The Global Market for Advanced Bio-based and Sustainable Materials 2026-2036

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Definition of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• 1.2 Importance and Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• 1.3 What are bioplastics?
• 1.4 Global Plastics Market and Supply
• 1.5 Recycling Polymers
• 1.6 Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers
• 1.7 Bio-based Content Across the Full Polymer Market
• 1.8 Regional Distribution

2 BIOPLASTICS MARKET

• 2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• 2.2 Next Generation Bio-based Polymers
• 2.3 Integration with Chemical Recycling
• 2.4 Novel Feedstock Sources
• 2.5 Turning Waste into Bioplastics
• 2.6 Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content:
• 2.7 Global Bioplastics Capacity
  • 2.7.1 Production capacities
  • 2.7.2 Production capacities forecast 2025-2036
  • 2.7.3 Production capacities by region 2024-2036
• 2.8 Global Market Forecasts
• 2.9 Environmental Impact and Sustainability
  • 2.9.1 Plastics carbon footprint
  • 2.9.2 Bioplastics carbon footprint
  • 2.9.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bioplastics
  • 2.9.4 Use of renewables in production
  • 2.9.5 Land Use and Feedstock Sustainability
  • 2.9.6 Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternatives
• 2.10 Bio-composites
  • 2.10.1 Sustainable packaging
  • 2.10.2 Enhanced biodegradation of bio-based polymers
  • 2.10.3 Bio-composite manufacturing
  • 2.10.4 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of Bio-based Polymers
• 2.11 The Biodegradability and Bio-based Independence Principle
• 2.12 Types of bioplastics
  • 2.12.1 Introduction
  • 2.12.2 Polymer Types
    • 2.12.2.1 Transition from fossil-based to bio-based polymers
    • 2.12.2.2 Monosaccharides
    • 2.12.2.3 Vegetable Oils
  • 2.12.3 Bio-based monomers
    • 2.12.3.1 Portfolio of available monomers
    • 2.12.3.2 Emerging Monomer Technologies
  • 2.12.4 The Green Premium
  • 2.12.5 Market Pathway Classification: Drop-in, Smart Drop-in and Dedicated Bio-based Polymers
• 2.13 Feedstocks
  • 2.13.1 Types
  • 2.13.2 Prices
  • 2.13.3 Alternative feedstocks for bioplastics
  • 2.13.4 Food security, land use, and water resources
• 2.14 Chain of custody
• 2.15 Chemical tracers and markers
• 2.16 Bioplastics regulations
  • 2.16.1 Overview
  • 2.16.2 Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
  • 2.16.3 United States
  • 2.16.4 Europe
    • 2.16.4.1 EU Bioeconomy Strategy November
  • 2.16.5 Asia-Pacific

3 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS AND INTERMEDIATES

• 3.1 BIOREFINERIES
• 3.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
• 3.3 PLANT-BASED
  • 3.3.1 STARCH
    • 3.3.1.1 Overview
    • 3.3.1.2 Sources
    • 3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.4 Lysine
      • 3.3.1.4.1 Source
      • 3.3.1.4.2 Applications
      • 3.3.1.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.1.5 Glucose
      • 3.3.1.5.1 HMDA
        • 3.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.2 1,5-pentamethylenediamine (DA5)
        • 3.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
        • 3.3.1.5.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.3.3 Global Production
        • 3.3.1.5.3.4 Isosorbide
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.3.4.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
      • 3.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.6 3-HP
        • 3.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
        • 3.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
        • 3.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
        • 3.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.9.6 Terephthalic acid
          • 3.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
        • 3.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
        • 3.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
      • 3.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
        • 3.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
        • 3.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
        • 3.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
        • 3.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
        • 3.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
          • 3.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
        • 3.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
  • 3.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
    • 3.3.2.1 Saccharose
      • 3.3.2.1.1 Aniline
        • 3.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
      • 3.3.2.1.2 Fructose
        • 3.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
        • 3.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
          • 3.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
  • 3.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
    • 3.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
      • 3.3.3.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.3.1.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
      • 3.3.3.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.3.2.4 Furfural
        • 3.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
        • 3.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
          • 3.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
    • 3.3.3.3 Lignin
  • 3.3.4 PLANT OILS
    • 3.3.4.1 Overview
    • 3.3.4.2 Glycerol
      • 3.3.4.2.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.2.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.4 MPG
        • 3.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.2.5 ECH
        • 3.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.3 Fatty acids
      • 3.3.4.3.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.3.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.4 Castor oil
      • 3.3.4.4.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
        • 3.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
      • 3.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
        • 3.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
        • 3.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
        • 3.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
      • 3.3.4.5.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.5.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.5.3 Global production
    • 3.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
      • 3.3.4.6.1 Overview
      • 3.3.4.6.2 Applications
      • 3.3.4.6.3 Global production
  • 3.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
    • 3.3.5.1 Casein
      • 3.3.5.1.1 Overview
      • 3.3.5.1.2 Applications
      • 3.3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.3.6 BIO-BASED NAPHTHA
    • 3.3.6.1 Overview
    • 3.3.6.2 Applications
    • 3.3.6.3 Global Production
• 3.4 WASTE
  • 3.4.1 Food waste
    • 3.4.1.1 Overview
    • 3.4.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.1.3 Global production
  • 3.4.2 Agricultural waste
    • 3.4.2.1 Overview
    • 3.4.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.2.3 Global production
  • 3.4.3 Forestry waste
    • 3.4.3.1 Overview
    • 3.4.3.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.3.3 Global production
  • 3.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
    • 3.4.4.1 Overview
    • 3.4.4.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.4.3 Global production
  • 3.4.5 Municipal solid waste
    • 3.4.5.1 Overview
    • 3.4.5.2 Products and applications
    • 3.4.5.3 Global production
  • 3.4.6 Industrial waste
    • 3.4.6.1 Overview
    • 3.4.6.2 Waste oils
    • 3.4.6.3 Overview
    • 3.4.6.4 Products and applications
    • 3.4.6.5 Global production
• 3.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
  • 3.5.1 Microalgae
    • 3.5.1.1 Overview
    • 3.5.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.1.3 Global production
  • 3.5.2 Macroalgae
    • 3.5.2.1 Overview
    • 3.5.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.5.2.3 Global production
  • 3.5.3 Mineral sources
    • 3.5.3.1 Overview
    • 3.5.3.2 Products and applications
• 3.6 GASEOUS
  • 3.6.1 Biogas
    • 3.6.1.1 Overview
    • 3.6.1.2 Products and applications
    • 3.6.1.3 Global production
  • 3.6.2 Syngas
    • 3.6.2.1 Overview
    • 3.6.2.2 Products and applications
    • 3.6.2.3 Global production
  • 3.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
    • 3.6.3.1 Overview
    • 3.6.3.2 Products and applications
• 3.7 Feedstock-to-Polymer Mapping and Mass Balance
  • 3.7.1 Overview
  • 3.7.2 Feedstock-to-polymer map
  • 3.7.3 Conversion ratios and mass balance

