATTERIES

• 11.1 Technology description
• 11.2 Technical specifications
  • 11.2.1 Approaches to flexibility
• 11.3 Flexible electronics
• 11.4 Flexible materials
• 11.5 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries
• 11.6 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries
• 11.7 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries
  • 11.7.1 Types of Flexible/stretchable LIBs
    • 11.7.1.1 Flexible planar LiBs
    • 11.7.1.2 Flexible Fiber LiBs
    • 11.7.1.3 Flexible micro-LiBs
    • 11.7.1.4 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
    • 11.7.1.5 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
• 11.8 Flexible Li/S batteries
  • 11.8.1 Components
  • 11.8.2 Carbon nanomaterials
• 11.9 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li–MnO2) batteries
• 11.10 Flexible zinc-based batteries
  • 11.10.1 Components
    • 11.10.1.1 Anodes
    • 11.10.1.2 Cathodes
  • 11.10.2 Challenges
  • 11.10.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries
  • 11.10.4 Flexible silver–zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries
  • 11.10.5 Flexible Zn–Air batteries
  • 11.10.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
• 11.11 Fiber-shaped batteries
  • 11.11.1 Carbon nanotubes
  • 11.11.2 Types
  • 11.11.3 Applications
  • 11.11.4 Challenges
• 11.12 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices
• 11.13 SWOT analysis
• 11.14 Global revenues
• 11.15 Companies

12 TRANSPARENT BATTERIES

• 12.1 Technology description
• 12.2 Components
• 12.3 SWOT analysis
• 12.4 Market outlook

13 DEGRADABLE BATTERIES

• 13.1 Technology description
• 13.2 Components
• 13.3 SWOT analysis
• 13.4 Market outlook
• 13.5 Product developers

14 PRINTED BATTERIES

• 14.1 Technical specifications
• 14.2 Components
• 14.3 Design
• 14.4 Key features
• 14.5 Printable current collectors
• 14.6 Printable electrodes
• 14.7 Materials
• 14.8 Applications
• 14.9 Printing techniques
• 14.10 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
• 14.11 Zinc-based printed batteries
• 14.12 3D Printed batteries
  • 14.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
  • 14.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries
    • 14.12.2.1 Electrode materials
    • 14.12.2.2 Electrolyte Materials
• 14.13 SWOT analysis
• 14.14 Global revenues
• 14.15 Product developers

15 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES

• 15.1 Technology description
• 15.2 Market Overview
• 15.3 Technology Benchmarking - Chemistry Comparison
• 15.4 Chemistry Selection Matrix by Application
• 15.5 Component Technologies and Cost Reduction Pathways
• 15.6 Component Innovation
  • 15.6.1 Membranes
  • 15.6.2 Bipolar Plates
  • 15.6.3 Electrolyte Cost Reduction
• 15.7 Types
  • 15.7.1 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
    • 15.7.1.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.1.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.1.3 Market players
  • 15.7.2 Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)
    • 15.7.2.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.2.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.2.3 Market players
  • 15.7.3 Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)
    • 15.7.3.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.3.2 SWOT analysis
  • 15.7.4 Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB)
    • 15.7.4.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.4.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.4.3 Market players
  • 15.7.5 All-Iron flow batteries
    • 15.7.5.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.5.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.5.3 Market players
  • 15.7.6 Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries
    • 15.7.6.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.6.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.6.3 Market players
  • 15.7.7 Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
    • 15.7.7.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.7.2 SWOT analysis
  • 15.7.8 Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries
    • 15.7.8.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.8.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.8.3 Market players
  • 15.7.9 Organic flow batteries
    • 15.7.9.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.9.2 SWOT analysis
    • 15.7.9.3 Market players
  • 15.7.10 Emerging Flow-Batteries
    • 15.7.10.1 Semi-Solid Redox Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.10.2 Solar Redox Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.10.3 Air-Breathing Sulfur Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.10.4 Metal–CO2 Batteries
  • 15.7.11 Hybrid Flow Batteries
    • 15.7.11.1 Zinc-Cerium Hybrid Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.1.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.11.2 Zinc-Polyiodide Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.2.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.11.3 Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.3.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.11.4 Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.4.1 Technology description
    • 15.7.11.5 Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Batteries
      • 15.7.11.5.1 Technology description
  • 15.7.12 Carbon dioxide (CO₂) redox flow batteries
    • 15.7.12.1 Chemistry and operating principle
• 15.8 Markets for redox flow batteries
  • 15.8.1 Primary Market Drivers
    • 15.8.1.1 Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) Integration
    • 15.8.1.2 Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) Policy Support
    • 15.8.1.3 Grid Stability and Resilience Requirements
    • 15.8.1.4 Data Center and Telecommunications Backup Power (Emerging Driver)
• 15.9 Global revenues
• 15.10 Key Trends
• 15.11 Regional Market Analysis and Capacity Distribution
  • 15.11.1 China
  • 15.11.2 North America
  • 15.11.3 Europe
• 15.12 Long-duration energy storage (LDES) positioning
• 15.13 Levelised cost of storage: RFB vs Li-ion LFP by duration
• 15.14 Policy frameworks supporting RFB deployment
• 15.15 Market forecast to 2036 by chemistry and region