4 BIO-BASED POLYMERS AND PLASTICS

• 4.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
  • 4.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
• 4.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
  • 4.2.1 Biodegradability
  • 4.2.2 Compostability
• 4.3 TYPES
• 4.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
• 4.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 4.5.1 Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear
    • 4.5.1.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.1.2 Production
    • 4.5.1.3 Applications
    • 4.5.1.4 Producers
  • 4.5.2 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 4.5.2.1 What is polylactic acid?
    • 4.5.2.2 Market analysis
    • 4.5.2.3 Applications
    • 4.5.2.4 Production
    • 4.5.2.5 Biomanufacturing of lactic acid (C3H6O3)
    • 4.5.2.6 Bacterial fermentation
      • 4.5.2.6.1 Lactic acid
      • 4.5.2.6.2 Selection of optimal bacterial strains
      • 4.5.2.6.3 Downstream processing of fermentation broth into PLA-grade lactic acid
    • 4.5.2.7 PLA hydrolysis
    • 4.5.2.8 Ocean degradation
    • 4.5.2.9 PLA end-of-life
    • 4.5.2.10 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
      • 4.5.2.10.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.2.10.2 PLA producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
      • 4.5.2.10.4 PLA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 4.5.3.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.3.2 Bio-based MEG and PET
      • 4.5.3.2.1 Monomer production
      • 4.5.3.2.2 Applications
    • 4.5.3.3 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.3.4 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.4 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 4.5.4.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.4.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.4.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.4.4 PTT Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.5 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 4.5.5.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.5.2 Comparative properties to PET
    • 4.5.5.3 Commercial status
    • 4.5.5.4 Producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.5.4.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
      • 4.5.5.4.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
  • 4.5.6 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
    • 4.5.6.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.6.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.6.4 Bio-PA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.7 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
    • 4.5.7.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.7.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.7.4 PBAT Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.8 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 4.5.8.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.8.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.8.4 PBS Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.9 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
    • 4.5.9.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.9.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
    • 4.5.9.4 Bio-PE Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.10 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 4.5.10.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.10.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.5.10.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.5.10.4 Bio-PP Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.11 Superabsorbent polymers
    • 4.5.11.1 Market analysis
    • 4.5.11.2 Production
    • 4.5.11.3 Applications
    • 4.5.11.4 Producers
  • 4.5.12 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylate (PTF)
    • 4.5.12.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.12.2 Production
    • 4.5.12.3 Applications
    • 4.5.12.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.12.5 PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.13 Bio-based Polybutylene Terephthalate (Bio-PBT)
    • 4.5.13.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.13.2 Production
    • 4.5.13.3 Applications
    • 4.5.13.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.13.5 Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.14 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol (PFA)
    • 4.5.14.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.14.2 Production
    • 4.5.14.3 Applications
    • 4.5.14.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.14.5 PFA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.15 Bio-based Polyvinyl Chloride (Bio-PVC)
    • 4.5.15.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.15.2 Production
    • 4.5.15.3 Applications
    • 4.5.15.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.15.5 Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.16 Bio-based Polymethyl Methacrylate (Bio-PMMA)
    • 4.5.16.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.16.2 Production
    • 4.5.16.3 Applications
    • 4.5.16.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.16.5 Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.17 Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
    • 4.5.17.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.17.2 Production
    • 4.5.17.3 Applications
    • 4.5.17.4 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.17.5 Bio-SBR Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
  • 4.5.18 Epoxy resins (bio-based content)
    • 4.5.18.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.18.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.18.3 Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036
    • 4.5.18.4 Epoxy resins Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.5.19 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio-based content)
    • 4.5.19.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.5.19.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.5.19.3 Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036
    • 4.5.19.4 PUR Production by region 2019–2036
• 4.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
  • 4.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 4.6.1.1 Technology description
    • 4.6.1.2 Types
      • 4.6.1.2.1 PHB
      • 4.6.1.2.2 PHBV
    • 4.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
    • 4.6.1.4 Market analysis
    • 4.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
    • 4.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
      • 4.6.1.6.1 Packaging
      • 4.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
        • 4.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
      • 4.6.1.6.3 Medical
        • 4.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
        • 4.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
      • 4.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
        • 4.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
        • 4.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
    • 4.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
    • 4.6.1.9 PHA Production by region 2019–2036
  • 4.6.2 Cellulose
    • 4.6.2.1 Cellulose acetate (CA)
      • 4.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.1.2 Production
      • 4.6.2.1.3 Applications
      • 4.6.2.1.4 Cellulose acetate Production by region 2019–2036
      • 4.6.2.1.5 Producers
    • 4.6.2.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 4.6.2.2.1 Market analysis
      • 4.6.2.2.2 Producers and production capacities
    • 4.6.2.3 Nanocellulose
    • 4.6.2.4 Casein polymers
      • 4.6.2.4.1 Market analysis
    • 4.6.2.5 Commercial status
      • 4.6.2.5.1 Production
      • 4.6.2.5.2 Applications
    • 4.6.2.6 Algal, Fungal and Mycelium-based Materials: Emerging Outlook
  • 4.6.3 Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC)
    • 4.6.3.1 Market Analysis
    • 4.6.3.2 Producers and Production Capacities
    • 4.6.3.3 SCPC production 2019–2036
    • 4.6.3.4 SCPC Production by region 2019–2036
• 4.7 END USE MARKETS
  • 4.7.1 Packaging (Flexible and Rigid)
    • 4.7.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 4.7.1.2 Applications
    • 4.7.1.3 Flexible packaging
      • 4.7.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
    • 4.7.1.4 Rigid packaging
      • 4.7.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.2 Consumer Goods
    • 4.7.2.1 Applications
    • 4.7.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.3 Automotive
    • 4.7.3.1 Applications
    • 4.7.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.4 Building and Construction
    • 4.7.4.1 Applications
    • 4.7.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.5 Textiles and Fibers
    • 4.7.5.1 Apparel
    • 4.7.5.2 Footwear
    • 4.7.5.3 Medical textiles
    • 4.7.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.6 Electronics
    • 4.7.6.1 Applications
    • 4.7.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.7 Agriculture and Horticulture
    • 4.7.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2036
  • 4.7.8 Production of Biopolymers, by region
    • 4.7.8.1 North America
    • 4.7.8.2 Europe
    • 4.7.8.3 Asia-Pacific
    • 4.7.8.4 Latin America
  • 4.7.9 Polymer-Specific Application Distribution
    • 4.7.9.1 All bio-based polymers — Application summary
    • 4.7.9.2 PLA — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.3 PHA — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.4 PBAT — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.5 PBS — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.6 SCPC — Application distribution
    • 4.7.9.7 Cellulose acetate — Application distribution
• 4.8 LIGNIN
  • 4.8.1 What is lignin?
    • 4.8.1.1 Lignin structure
  • 4.8.2 Types of lignin
    • 4.8.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
    • 4.8.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
  • 4.8.3 Properties
  • 4.8.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
  • 4.8.5 Markets and applications
  • 4.8.6 Challenges for using lignin
  • 4.8.7 Lignin production processes
  • 4.8.8 Lignosulphonates
    • 4.8.8.1 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.9 Kraft lignin
    • 4.8.9.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.8.9.2 LignoBoost process
    • 4.8.9.3 LignoForce method
    • 4.8.9.4 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
    • 4.8.9.5 A-Recovery+
  • 4.8.10 Soda lignin
    • 4.8.10.1 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.11 Biorefinery lignin
    • 4.8.11.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.8.11.2 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
  • 4.8.12 High-purity and high-quality lignins
    • 4.8.12.1 What defines a high-quality lignin
    • 4.8.12.2 Purification and fractionation
  • 4.8.13 Organosolv lignins
    • 4.8.13.1 Properties
    • 4.8.13.2 Applications
    • 4.8.13.3 Price positioning
    • 4.8.13.4 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.14 Hydrolytic lignin
    • 4.8.14.1 Properties
    • 4.8.14.2 SWOT analysis
  • 4.8.15 Markets for lignin
  • 4.8.16 Market drivers and trends for lignin
  • 4.8.17 Production capacities
    • 4.8.17.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
    • 4.8.17.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
  • 4.8.18 Global consumption of lignin
    • 4.8.18.1 By type
      • 4.8.18.1.1 Tonnes
      • 4.8.18.1.2 Revenues
    • 4.8.18.2 By market
      • 4.8.18.2.1 Tonnes
      • 4.8.18.2.2 Revenues
  • 4.8.19 Prices
    • 4.8.19.1 Price outlook to
    • 4.8.19.2 Price by quality tier and upgrade economics
    • 4.8.19.3 Price drivers and trends
• 4.9 COMPANY PROFILES 437 (577 company profiles)

5 NATURAL FIBER PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES

• 5.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
• 5.2 Advantages of natural fibers
• 5.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
• 5.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
• 5.5 Challenges
• 5.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
  • 5.6.1 Seed fibers
    • 5.6.1.1 Cotton
      • 5.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.1.2 Kapok
      • 5.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.1.3 Luffa
  • 5.6.2 Bast fibers
    • 5.6.2.1 Jute
      • 5.6.2.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.2 Hemp
      • 5.6.2.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.3 Flax
      • 5.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.4 Ramie
      • 5.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.2.5 Kenaf
      • 5.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
  • 5.6.3 Leaf fibers
    • 5.6.3.1 Sisal
      • 5.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.3.2 Abaca
      • 5.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
  • 5.6.4 Fruit fibers
    • 5.6.4.1 Coir
      • 5.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.4.2 Banana
      • 5.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.4.3 Pineapple
  • 5.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
    • 5.6.5.1 Rice fiber
    • 5.6.5.2 Corn
  • 5.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
    • 5.6.6.1 Switch grass
    • 5.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
    • 5.6.6.3 Bamboo
      • 5.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2036
    • 5.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
• 5.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
  • 5.7.1 Wool
    • 5.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
    • 5.7.1.2 Producers
  • 5.7.2 Silk fiber
    • 5.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
      • 5.7.2.1.1 Producers
  • 5.7.3 Leather
    • 5.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
      • 5.7.3.1.1 Producers
  • 5.7.4 Fur
    • 5.7.4.1 Producers
  • 5.7.5 Down
    • 5.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
      • 5.7.5.1.1 Producers
• 5.8 Markets for natural fibers
  • 5.8.1 Composites
  • 5.8.2 Applications
  • 5.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
    • 5.8.3.1 Properties
    • 5.8.3.2 Applications
  • 5.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
    • 5.8.4.1 Automotive
    • 5.8.4.2 Applications
  • 5.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
  • 5.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
  • 5.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
    • 5.8.7.1 Flax
    • 5.8.7.2 Kenaf
  • 5.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
  • 5.8.9 Aerospace
    • 5.8.9.1 Market overview
  • 5.8.10 Automotive
    • 5.8.10.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
  • 5.8.11 Building/construction
    • 5.8.11.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
  • 5.8.12 Sports and leisure
    • 5.8.12.1 Market overview
  • 5.8.13 Textiles
    • 5.8.13.1 Market overview
    • 5.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
    • 5.8.13.3 Geotextiles
  • 5.8.14 Packaging
    • 5.8.14.1 Market overview
• 5.9 Global production of natural fibers
• 5.10 COMPANY PROFILES (155 company profiles)

6 SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• 6.1 Market overview
  • 6.1.1 Benefits of Sustainable Construction
  • 6.1.2 Global Trends and Drivers
• 6.2 Global revenues
  • 6.2.1 By materials type
  • 6.2.2 By market
• 6.3 Types of sustainable construction materials
  • 6.3.1 Established bio-based construction materials
  • 6.3.2 Hemp-based Materials
    • 6.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
    • 6.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard
    • 6.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation
  • 6.3.3 Mycelium-based Materials
    • 6.3.3.1 Insulation
    • 6.3.3.2 Structural Elements
    • 6.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels
    • 6.3.3.4 Decorative Elements
  • 6.3.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
    • 6.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete
    • 6.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete
    • 6.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials
    • 6.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete
      • 6.3.4.4.1 Bioconcrete
      • 6.3.4.4.2 Fiber concrete
    • 6.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement
    • 6.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete
    • 6.3.4.7 Biomineral binders
  • 6.3.5 Natural Fiber Composites
    • 6.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers
    • 6.3.5.2 Properties
    • 6.3.5.3 Applications in Construction
  • 6.3.6 Cellulose nanofibers
    • 6.3.6.1 Sandwich composites
    • 6.3.6.2 Cement additives
    • 6.3.6.3 Pump primers
    • 6.3.6.4 Insulation materials
    • 6.3.6.5 Coatings and paints
    • 6.3.6.6 3D printing materials
  • 6.3.7 Sustainable Insulation Materials
    • 6.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials
    • 6.3.7.2 Aerogel Insulation
      • 6.3.7.2.1 Silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.1 Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity
        • 6.3.7.2.1.3 Mechanical
        • 6.3.7.2.1.4 Silica aerogel precursors
        • 6.3.7.2.1.5 Products
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.1 Monoliths
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.2 Powder
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.3 Granules
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.4 Blankets
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.5 Aerogel boards
          • 6.3.7.2.1.5.6 Aerogel renders
        • 6.3.7.2.1.6 3D printing of aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.7 Silica aerogel from sustainable feedstocks
        • 6.3.7.2.1.8 Silica composite aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.1.8.1 Organic crosslinkers
        • 6.3.7.2.1.9 Cost of silica aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.1.10 Main players
      • 6.3.7.2.2 Aerogel-like foam materials
        • 6.3.7.2.2.1 Properties
        • 6.3.7.2.2.2 Applications
      • 6.3.7.2.3 Metal oxide aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.4 Organic aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.4.1 Polymer aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.5 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
        • 6.3.7.2.5.1 Cellulose aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.1 Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.2 Cellulose nanocrystal aerogels
          • 6.3.7.2.5.1.3 Bacterial nanocellulose aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.2 Lignin aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.3 Alginate aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.4 Starch aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.5.5 Chitosan aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.6 Carbon aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.1 Carbon nanotube aerogels
        • 6.3.7.2.6.2 Graphene and graphite aerogels
      • 6.3.7.2.7 Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
        • 6.3.7.2.7.1 Carbon nitride
        • 6.3.7.2.7.2 Gold
        • 6.3.7.2.7.3 Cellulose
        • 6.3.7.2.7.4 Graphene oxide
      • 6.3.7.2.8 Hybrid aerogels
• 6.4 Carbon capture and utilization
  • 6.4.1 Overview
  • 6.4.2 Market structure
  • 6.4.3 CCUS technologies in the cement industry
  • 6.4.4 Products
    • 6.4.4.1 Carbonated aggregates
    • 6.4.4.2 Additives during mixing
    • 6.4.4.3 Carbonates from natural minerals
    • 6.4.4.4 Carbonates from waste
  • 6.4.5 Concrete curing
  • 6.4.6 Costs
  • 6.4.7 Challenges
• 6.5 Green steel
  • 6.5.1 Current Steelmaking processes
  • 6.5.2 Decarbonization target and policies
    • 6.5.2.1 EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
  • 6.5.3 Advances in clean production technologies
  • 6.5.4 Production technologies
    • 6.5.4.1 The role of hydrogen
    • 6.5.4.2 Comparative analysis
    • 6.5.4.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
    • 6.5.4.4 Electrolysis
    • 6.5.4.5 Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
    • 6.5.4.6 Biochar replacing coke
    • 6.5.4.7 Hydrogen Blast Furnace
    • 6.5.4.8 Renewable energy powered processes
    • 6.5.4.9 Flash ironmaking
    • 6.5.4.10 Hydrogen Plasma Iron Ore Reduction
    • 6.5.4.11 Ferrous Bioprocessing
    • 6.5.4.12 Microwave Processing
    • 6.5.4.13 Additive Manufacturing
    • 6.5.4.14 Technology readiness level (TRL)
  • 6.5.5 Properties
• 6.6 Markets and applications
  • 6.6.1 Residential Buildings
  • 6.6.2 Commercial and Office Buildings
  • 6.6.3 Infrastructure
• 6.7 Company profiles (191 company profiles)