16 ZN-BASED BATTERIES

• 16.1 Technology description
  • 16.1.1 Zinc-Air batteries
  • 16.1.2 Zinc-ion batteries
  • 16.1.3 Zinc-bromide
• 16.2 Market outlook
• 16.3 Product developers

17 BATTERIES IN OFF-HIGHWAY MACHINES

• 17.1 Introduction to electric off-highway machines
  • 17.1.1 Advantages and barriers to machine electrification
  • 17.1.2 Electrification drivers differ by segment
• 17.2 Electric construction machines
• 17.3 Electric agriculture machines
• 17.4 Electric mining machines
• 17.5 Battery requirements of electric off-highway machines
  • 17.5.1 Battery sizing
  • 17.5.2 Battery power and discharge rates
  • 17.5.3 Charging rates
  • 17.5.4 Voltage architecture
  • 17.5.5 Lifetime and cycle-life requirements
• 17.6 Turnkey battery technologies and benchmarking
• 17.7 Battery suppliers and case studies
  • 17.7.1 Turnkey pack manufacturers
  • 17.7.2 Acquisitions, spin-outs and restructurings
• 17.8 Future battery technologies for off-highway machines
• 17.9 Global off-highway battery market forecast
• 17.10 Outlook

18 BATTERY STORAGE FOR DATA CENTRES, COMMERCIAL & INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

• 18.1 C&I BESS applications and market overview
  • 18.1.1 Battery storage for data centres
  • 18.1.2 Battery storage for 5G and 6G telecommunications base stations
  • 18.1.3 Battery storage for EV charging infrastructure
  • 18.1.4 Battery storage at construction, agriculture and mining sites
  • 18.1.5 Battery storage for other C&I applications
• 18.2 C&I BESS technology landscape
• 18.3 The US LFP manufacturing transition: 45X, FEOC, and tariff dynamics
• 18.4 Li-ion C&I BESS cost structure
• 18.5 Key players and competitive landscape
• 18.6 Market outlook

19 AI BATTERY TECHNOLOGY

• 19.1 Overview
• 19.2 Applications
  • 19.2.1 Machine Learning
    • 19.2.1.1 Overview
  • 19.2.2 Material Informatics
    • 19.2.2.1 Overview
    • 19.2.2.2 Companies
  • 19.2.3 Cell Testing
    • 19.2.3.1 Overview
    • 19.2.3.2 Companies
  • 19.2.4 Cell Assembly and Manufacturing
    • 19.2.4.1 Overview
    • 19.2.4.2 Companies
  • 19.2.5 Battery Analytics
    • 19.2.5.1 Overview
    • 19.2.5.2 Companies
  • 19.2.6 Second Life Assessment
    • 19.2.6.1 Overview
    • 19.2.6.2 Companies