7 BIOBASED PACKAGING MATERIALS

• 7.1 Market overview
  • 7.1.1 Current global packaging market and materials
  • 7.1.2 The global market for sustainable packaging
    • 7.1.2.1 By packaging materials
      • 7.1.2.1.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.1.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.2 By packaging product type
      • 7.1.2.2.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.2.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.3 By end-use market
      • 7.1.2.3.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.3.2 Revenues
    • 7.1.2.4 By region
      • 7.1.2.4.1 Tonnes
      • 7.1.2.4.2 Revenues
  • 7.1.3 Market trends
  • 7.1.4 Drivers for growth in bio-based and sustainable packaging
    • 7.1.4.1 Regulatory Mandates and PFAS Phase-Out Impact
    • 7.1.4.2 Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements
    • 7.1.4.3 Consumer Demand for Sustainable Packaging
    • 7.1.4.4 E-Commerce Growth and Packaging Performance Needs
    • 7.1.4.5 Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments
  • 7.1.5 Challenges for bio-based and sustainable packaging
  • 7.1.6 Prices
• 7.2 Materials
  • 7.2.1 Materials innovation
  • 7.2.2 Active packaging
  • 7.2.3 Monomaterial packaging
  • 7.2.4 Conventional polymer materials used in packaging
    • 7.2.4.1 Polyolefins: Polypropylene and polyethylene
      • 7.2.4.1.1 Overview
      • 7.2.4.1.2 Grades
      • 7.2.4.1.3 Producers
    • 7.2.4.2 PET and other polyester polymers
      • 7.2.4.2.1 Overview
    • 7.2.4.3 Renewable and bio-based polymers for packaging
    • 7.2.4.4 Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers
    • 7.2.4.5 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.2.4.6 End-of-life treatment of bio-based and sustainable packaging
• 7.3 Synthetic bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.3.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 7.3.1.1 Overview
    • 7.3.1.2 Properties
    • 7.3.1.3 Applications
    • 7.3.1.4 Advantages
    • 7.3.1.5 Challenges
    • 7.3.1.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
    • 7.3.2.1 Overview
    • 7.3.2.2 Properties
    • 7.3.2.3 Applications
    • 7.3.2.4 Advantages of Bio-PET in Packaging
    • 7.3.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.2.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
    • 7.3.3.1 Overview
    • 7.3.3.2 Production Process
    • 7.3.3.3 Properties
    • 7.3.3.4 Applications
    • 7.3.3.5 Advantages of Bio-PTT in Packaging
    • 7.3.3.6 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.3.7 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
    • 7.3.4.1 Overview
    • 7.3.4.2 Properties
    • 7.3.4.3 Applications
    • 7.3.4.4 Advantages of Bio-PEF in Packaging
    • 7.3.4.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.4.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.5 Bio-PA
    • 7.3.5.1 Overview
    • 7.3.5.2 Properties
    • 7.3.5.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.4 Advantages of Bio-PA in Packaging
    • 7.3.5.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.5.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
    • 7.3.6.1 Overview
    • 7.3.6.2 Properties
    • 7.3.6.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.4 Advantages of Bio-PBAT in Packaging
    • 7.3.6.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.6.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
    • 7.3.7.1 Overview
    • 7.3.7.2 Properties
    • 7.3.7.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.4 Advantages of Bio-PBS and Co-polymers in Packaging
    • 7.3.7.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.7.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.3.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
    • 7.3.8.1 Overview
    • 7.3.8.2 Properties
    • 7.3.8.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.4 Advantages of Bio-PP in Packaging
    • 7.3.8.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.3.8.6 Commercial examples
• 7.4 Natural bio-based packaging materials
  • 7.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 7.4.1.1 Properties
    • 7.4.1.2 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.3 Advantages of PHA in Packaging
    • 7.4.1.4 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.4.1.5 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.2 Starch-based blends
    • 7.4.2.1 Overview
    • 7.4.2.2 Properties
    • 7.4.2.3 Applications in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.4 Advantages of Starch-Based Blends in Packaging
    • 7.4.2.5 Challenges and Limitations
    • 7.4.2.6 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.3 Cellulose
    • 7.4.3.1 Feedstocks
      • 7.4.3.1.1 Wood
      • 7.4.3.1.2 Plant
      • 7.4.3.1.3 Tunicate
      • 7.4.3.1.4 Algae
      • 7.4.3.1.5 Bacteria
    • 7.4.3.2 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.4.3.2.1 Properties
    • 7.4.3.3 Nanocellulose
      • 7.4.3.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
        • 7.4.3.3.1.1 Applications in packaging
      • 7.4.3.3.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.4.3.3.2.1 Applications in packaging
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
          • 7.4.3.3.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings
      • 7.4.3.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
        • 7.4.3.3.3.1 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.3.4 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.4 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
    • 7.4.4.1 Feedstocks
    • 7.4.4.2 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.5 Lipids and waxes for packaging
    • 7.4.5.1 Overview
    • 7.4.5.2 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.6 Seaweed-based packaging
    • 7.4.6.1 Overview
    • 7.4.6.2 Production
    • 7.4.6.3 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.6.4 Producers
  • 7.4.7 Mycelium
    • 7.4.7.1 Overview
    • 7.4.7.2 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.7.3 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.8 Chitosan
    • 7.4.8.1 Overview
    • 7.4.8.2 Applications in packaging
    • 7.4.8.3 Commercial examples
  • 7.4.9 Bio-naphtha
    • 7.4.9.1 Overview
    • 7.4.9.2 Markets and applications
    • 7.4.9.3 Commercial examples
• 7.5 Applications
  • 7.5.1 Paper and board packaging
    • 7.5.1.1 Market overview
    • 7.5.1.2 Recycled Paper and Cardboard
      • 7.5.1.2.1 Post-consumer recycled (PCR) content paperboard
      • 7.5.1.2.2 Kraft paper made from recycled fibers
      • 7.5.1.2.3 Corrugated cardboard with high recycled content
    • 7.5.1.3 FSC/PEFC Certified Virgin Fibers
      • 7.5.1.3.1 Sustainably managed forest sources
      • 7.5.1.3.2 Chain-of-custody certified materials
    • 7.5.1.4 Alternative Fiber Sources
      • 7.5.1.4.1 Bamboo-based paper and board
      • 7.5.1.4.2 Agricultural waste fibers (wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse)
      • 7.5.1.4.3 Hemp and flax fiber papers
    • 7.5.1.5 Plastic-Free Barrier Papers
      • 7.5.1.5.1 Clay-coated papers
      • 7.5.1.5.2 Silicone-coated papers
      • 7.5.1.5.3 Mineral oil barrier papers
    • 7.5.1.6 Water-Based Coatings and Adhesives
      • 7.5.1.6.1 Replacing plastic laminations with aqueous coatings
      • 7.5.1.6.2 Plant-based adhesives for box construction
  • 7.5.2 Food packaging
    • 7.5.2.1 Films and trays
    • 7.5.2.2 Pouches and bags
    • 7.5.2.3 Textiles and nets
    • 7.5.2.4 Compostable Food Containers
      • 7.5.2.4.1 PLA (polylactic acid) trays and containers
      • 7.5.2.4.2 Bagasse food service items
      • 7.5.2.4.3 Molded fiber clamshells and trays
    • 7.5.2.5 Biodegradable Films and Wraps
      • 7.5.2.5.1 Cellulose-based films