20 CELL AND BATTERY DESIGN

• 20.1 Cell Design
  • 20.1.1 Overview
    • 20.1.1.1 Larger cell formats
    • 20.1.1.2 Bipolar battery architecture
    • 20.1.1.3 Thick Format Electrodes
    • 20.1.1.4 Dual Electrolyte Li-ion
  • 20.1.2 Commercial examples
    • 20.1.2.1 Tesla 4680 Tabless Cell
    • 20.1.2.2 EnPower multi-layer electrode technology
    • 20.1.2.3 Prieto Battery
    • 20.1.2.4 Addionics
  • 20.1.3 Electrolyte Additives
  • 20.1.4 Enhancing battery performance
• 20.2 Cell Performance
  • 20.2.1 Energy density
    • 20.2.1.1 BEV cell energy
    • 20.2.1.2 Cell energy density
• 20.3 Battery Packs
  • 20.3.1 Cell-to-pack
  • 20.3.2 Cell-to-chassis/body
  • 20.3.3 Bipolar batteries
  • 20.3.4 Hybrid battery packs
    • 20.3.4.1 CATL
    • 20.3.4.2 Our Next Energy
    • 20.3.4.3 Nio
  • 20.3.5 Battery Management System (BMS)
    • 20.3.5.1 Overview
    • 20.3.5.2 Advantages
    • 20.3.5.3 Innovation
    • 20.3.5.4 Fast charging capabilities
    • 20.3.5.5 Wireless Battery Management System technology
  • 20.3.6 Advanced battery pack sensors and remote monitoring
    • 20.3.6.1 The thermal runaway early-detection problem
    • 20.3.6.2 Advanced sensor technologies
    • 20.3.6.3 Market forecast
    • 20.3.6.4 Remote monitoring and wireless BMS architectures
    • 20.3.6.5 Integration and the path to predictive maintenance

21 COMPANY PROFILES 601 (449 company profiles)

22 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• 22.1 Report scope
• 22.2 Research methodology