      • 7.5.2.5.2 PLA films for food wrapping
      • 7.5.2.5.3 Starch-based wraps
    • 7.5.2.6 Bio-Based Barrier Materials
      • 7.5.2.6.1 Paper with biopolymer coatings
      • 7.5.2.6.2 Plant-based waxes for moisture resistance
      • 7.5.2.6.3 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings
    • 7.5.2.7 Reusable Food Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.7.1 Returnable Glass Containers
      • 7.5.2.7.2 Durable Bioplastic Containers
      • 7.5.2.7.3 Loop-Style Reuse Systems
    • 7.5.2.8 Bioadhesives
      • 7.5.2.8.1 Starch
      • 7.5.2.8.2 Cellulose
      • 7.5.2.8.3 Protein-Based
    • 7.5.2.9 Barrier coatings and films
      • 7.5.2.9.1 Polysaccharides
        • 7.5.2.9.1.1 Chitin
        • 7.5.2.9.1.2 Chitosan
        • 7.5.2.9.1.3 Starch
      • 7.5.2.9.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
      • 7.5.2.9.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
      • 7.5.2.9.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 7.5.2.10 Active and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.10.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems
      • 7.5.2.10.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
      • 7.5.2.10.3 Oxygen scavengers from natural materials
      • 7.5.2.10.4 Antimicrobial packaging from plant extracts
      • 7.5.2.10.5 Bio-based sensors for food freshness
    • 7.5.2.11 Antimicrobial films and agents
      • 7.5.2.11.1 Natural
      • 7.5.2.11.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
      • 7.5.2.11.3 Biopolymers
    • 7.5.2.12 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
    • 7.5.2.13 Edible films and coatings
      • 7.5.2.13.1 Overview
      • 7.5.2.13.2 Commercial examples
• 7.6 Biobased films and coatings in packaging
  • 7.6.1 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
  • 7.6.2 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
    • 7.6.2.1 Polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 7.6.2.1.3 Products
    • 7.6.2.2 Acrylate resins
      • 7.6.2.2.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.2.2 Bio-based acrylates
      • 7.6.2.2.3 Products
    • 7.6.2.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
      • 7.6.2.3.1 Properties
      • 7.6.2.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
    • 7.6.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
    • 7.6.2.5 Cellulose coatings and films
      • 7.6.2.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 7.6.2.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers
        • 7.6.2.5.2.1 Properties
        • 7.6.2.5.2.2 Product developers
    • 7.6.2.6 Lignin coatings
    • 7.6.2.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
      • 7.6.2.7.1 Plant derived proteins
      • 7.6.2.7.2 Animal origin proteins
  • 7.6.3 Sustainable barrier coatings
    • 7.6.3.1 Substrates: Paper and Plastic
      • 7.6.3.1.1 Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements
      • 7.6.3.1.2 Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges
      • 7.6.3.1.3 Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs
    • 7.6.3.2 Extrusion Barrier Coatings
    • 7.6.3.3 Thermoplastic Polymers
    • 7.6.3.4 Aluminium
    • 7.6.3.5 Waxes
    • 7.6.3.6 Silicone and Other Natural Materials
    • 7.6.3.7 High Barrier Polymers
    • 7.6.3.8 Wet-Barrier Coatings
      • 7.6.3.8.1 Application methods and process optimization
      • 7.6.3.8.2 Performance benchmarking against alternatives
      • 7.6.3.8.3 Environmental impact assessment
      • 7.6.3.8.4 Market adoption patterns
    • 7.6.3.9 Wax Coating
    • 7.6.3.10 Barrier Metallisation
      • 7.6.3.10.1 Technology overview and application scope
      • 7.6.3.10.2 Performance advantages in barrier applications
      • 7.6.3.10.3 Sustainability challenges and recycling impact
    • 7.6.3.11 Biodegradable, biobased and recyclable coatings
    • 7.6.3.12 Monolayer Coatings
    • 7.6.3.13 Current Technology State-of-the-Art
      • 7.6.3.13.1 Water-based coating technologies
      • 7.6.3.13.2 Bio-based polymer solutions
        • 7.6.3.13.2.1 Polysaccharides
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.1 Chitin
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.2 Chitosan
          • 7.6.3.13.2.1.3 Starch
        • 7.6.3.13.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.5 Alginate
        • 7.6.3.13.2.6 Cellulose Acetate
        • 7.6.3.13.2.7 Protein-Based (Soy, Wheat)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.8 Bio-PE (Polyethylene)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.9 Bio-PET
        • 7.6.3.13.2.10 Lignin-Based Polymers
        • 7.6.3.13.2.11 Bacterial Cellulose
        • 7.6.3.13.2.12 Furan-Based Polymers (PEF)
        • 7.6.3.13.2.13 Tannin-Based Polymers
    • 7.6.3.14 Rosins
      • 7.6.3.14.1 Dispersion Coating Systems
      • 7.6.3.14.2 Nano-enhanced Barrier Materials
    • 7.6.3.15 Global Bioplastics Production Capacity
• 7.7 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
  • 7.7.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
  • 7.7.2 CO₂-derived polymers and plastics
  • 7.7.3 CO2 utilization products
• 7.8 Global biobased packaging markets
  • 7.8.1 Flexible packaging
    • 7.8.1.1 Market overview
    • 7.8.1.2 Compostable Flexible Films
      • 7.8.1.2.1 PLA film laminates
      • 7.8.1.2.2 PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) films
      • 7.8.1.2.3 PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate) films
      • 7.8.1.2.4 TPS (thermoplastic starch) films
    • 7.8.1.3 Recyclable Mono-Materials
      • 7.8.1.3.1 All-PE (polyethylene) structures
      • 7.8.1.3.2 All-PP (polypropylene) structures
      • 7.8.1.3.3 Designed for mechanical recycling
    • 7.8.1.4 Paper-Based Flexible Packaging
      • 7.8.1.4.1 High-strength paper with functional coatings
      • 7.8.1.4.2 Paper-plastic hybrid structures with separable layers
      • 7.8.1.4.3 Glassine and greaseproof papers
    • 7.8.1.5 Bio-Based Films
      • 7.8.1.5.1 Bio-PE films (from sugarcane)
      • 7.8.1.5.2 Bio-PET films
      • 7.8.1.5.3 Cellulose-based transparent films
    • 7.8.1.6 Reduced Material Structures
      • 7.8.1.6.1 Ultra-thin films with enhanced performance
      • 7.8.1.6.2 Downgauged materials with reinforcing technologies
      • 7.8.1.6.3 Resource-efficient multi-layer structures
    • 7.8.1.7 Global market size and forecast to
      • 7.8.1.7.1 Tonnes
      • 7.8.1.7.2 Revenues
  • 7.8.2 Rigid packaging
    • 7.8.2.1 Market overview
    • 7.8.2.2 Recycled Plastic Containers
      • 7.8.2.2.1 rPET (recycled polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and containers
      • 7.8.2.2.2 rHDPE (recycled high-density polyethylene) bottles
      • 7.8.2.2.3 PCR polypropylene tubs and containers
    • 7.8.2.3 Bio-Based Rigid Plastics
      • 7.8.2.3.1 Bio-PET bottles (partially plant-based)
      • 7.8.2.3.2 Bio-PE containers
      • 7.8.2.3.3 PLA bottles and jars
    • 7.8.2.4 Refillable/Reusable Systems
      • 7.8.2.4.1 Durable containers designed for multiple uses
      • 7.8.2.4.2 Standardized shapes for refill systems
      • 7.8.2.4.3 Concentrated product formats reducing packaging
    • 7.8.2.5 Alternative Materials
      • 7.8.2.5.1 Mushroom packaging for protective applications
      • 7.8.2.5.2 Molded pulp containers and inserts
      • 7.8.2.5.3 Wood and cork containers for premium products
    • 7.8.2.6 Glass and Metal Alternatives
      • 7.8.2.6.1 Lightweight glass technologies
      • 7.8.2.6.2 Thin-walled aluminum containers
      • 7.8.2.6.3 Tin-free steel packaging
    • 7.8.2.7 Global market and forecasts to
      • 7.8.2.7.1 Tonnes
      • 7.8.2.7.2 Revenues
  • 7.8.3 Coatings and films
• 7.9 Company profiles (330 company profiles)

8 SUSTAINABLE TEXTILES AND APPAREL

• 8.1 Types of bio-based fibers
  • 8.1.1 Natural fibers
  • 8.1.2 Man-made bio-based fibers
• 8.2 Bio-based synthetics
• 8.3 Recyclability of bio-based fibers
• 8.4 Lyocell
• 8.5 Bacterial cellulose
• 8.6 Algae textiles
• 8.7 Bio-based leather
  • 8.7.1 Properties of bio-based leathers
    • 8.7.1.1 Tear strength.
    • 8.7.1.2 Tensile strength
    • 8.7.1.3 Bally flexing
  • 8.7.2 Comparison with conventional leathers
  • 8.7.3 Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
  • 8.7.4 Plant-based leather
    • 8.7.4.1 Overview
    • 8.7.4.2 Production processes
      • 8.7.4.2.1 Feedstocks
        • 8.7.4.2.1.1 Agriculture Residues
        • 8.7.4.2.1.2 Food Processing Waste
        • 8.7.4.2.1.3 Invasive Plants
        • 8.7.4.2.1.4 Culture-Grown Inputs
      • 8.7.4.2.2 Textile-Based
      • 8.7.4.2.3 Bio-Composite
    • 8.7.4.3 Products
    • 8.7.4.4 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.4.5 Market players
  • 8.7.5 Mycelium leather
    • 8.7.5.1 Overview
    • 8.7.5.2 Production process
      • 8.7.5.2.1 Growth conditions
      • 8.7.5.2.2 Tanning Mycelium Leather
      • 8.7.5.2.3 Dyeing Mycelium Leather
    • 8.7.5.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.5.4 Products
    • 8.7.5.5 Market players
  • 8.7.6 Microbial leather
    • 8.7.6.1 Overview
    • 8.7.6.2 Production process
      • 8.7.6.2.1 Fermentation conditions
      • 8.7.6.2.2 Harvesting
    • 8.7.6.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.6.4 Products
    • 8.7.6.5 Market players
  • 8.7.7 Lab grown leather
    • 8.7.7.1 Overview
    • 8.7.7.2 Production process
    • 8.7.7.3 SWOT analysis
    • 8.7.7.4 Products
    • 8.7.7.5 Market players
  • 8.7.8 Protein-based leather
    • 8.7.8.1 Overview
    • 8.7.8.2 Production process
    • 8.7.8.3 Commercial activity
  • 8.7.9 Sustainable leather coatings and dyes
    • 8.7.9.1 Overview
      • 8.7.9.1.1 Coatings
      • 8.7.9.1.2 Dyes
    • 8.7.9.2 Commercial activity
• 8.8 Markets
  • 8.8.1 Footwear
  • 8.8.2 Fashion & Accessories
  • 8.8.3 Automotive & Transport
  • 8.8.4 Furniture
  • 8.8.5 Market trends
  • 8.8.6 Market challenges
  • 8.8.7 Investment funding
  • 8.8.8 Recent market news and developments
• 8.9 Global market revenues
  • 8.9.1 By region
  • 8.9.2 By end use market
• 8.10 Company profiles (65 company profiles)

9 BIOBASED COATINGS AND RESINS

• 9.1 Drop-in replacements
• 9.2 Bio-based resins
• 9.3 Reducing carbon footprint in industrial and protective coatings
• 9.4 Market drivers
  • 9.4.1 Regulatory mandates and PFAS phase-out
• 9.5 Challenges using bio-based coatings
• 9.6 Types
  • 9.6.1 Eco-friendly coatings technologies
    • 9.6.1.1 UV-cure
    • 9.6.1.2 Waterborne coatings
    • 9.6.1.3 Treatments with less or no solvents
    • 9.6.1.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
    • 9.6.1.5 Powder coatings
    • 9.6.1.6 High solid (HS) coatings
    • 9.6.1.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings
      • 9.6.1.7.1 Biopolymers
      • 9.6.1.7.2 Coatings based on agricultural waste
      • 9.6.1.7.3 Vegetable oils and fatty acids
      • 9.6.1.7.4 Proteins
      • 9.6.1.7.5 Cellulose
      • 9.6.1.7.6 Plant-Based wax coatings
  • 9.6.2 Barrier coatings
    • 9.6.2.1 Polysaccharides
      • 9.6.2.1.1 Chitin
      • 9.6.2.1.2 Chitosan
      • 9.6.2.1.3 Starch
    • 9.6.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
    • 9.6.2.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
    • 9.6.2.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
    • 9.6.2.5 Emerging bio-based barrier coating technologies
      • 9.6.2.5.1 Advanced aqueous polymeric solutions (PVOH, EVOH)
      • 9.6.2.5.2 Next-generation bio-polymers
      • 9.6.2.5.3 Nano-cellulose and natural fiber composites
      • 9.6.2.5.4 Seaweed-based biopolymer coatings
      • 9.6.2.5.5 Smart and functional coating systems
  • 9.6.3 Alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.1 Alkyd resin properties
    • 9.6.3.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings
    • 9.6.3.3 Products
  • 9.6.4 Polyurethane coatings
    • 9.6.4.1 Properties
    • 9.6.4.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
      • 9.6.4.2.1 Bio-based polyols
      • 9.6.4.2.2 Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
    • 9.6.4.3 Products
  • 9.6.5 Epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.1 Properties
    • 9.6.5.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings
    • 9.6.5.3 Products
  • 9.6.6 Acrylate resins
    • 9.6.6.1 Properties
    • 9.6.6.2 Bio-based acrylates
    • 9.6.6.3 Products
  • 9.6.7 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
    • 9.6.7.1 Properties
    • 9.6.7.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
  • 9.6.8 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
    • 9.6.8.1 Properties
    • 9.6.8.2 PHA coatings
    • 9.6.8.3 Commercially available PHAs
  • 9.6.9 Cellulose
    • 9.6.9.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
      • 9.6.9.1.1 Properties
      • 9.6.9.1.2 Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.2 Cellulose nanofibers
      • 9.6.9.2.1 Properties
      • 9.6.9.2.2 Applications in coatings
    • 9.6.9.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
    • 9.6.9.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
  • 9.6.10 Rosins
  • 9.6.11 Bio-based carbon black
    • 9.6.11.1 Lignin-based
    • 9.6.11.2 Algae-based
  • 9.6.12 Lignin coatings
  • 9.6.13 Edible films and coatings
  • 9.6.14 Antimicrobial films and agents
    • 9.6.14.1 Natural
    • 9.6.14.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
    • 9.6.14.3 Biopolymers
  • 9.6.15 Nanocoatings
  • 9.6.16 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
    • 9.6.16.1 Plant derived proteins
    • 9.6.16.2 Animal origin proteins
  • 9.6.17 Algal coatings
  • 9.6.18 Polypeptides
  • 9.6.19 Global market revenues
    • 9.6.19.1 Global market revenues to 2036, total
    • 9.6.19.2 Global market revenues to 2036, by market
• 9.7 Company profiles 1731 (202 company profiles)