23 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Trends in the Li-ion market.
• Table 2. Li-ion manufacturing capacity vs. production, by region, 2025 and 2031 (GWh).
• Table 3. Total Addressable Market for Li-ion Batteries.
• Table 4. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 5. Regional XEV Battery Demand 2036
• Table 6. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036.
• Table 7. Market Value by Chemistry 2036.
• Table 8. Regional Market Value Distribution 2036.
• Table 9. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 10. Semi-solid-state battery Application Analysis 2036.
• Table 11. Semi-solid-state battery Cost Evolution.
• Table 12. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036.
• Table 13. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036.
• Table 14. Application Value Breakdown 2036.
• Table 15. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 16. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036.
• Table 17. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 18. Sodium-ion Technology Distribution 2036.
• Table 19. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036.
• Table 20. Sodium-ion Regional Market Value 2036.
• Table 21. Li-ion battery demand versus beyond Li-ion batteries demand 2019-2036.
• Table 22. Technology Composition of Beyond Li-ion 2036.
• Table 23. Market Value Comparison: Li-ion vs Beyond Li-ion 2036
• Table 24. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 25. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 26. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036.
• Table 27. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 28. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 29. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Table 30. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036.
• Table 31. Annual sales of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 2018-2036.
• Table 32. Battery chemistries used in electric buses.
• Table 33. Micro EV types
• Table 34. Battery Sizes for Different Vehicle Types.
• Table 35. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats.
• Table 36. Off-highway battery demand forecast by segment and technology, 2025–2036 (GWh).
• Table 37. Electric car Li-ion demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036.
• Table 38. Regional Breakdown 2036.
• Table 39. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036.
• Table 40. EV Li-ion battery market (US$B), 2018-2036.
• Table 41. Electric bus, truck and van battery forecast (GWh), 2018-2036.
• Table 42. Regional Distribution 2036.
• Table 43. Battery Chemistry Distribution 2036.
• Table 44. Micro EV Li-ion demand forecast (GWh).
• Table 45. Regional Micro-EVs Battery Value 2036.
• Table 46. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage.
• Table 47. Lithium-ion battery grid storage demand forecast (GWh), 2018-2036.
• Table 48. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Project Size Distribution 2036:
• Table 49. Utility-Scale Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036.
• Table 50. Battery Chemistry Mix Utility-Scale 2036.
• Table 51. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Customer Segments 2036.
• Table 52. Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036.
• Table 53. Battery Chemistry Mix C&I 2036.
• Table 54. Residential Grid Storage Geographic Distribution 2036.
• Table 55. Battery Chemistry Mix Residential 2036.
• Table 56. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics
• Table 57. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage.
• Table 58. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries.
• Table 59. Battery market megatrends.
• Table 60. Advanced materials for batteries.
• Table 61. Motivation for Battery Development Beyond Lithium
• Table 62. Battery Chemistries
• Table 63. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition.
• Table 64. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain.
• Table 65. Types of lithium battery.
• Table 66. Comparison of Li-ion battery anode materials.
• Table 67. Trends in the Li-ion battery market.
• Table 68. Si-anode performance summary.
• Table 69. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes.
• Table 70. Market Players' Production Capacites.
• Table 71. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements.
• Table 72. Markets and applications for silicon anodes.
• Table 73. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes).
• Table 74. Anode material consumption by end use market (tonnes).
• Table 75. Anode materials prices, current and forecasted (USD/kg).
• Table 76. Silicon-anode companies.
• Table 77. Li-ion battery cathode materials.
• Table 78. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development.
• Table 79. Benefits of High and Ultra-High Nickel NMC.
• Table 80. Routes to High Nickel Cathode Stabilisation
• Table 81. High-nickel Products Table.
• Table 82. Li-Mn-rich / lithium-manganese-rich / LMR-NMC costs.
• Table 83. Commercial lithium-manganese-rich cathode development.
• Table 84. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode developers
• Table 85. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 86. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 87. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material.
• Table 88. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC).
• Table 89. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
• Table 90. LMFP Cell Performance.
• Table 91. LMFP Energy Density Analysis
• Table 92. LMFP Cost Analysis