10 BIOFUELS AND E-FUELS

• 10.1 Comparison to fossil fuels
• 10.2 Role in the circular economy
• 10.3 Market drivers
  • 10.3.1 Government policies
• 10.4 Market challenges
• 10.5 Liquid biofuels market
  • 10.5.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024
  • 10.5.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.
  • 10.5.3 Industry developments 2022-2025
  • 10.5.4 Sustainability of biofuels
• 10.6 The global biofuels market
  • 10.6.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
  • 10.6.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
• 10.7 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
• 10.8 Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type
• 10.9 Types
  • 10.9.1 Solid Biofuels
  • 10.9.2 Liquid Biofuels
  • 10.9.3 Gaseous Biofuels
  • 10.9.4 Conventional Biofuels
  • 10.9.5 Advanced Biofuels
  • 10.9.6 Refineries
• 10.10 Feedstocks
  • 10.10.1 First-generation (1-G)
  • 10.10.2 Second-generation (2-G)
    • 10.10.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
    • 10.10.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
  • 10.10.3 Third-generation (3-G)
    • 10.10.3.1 Algal biofuels
      • 10.10.3.1.1 Properties
      • 10.10.3.1.2 Advantages
  • 10.10.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
  • 10.10.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
  • 10.10.6 Energy crops
    • 10.10.6.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.6.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.7 Agricultural residues
    • 10.10.7.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.7.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
    • 10.10.8.1 Processing pathways
    • 10.10.8.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.9 Forestry and wood waste
    • 10.10.9.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.10.9.2 SWOT analysis
  • 10.10.10 Feedstock costs
• 10.11 Hydrocarbon biofuels
  • 10.11.1 Biodiesel
    • 10.11.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
    • 10.11.1.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.1.3 Biodiesel production
      • 10.11.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
      • 10.11.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
        • 10.11.1.3.3.1 Production process
      • 10.11.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
      • 10.11.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
      • 10.11.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
      • 10.11.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
      • 10.11.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
    • 10.11.1.4 Biodiesel Projects
    • 10.11.1.5 Recent market developments 2023-2025
    • 10.11.1.6 Prices
    • 10.11.1.7 Companies
    • 10.11.1.8 Global consumption
  • 10.11.2 Renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.1 Production
    • 10.11.2.2 Biodiesel vs renewable diesel
    • 10.11.2.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.2.4 Global consumption
    • 10.11.2.5 Prices
  • 10.11.3 Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
    • 10.11.3.1 Description
    • 10.11.3.2 Jet fuel composition & types
    • 10.11.3.3 Recent market developments
    • 10.11.3.4 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.3.5 Global production and consumption
    • 10.11.3.6 Production pathways
    • 10.11.3.7 Prices
    • 10.11.3.8 Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities
    • 10.11.3.9 Challenges
    • 10.11.3.10 Companies
    • 10.11.3.11 Global consumption
  • 10.11.4 Bio-naphtha
    • 10.11.4.1 Overview
    • 10.11.4.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.11.4.3 Markets and applications
    • 10.11.4.4 Prices
    • 10.11.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
    • 10.11.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
• 10.12 Alcohol fuels
  • 10.12.1 Biomethanol
    • 10.12.1.1 SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
      • 10.12.1.2.1 Production processes
        • 10.12.1.2.1.1 Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming
        • 10.12.1.2.1.2 Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.3 Anaerobic digestion
        • 10.12.1.2.1.4 Biomass gasification
        • 10.12.1.2.1.5 Power to Methane
    • 10.12.1.3 Methanol Synthesis Companies
  • 10.12.2 Bioethanol
    • 10.12.2.1 Technology description
    • 10.12.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
    • 10.12.2.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.12.2.4 Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol
      • 10.12.2.4.1 ATJ and ATG processes
      • 10.12.2.4.2 Ethanol Feedstocks
      • 10.12.2.4.3 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes
      • 10.12.2.4.4 Companies
    • 10.12.2.5 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
      • 10.12.2.5.1 Feedstocks
      • 10.12.2.5.2 Companies
    • 10.12.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
    • 10.12.2.7 Gasification
      • 10.12.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
      • 10.12.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
    • 10.12.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
    • 10.12.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
      • 10.12.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
      • 10.12.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
      • 10.12.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
    • 10.12.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
  • 10.12.3 Biobutanol
    • 10.12.3.1 Production
    • 10.12.3.2 Prices
• 10.13 Biomass-based gas
  • 10.13.1 Feedstocks
    • 10.13.1.1 Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.2 Production pathways
      • 10.13.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
      • 10.13.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
      • 10.13.1.2.3 Thermal gasification
    • 10.13.1.3 SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.1.4 Global production
    • 10.13.1.5 Prices
      • 10.13.1.5.1 Raw Biogas
      • 10.13.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
    • 10.13.1.6 Bio-LNG
      • 10.13.1.6.1 Markets
        • 10.13.1.6.1.1 Trucks
        • 10.13.1.6.1.2 Marine
      • 10.13.1.6.2 Production
      • 10.13.1.6.3 Plants
    • 10.13.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
    • 10.13.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas
  • 10.13.2 Biosyngas
    • 10.13.2.1 Production
    • 10.13.2.2 Prices
  • 10.13.3 Biohydrogen
    • 10.13.3.1 Description
    • 10.13.3.2 SWOT analysis
    • 10.13.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
      • 10.13.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
        • 10.13.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction
        • 10.13.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
      • 10.13.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
        • 10.13.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification
        • 10.13.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
        • 10.13.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming
    • 10.13.3.4 Applications
    • 10.13.3.5 Prices
  • 10.13.4 Biochar in biogas production
  • 10.13.5 Bio-DME
• 10.14 Chemical recycling for biofuels
  • 10.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis
  • 10.14.2 Used tires pyrolysis
    • 10.14.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
  • 10.14.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
  • 10.14.4 Gasification
    • 10.14.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
    • 10.14.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
    • 10.14.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
  • 10.14.5 Hydrothermal cracking
  • 10.14.6 SWOT analysis
• 10.15 Electrofuels (e-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
  • 10.15.1 Introduction
    • 10.15.1.1 E-Fuel Production Technologies
    • 10.15.1.2 E-fuel uses
    • 10.15.1.3 Costs
    • 10.15.1.4 Benefits of e-fuels
    • 10.15.1.5 Production pathways
  • 10.15.2 Green hydrogen
    • 10.15.2.1 Electrolyzer Technologies
    • 10.15.2.2 Companies
  • 10.15.3 CO2 capture
    • 10.15.3.1 Overview
    • 10.15.3.2 CO₂ Capture Systems
    • 10.15.3.3 Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production
  • 10.15.4 Syngas production
    • 10.15.4.1 Overview
    • 10.15.4.2 Syngas Production Technologies
      • 10.15.4.2.1 Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)
      • 10.15.4.2.2 Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO₂ to Hydrocarbons
      • 10.15.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
      • 10.15.4.2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
    • 10.15.4.3 Solar power in E-Fuels
      • 10.15.4.3.1 Overview
      • 10.15.4.3.2 Key advantages
      • 10.15.4.3.3 Projects
    • 10.15.4.4 Companies
  • 10.15.5 E-methane
    • 10.15.5.1 Overview
    • 10.15.5.2 Methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.1 Thermocatalytic methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.2 Biological methanation
      • 10.15.5.2.3 Companies
  • 10.15.6 E-methanol
    • 10.15.6.1 Overview
    • 10.15.6.2 E-Methanol Production
    • 10.15.6.3 Direct methanol synthesis
    • 10.15.6.4 Companies
  • 10.15.7 SWOT analysis
  • 10.15.8 Production
    • 10.15.8.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
  • 10.15.9 Electrolysers
  • 10.15.10 Prices
  • 10.15.11 Market challenges
  • 10.15.12 Companies
• 10.16 Algae-derived biofuels
  • 10.16.1 Technology description
  • 10.16.2 CO₂ capture and utilization
  • 10.16.3 Conversion pathways
    • 10.16.3.1 Macroalgae
    • 10.16.3.2 Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
      • 10.16.3.2.1 Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production
      • 10.16.3.2.2 Open cultivation systems
      • 10.16.3.2.3 Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)
    • 10.16.3.3 Companies
    • 10.16.3.4 Projects
  • 10.16.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.16.5 Production
    • 10.16.5.1 Algal Biofuel Production
  • 10.16.6 Market challenges
  • 10.16.7 Prices
  • 10.16.8 Producers
• 10.17 Green ammonia
  • 10.17.1 Production
    • 10.17.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
    • 10.17.1.2 Green ammonia projects
  • 10.17.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
    • 10.17.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
    • 10.17.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
    • 10.17.2.3 Electrochemical production
    • 10.17.2.4 Chemical looping processes
  • 10.17.3 SWOT analysis
  • 10.17.4 Blue ammonia
    • 10.17.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
  • 10.17.5 Markets and applications
    • 10.17.5.1 Chemical energy storage
      • 10.17.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
    • 10.17.5.2 Marine fuel
  • 10.17.6 Prices
  • 10.17.7 Estimated market demand
  • 10.17.8 Companies and projects
• 10.18 Biofuels from carbon capture
  • 10.18.1 Overview
  • 10.18.2 CO2 capture from point sources
  • 10.18.3 Production routes
  • 10.18.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.18.5 Direct air capture (DAC)
    • 10.18.5.1 Description
    • 10.18.5.2 Deployment
    • 10.18.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
    • 10.18.5.4 Technologies
      • 10.18.5.4.1 Solid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents
      • 10.18.5.4.3 Liquid solvents
      • 10.18.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
      • 10.18.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
      • 10.18.5.4.6 Direct conversion
      • 10.18.5.4.7 Co-product generation
      • 10.18.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
      • 10.18.5.4.9 Regeneration methods
    • 10.18.5.5 Commercialization and plants
    • 10.18.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
    • 10.18.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
    • 10.18.5.8 Markets for DAC
    • 10.18.5.9 Costs
    • 10.18.5.10 Challenges
    • 10.18.5.11 Players and production
  • 10.18.6 Carbon utilization for biofuels
    • 10.18.6.1 Production routes
      • 10.18.6.1.1 Electrolyzers
      • 10.18.6.1.2 Low-carbon hydrogen
    • 10.18.6.2 Products & applications
      • 10.18.6.2.1 Vehicles
      • 10.18.6.2.2 Shipping
      • 10.18.6.2.3 Aviation
      • 10.18.6.2.4 Costs
      • 10.18.6.2.5 Ethanol
      • 10.18.6.2.6 Methanol
      • 10.18.6.2.7 Sustainable Aviation Fuel
      • 10.18.6.2.8 Methane
      • 10.18.6.2.9 Algae based biofuels
      • 10.18.6.2.10 CO₂-fuels from solar
    • 10.18.6.3 Challenges
    • 10.18.6.4 SWOT analysis
    • 10.18.6.5 Companies
• 10.19 Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
  • 10.19.1 Description
    • 10.19.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
  • 10.19.2 Production
    • 10.19.2.1 Biomass Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.2 Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
    • 10.19.2.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic
    • 10.19.2.4 Costs of production
    • 10.19.2.5 Upgrading
  • 10.19.3 Pyrolysis reactors
  • 10.19.4 SWOT analysis
  • 10.19.5 Applications
  • 10.19.6 Bio-oil producers
  • 10.19.7 Prices
• 10.20 Refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
  • 10.20.1 Overview
  • 10.20.2 Production
    • 10.20.2.1 Production process
    • 10.20.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
  • 10.20.3 Markets
• 10.21 Company profiles (237 company profiles)