• Table 93. LMFP Cathode Developers.
• Table 94. LNMO Performance.
• Table 95. LNMO Energy Density Comparison
• Table 96. Alternative Cathode Production Routes.
• Table 97. Alternative cathode synthesis routes.
• Table 98. Alternative Cathode Production Companies.
• Table 99. Recycled cathode materials facilities and capactites.
• Table 100. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials
• Table 101. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials.
• Table 102. Li-ion battery Separator materials.
• Table 103. Lithium-Ion Cell Energy Density Evolution 2000-2036
• Table 104. Anode Technology Comparison for High-Energy Cells
• Table 105. Energy Density Technology Roadmap 2025-2036
• Table 106. Market Penetration Forecast - High Energy Density Cells (>350 Wh/kg)
• Table 107. Silicon-carbon composite anode adoption forecast by application, 2025–2036 (% of cell-level anode mass).
• Table 108. PFAS Regulations Impacting Battery Manufacturing 2025-2036
• Table 109. PFAS Compounds in Lithium-Ion Battery Production
• Table 110. Non-PFAS Cathode Binder Performance Comparison
• Table 111. PFAS Electrolyte Additives and Functions
• Table 112. Economic Impact of PFAS Elimination by Cell Component ($/kWh)
• Table 113. Global Li-ion battery additives market by category, 2025–2036 (US$ billion).
• Table 114. Dry-electrode binder alternatives and development status, 2025.
• Table 115. Li-ion battery market players.
• Table 116. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow.
• Table 117. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 118. Comparison of LIB recycling methods.
• Table 119. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 120. Advanced Battery Recycling companies
• Table 121. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 122. Cathode element demand forecast, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes).
• Table 123. EV battery pack material demand forecast, selected categories, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes).
• Table 124. Anode-less lithium-metal cell benefits.
• Table 125. Anode-less lithium-metal cell developers.
• Table 126. Hybrid Battery Technologies
• Table 127. Applications for Li-metal batteries.
• Table 128. Li-metal battery developers
• Table 129. Li-S performance characteristics.
• Table 130. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types.
• Table 131. Challenges with lithium-sulfur.
• Table 132. Li-S advantages and use cases
• Table 133. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 134. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers.
• Table 135. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 136. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries.
• Table 137. Comparison of cathode materials.
• Table 138. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
• Table 139. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials.
• Table 140. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes.
• Table 141. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials.
• Table 142. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries.
• Table 143. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials.
• Table 144. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes.
• Table 145. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes.
• Table 146. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite.
• Table 147. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.
• Table 148. Comparison of carbon based anodes.
• Table 149. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries.
• Table 150. Na-ion electrolyte formulations.
• Table 151. Pros and cons compared to other battery types.
• Table 152. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries.
• Table 153. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells.
• Table 154. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 155. Cost Evolution and Competitiveness.
• Table 156. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 157. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries.
• Table 158. Types of solid-state electrolytes.
• Table 159. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries.
• Table 160. Solid Electrolyte Material Comparison.
• Table 161. Typical process chains for manufacturing key components and assembly of solid-state batteries.
• Table 162. Comparison between liquid and solid-state batteries.
• Table 163. Solid-State Battery Technology Readiness Level (TRL) by Company 2025
• Table 164. Automotive OEM Solid-State Battery Programs 2025-2036
• Table 165. Limitations of solid-state thin film batteries.
• Table 166. Solid-State Battery Market Forecast by Electrolyte Type 2025-2036
• Table 167. Cost and Performance Evolution for Solid-state batteries.
• Table 168. Solid-state thin-film battery market players.
• Table 169. Key Material Properties for Structural Battery Composites
• Table 170. Electric Vehicle Impact Analysis - Structural Battery Composites
• Table 171. Structural Battery Composites Market Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 172. Life Cycle Environmental Impact Comparison (per kg of material)
• Table 173. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements.
• Table 174. Comparison of Flexible and Traditional Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Table 175. Material Choices for Flexible Battery Components.
• Table 176. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes.
• Table 177. Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries.
• Table 178. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries.
• Table 179. Types of fiber-shaped batteries.
• Table 180. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 181. Product developers in flexible batteries.
• Table 182. Components of transparent batteries.
• Table 183. Components of degradable batteries.
• Table 184. Product developers in degradable batteries.
• Table 185. Main components and properties of different printed battery types.
• Table 186. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements.
• Table 187. 2D and 3D printing techniques.
• Table 188. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries.
• Table 189. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries.
• Table 190. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn–MnO2 and other battery types.
• Table 191. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing.
• Table 192. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries.
• Table 193. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Table 194. Product developers in printed batteries.
• Table 195. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries.
• Table 196. Global Redox Flow Battery Market Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 197. Comprehensive RFB Chemistry Benchmarking
• Table 198. RFB Component Cost Evolution 2025-2036
• Table 199. Comparison of different battery types.
• Table 200. Summary of main flow battery types.
• Table 201. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 202. Market players in Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB).
• Table 203. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 204. Market players in Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr).
• Table 205. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 206. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 207. Market players in Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.
• Table 208. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 209. Market players in All-iron Flow Batteries.
• Table 210. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 211. Market players in Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) Flow Batteries.
• Table 212. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 213. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 214. Market players in Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) Flow Batteries.
• Table 215. Materials in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB).
• Table 216. Key Active species for ORFBs
• Table 217. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 218. Market players in Organic Redox Flow Batteries (ORFB).
• Table 219. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 220. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 221. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 222. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 223. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications.
• Table 224. Redox flow battery value chain.
• Table 225. RFB Application Segment Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 226. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Table 227. Market Share Evolution.
• Table 228. RFB Regional Market Forecast 2025-2036
• Table 229. Levelised cost of storage comparison, vanadium RFB vs lithium-ion LFP, by duration (US$/MWh).
• Table 230. Global RFB market forecast by chemistry, 2025–2036 (GWh).
• Table 231. Global RFB market value forecast by chemistry, 2025–2036 (US$ billion).
• Table 232. ZN-based battery product developers.
• Table 233. Off-highway battery pack requirements by machine type.
• Table 234.Global off-highway battery revenue forecast by segment, 2025–2036 (US$ million).
• Table 235. C&I BESS technology mix forecast, 2025–2036 (% of annual GWh deployments).
• Table 236. LFP cell cost to US BESS buyer: domestic vs Chinese import, 2026–2031 (US$/kWh).
• Table 237. Li-ion LFP C&I BESS system cost breakdown, 2025 and 2036 (US$/kWh, 2-hour system).
• Table 238. Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in battery technology.
• Table 239. Machine learning approaches.
• Table 240. Types of Neural Networks.
• Table 241. Companies in materials informatics for batteries.
• Table 242. Data Forms for Cell Modelling.
• Table 243. Algorithmic Approaches for Different Testing Modes.
• Table 244. Companies in AI for cell testing for batteries.
• Table 245.Algorithmic Approaches in Manufacturing and Cell Assembly:
• Table 246. AI-based battery manufacturing players.
• Table 247. Companies in AI for battery diagnostics and management.
• Table 248. Algorithmic Approaches and Data Inputs/Outputs.
• Table 249. Companies in AI for second-life battery assessment
• Table 250. Electrolyte Additives.
• Table 251. Cell performance specification.
• Table 252. Commercial cell chemistries
• Table 253. Drivers and Challenges for Cell-to-pack.
• Table 254. Cell-to-pack and cell-to-body designs.
• Table 255. Advanced battery pack sensor market by sensor type, 2025–2036 (US$ million).
• Table 256. BMS architecture adoption forecast (share of new EV battery packs, %).
• Table 257. 3DOM separator.
• Table 258. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics.
• Table 259. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics.
• Table 260. Chasm SWCNT products.
• Table 261. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics.
• Table 262. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics.
• Table 263. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries.
• Table 264. LiNa Energy battery characteristics.
• Table 265. Natrium Energy battery characteristics.

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Li-ion battery pack demand for XEV (in GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 2. Li-ion battery market value for XEV (in $B) 2019-2036.
• Figure 3. Semi-solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036.
• Figure 4. Semi-solid-state battery market value ($B) 2019-2036.
• Figure 5. Solid-state battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 6. Solid-state battery market forecast, GWh, by electrolyte types 2019-2036.
• Figure 7. Sodium-ion battery market forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 8. Sodium-ion battery market value ($B) 2019-2036.
• Figure 9. BEV car cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 10. BEV anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 11. BEV anode forecast ($B) 2019-2036.
• Figure 12. EV cathode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 13. EV Anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 14. Advanced anode forecast (GWh) 2019-2036.
• Figure 15. Advanced anode forecast (S$B) 2019-2036.
• Figure 16. Salt-E Dog mobile battery.
• Figure 17. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution.
• Figure 18. Lithium Cell Design.
• Figure 19. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery.
• Figure 20. Li-ion battery cell pack.
• Figure 21. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery.
• Figure 22. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries.
• Figure 23. Li-ion technology roadmap.
• Figure 24. Silicon anode value chain.
• Figure 25. Market development timeline.
• Figure 26. Silicon Anode Commercialization Timeline.
• Figure 27. Silicon anode value chain.
• Figure 28. Anode material consumption by type (tonnes).
• Figure 29. Anode material consumption by end user market (tonnes).
• Figure 30. Ultra-high Nickel Cathode Commercialization Timeline.
• Figure 31. Lithium-manganese-rich cathode SWOT analysis.
• Figure 32. Li-cobalt structure.
• Figure 33. Li-manganese structure.
• Figure 34. LNMO cathode SWOT.
• Figure 35. Global Li-ion battery additives market, 2025–2036 (US$ billion)
• Figure 36. Li-ion conductive additive market share evolution, 2025–2036
• Figure 37. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials.
• Figure 38. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
• Figure 39. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet.
• Figure 40. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
• Figure 41. Umicore recycling flow diagram.
• Figure 42. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling.
• Figure 43. Schematic of direct recycling process.
• Figure 44. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling.
• Figure 45. Global revenues for Li-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 46. Total EV battery material demand by category, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes).
• Figure 47. BEV cathode chemistry mix, 2025 vs 2036.
• Figure 48. Cathode active material demand by element, 2025–2036 (kilotonnes).
• Figure 49. Silicon adoption in EV anodes, 2025–2036.
• Figure 50. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery.
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries.
• Figure 52. Schematic diagram of Lithium–sulfur battery.
• Figure 53. Lithium-sulfur market value chain.
• Figure 54. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries.
• Figure 55. Global revenues for Lithium-sulfur, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 56. Global revenues for Lithium titanate and niobate batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 57. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA).
• Figure 58. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG).
• Figure 59. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications.
• Figure 60. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT).
• Figure 61. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery.
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries.
• Figure 63. Global revenues for sodium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 64. Schematic of a Na–S battery.
• Figure 65. SWOT analysis: Sodium-sulfur batteries.
• Figure 66. Saturnose battery chemistry.
• Figure 67. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries.
• Figure 68. Global revenues for aluminium-ion batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 69. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery.
• Figure 70. ULTRALIFE thin film battery.
• Figure 71. Examples of applications of thin film batteries.
• Figure 72. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials.
• Figure 73. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right).
• Figure 74. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB.
• Figure 75. SWOT analysis: All-solid state batteries.
• Figure 76. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries.
• Figure 77. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage.
• Figure 78. Types of flexible batteries.
• Figure 79. Flexible batteries on the market.
• Figure 80. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries.
• Figure 81. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures.
• Figure 82. a–c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs.
• Figure 83. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d–f)
• Figure 84. Origami disposable battery.
• Figure 85. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt.
• Figure 86. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries.
• Figure 87. Zn–MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark.
• Figure 88. Ag–Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy.
• Figure 89. Wearable self-powered devices.
• Figure 90. SWOT analysis: Flexible batteries.
• Figure 91. Global revenues for flexible batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 92. Transparent batteries.
• Figure 93. SWOT analysis: Transparent batteries.
• Figure 94. Degradable batteries.
• Figure 95. SWOT analysis: Degradable batteries.
• Figure 96. Various applications of printed paper batteries.
• Figure 97.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery.
• Figure 98. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together.
• Figure 99. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III).
• Figure 100. SWOT analysis: Printed batteries.
• Figure 101. Global revenues for printed batteries, 2018-2036, by market (Billions USD).
• Figure 102. Scheme of a redox flow battery.
• Figure 103. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery schematic.
• Figure 104. SWOT analysis: Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
• Figure 105. Schematic of zinc bromine flow battery energy storage system.
• Figure 106. SWOT analysis: Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries (ZnBr).
• Figure 107. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.
• Figure 108. SWOT analysis: Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries.
• Figure 109. Schematic of All-Iron Redox Flow Batteries.
• Figure 110. SWOT analysis: All-iron Flow Batteries.
• Figure 111. SWOT analysis: Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries.
• Figure 112. Schematic of Hydrogen-bromine flow battery.
• Figure 113. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries.
• Figure 114. SWOT analysis: Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries.
• Figure 115. SWOT analysis: Organic redox flow batteries (ORFBs) batteries.
• Figure 116. Schematic of zinc-polyiodide redox flow battery (ZIB).
• Figure 117. Redox flow batteries applications roadmap.
• Figure 118. Global revenues for redox flow batteries, 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Figure 119. Levelised cost of storage: vanadium RFB vs lithium-ion LFP by duration, 2026 and 2030.
• Figure 120. Global RFB market forecast by chemistry, 2025–2036 (GWh).
• Figure 121. Global RFB market value by chemistry, 2025–2036 (US$ billion).
• Figure 122. Battery pack capacity range by off-highway machine type
• Figure 123. Global off-highway battery demand, 2025–2036 (GWh)
• Figure 124. Off-highway battery chemistry mix, 2025 vs 2036
• Figure 125. Regional distribution of off-highway battery demand, 2036
• Figure 126. Global C&I BESS market by application, 2025–2036 (US$ billion).
• Figure 127. Data centre BESS demand by region, 2025–2036 (GWh).
• Figure 128. LFP cell cost to US BESS buyer: domestic vs Chinese import, 2026–2031 (US$/kWh).
• Figure 129. C&I BESS technology mix, 2025 vs 2036 (% of GWh deployments).
• Figure 130. Types of integrated battery packs
• Figure 131. Battery pack with a cell-to-pack design and prismatic cells.
• Figure 132. Global advanced battery pack sensor market by sensor type, 2025–2036 (US$ million).
• Figure 133. 24M battery.
• Figure 134. 3DOM battery.
• Figure 135. AC biode prototype.
• Figure 136. Schematic diagram of liquid metal battery operation.
• Figure 137. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm).
• Figure 138. Amprius battery products.
• Figure 139. All-polymer battery schematic.
• Figure 140. All Polymer Battery Module.
• Figure 141. Resin current collector.
• Figure 142. Ateios thin-film, printed battery.
• Figure 143. The structure of aluminum-sulfur battery from Avanti Battery.
• Figure 144. Containerized NAS® batteries.
• Figure 145. 3D printed lithium-ion battery.
• Figure 146. Blue Solution module.
• Figure 147. TempTraq wearable patch.
• Figure 148. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process.
• Figure 149. Carhartt X-1 Smart Heated Vest.
• Figure 150. Cymbet EnerChip™
• Figure 151. E-magy nano sponge structure.
• Figure 152. Enerpoly zinc-ion battery.
• Figure 153. SoftBattery®.
• Figure 154. ASSB All-Solid-State Battery by EGI 300 Wh/kg.
• Figure 155. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate.
• Figure 156. 40 Ah battery cell.
• Figure 157. FDK Corp battery.
• Figure 158. 2D paper batteries.
• Figure 159. 3D Custom Format paper batteries.
• Figure 160. Fuji carbon nanotube products.
• Figure 161. Gelion Endure battery.
• Figure 162. Gelion GEN3 lithium sulfur batteries.
• Figure 163. Grepow flexible battery.
• Figure 164. HPB solid-state battery.
• Figure 165. HiNa Battery pack for EV.
• Figure 166. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery.
• Figure 167. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose.
• Figure 168. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery.
• Figure 169. Ilika solid-state batteries.
• Figure 170. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials.
• Figure 171. Ionic Materials battery cell.
• Figure 172. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure.
• Figure 173. ITEN micro batteries.
• Figure 174. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module.
• Figure 175. LiBEST flexible battery.
• Figure 176. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells.
• Figure 177. LiNa Energy battery.
• Figure 178. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology.
• Figure 179. Lyten batteries.
• Figure 180. Cellulomix production process.
• Figure 181. Nanobase versus conventional products.
• Figure 182. Nanotech Energy battery.
• Figure 183. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept.
• Figure 184. NBD battery.
• Figure 185. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production.
• Figure 186. TEM images of carbon nanobrush.
• Figure 187. EnerCerachip.
• Figure 188. Cambrian battery.
• Figure 189. Printed battery.
• Figure 190. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery.
• Figure 191. Printed Energy flexible battery.
• Figure 192. ProLogium solid-state battery.
• Figure 193. QingTao solid-state batteries.
• Figure 194. Schematic of the quinone flow battery.
• Figure 195. Sakuu Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery.
• Figure 196. Salgenx S3000 seawater flow battery.
• Figure 197. Samsung SDI's sixth-generation prismatic batteries.
• Figure 198. SES Apollo batteries.
• Figure 199. Sionic Energy battery cell.
• Figure 200. Solid Power battery pouch cell.
• Figure 201. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
• Figure 202.TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery
• Figure 203. Zeta Energy 20 Ah cell.
• Figure 204. Zoolnasm batteries.