11 SUSTAINABLE ELECTRONICS

• 11.1 Overview
  • 11.1.1 Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.1.2 Drivers for sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Electronics Manufacturing
    • 11.1.3.1 E-Waste Generation
    • 11.1.3.2 Carbon Emissions
    • 11.1.3.3 Resource Utilization
    • 11.1.3.4 Waste Minimization
    • 11.1.3.5 Supply Chain Impacts
  • 11.1.4 New opportunities from sustainable electronics
  • 11.1.5 Regulations
    • 11.1.5.1 Certifications
  • 11.1.6 Powering sustainable electronics (Bio-based batteries)
  • 11.1.7 Bioplastics in injection moulded electronics parts
• 11.2 Green electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.1 Conventional electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.2 Benefits of Sustainable Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.3 Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing
  • 11.2.4 Approaches
    • 11.2.4.1 Closed-Loop Manufacturing
    • 11.2.4.2 Digital Manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.1 Advanced robotics & automation
      • 11.2.4.2.2 AI & machine learning analytics
      • 11.2.4.2.3 Internet of Things (IoT)
      • 11.2.4.2.4 Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.4.2.5 Virtual prototyping
      • 11.2.4.2.6 Blockchain-enabled supply chain traceability
    • 11.2.4.3 Renewable Energy Usage
    • 11.2.4.4 Energy Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.5 Materials Efficiency
    • 11.2.4.6 Sustainable Chemistry
    • 11.2.4.7 Recycled Materials
      • 11.2.4.7.1 Advanced chemical recycling
    • 11.2.4.8 Bio-Based Materials
  • 11.2.5 Greening the Supply Chain
    • 11.2.5.1 Key focus areas
    • 11.2.5.2 Sustainability activities from major electronics brands
    • 11.2.5.3 Key challenges
    • 11.2.5.4 Use of digital technologies
  • 11.2.6 Sustainable Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.1 Conventional PCB manufacturing
    • 11.2.6.2 Trends in PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.1 High-Speed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.2 Flexible PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.3 3D Printed PCBs
      • 11.2.6.2.4 Sustainable PCBs
    • 11.2.6.3 Reconciling sustainability with performance
    • 11.2.6.4 Sustainable supply chains
    • 11.2.6.5 Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.5.1 Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
    • 11.2.6.6 Design of PCBs for sustainability
      • 11.2.6.6.1 Rigid
      • 11.2.6.6.2 Flexible
      • 11.2.6.6.3 Additive manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.6.4 In-mold elctronics (IME)
    • 11.2.6.7 Materials
      • 11.2.6.7.1 Low-energy epoxy resins
      • 11.2.6.7.2 Metal cores
      • 11.2.6.7.3 Recycled laminates
      • 11.2.6.7.4 Conductive inks
      • 11.2.6.7.5 Green and lead-free solder
      • 11.2.6.7.6 Biodegradable substrates
        • 11.2.6.7.6.1 Bacterial Cellulose
        • 11.2.6.7.6.2 Mycelium
        • 11.2.6.7.6.3 Lignin
        • 11.2.6.7.6.4 Cellulose Nanofibers
        • 11.2.6.7.6.5 Soy Protein
        • 11.2.6.7.6.6 Algae
        • 11.2.6.7.6.7 PHAs
      • 11.2.6.7.7 Biobased inks
    • 11.2.6.8 Substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.1 Halogen-free FR4
        • 11.2.6.8.1.1 FR4 limitations
        • 11.2.6.8.1.2 FR4 alternatives
        • 11.2.6.8.1.3 Bio-Polyimide
      • 11.2.6.8.2 Glass substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.3 Ceramic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.4 Metal-core PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.5 Biobased PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.5.1 Polylactic acid
        • 11.2.6.8.5.2 Lignin-based Polymers
        • 11.2.6.8.5.3 Cellulose Composites
        • 11.2.6.8.5.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
        • 11.2.6.8.5.5 Starch Blends
        • 11.2.6.8.5.6 Challenges
        • 11.2.6.8.5.7 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
        • 11.2.6.8.5.8 Recent commercial activity
      • 11.2.6.8.6 Paper-based PCBs
      • 11.2.6.8.7 PCBs without solder mask
      • 11.2.6.8.8 Thinner dielectrics
      • 11.2.6.8.9 Recycled plastic substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.10 Flexible substrates
      • 11.2.6.8.11 Polyimide alternatives
    • 11.2.6.9 Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
      • 11.2.6.9.1 Introduction
      • 11.2.6.9.2 Issues with sustainability
      • 11.2.6.9.3 Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
      • 11.2.6.9.4 Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
      • 11.2.6.9.5 Print-and-plate
      • 11.2.6.9.6 Approaches
        • 11.2.6.9.6.1 Direct Printed Electronics
        • 11.2.6.9.6.2 Photonic Sintering
        • 11.2.6.9.6.3 Biometallization
        • 11.2.6.9.6.4 Plating Resist Alternatives
        • 11.2.6.9.6.5 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
        • 11.2.6.9.6.6 Electrohydrodynamic Printing
        • 11.2.6.9.6.7 Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs)
        • 11.2.6.9.6.8 Green electroless plating
        • 11.2.6.9.6.9 Smart Masking
        • 11.2.6.9.6.10 Component Integration
        • 11.2.6.9.6.11 Bio-inspired material deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.12 Multi-material jetting
        • 11.2.6.9.6.13 Vacuumless deposition
        • 11.2.6.9.6.14 Upcycling waste streams
    • 11.2.6.10 Sustainable attachment and integration of components
      • 11.2.6.10.1 Conventional component attachment materials
      • 11.2.6.10.2 Materials
        • 11.2.6.10.2.1 Conductive adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.2 Biodegradable adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.3 Magnets
        • 11.2.6.10.2.4 Bio-based solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.5 Bio-derived solders
        • 11.2.6.10.2.6 Recycled plastics
        • 11.2.6.10.2.7 Nano adhesives
        • 11.2.6.10.2.8 Shape memory polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.9 Photo-reversible polymers
        • 11.2.6.10.2.10 Conductive biopolymers
      • 11.2.6.10.3 Processes
        • 11.2.6.10.3.1 Traditional thermal processing methods
        • 11.2.6.10.3.2 Low temperature solder
        • 11.2.6.10.3.3 Reflow soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.4 Induction soldering
        • 11.2.6.10.3.5 UV curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.6 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.7 Photonic sintering/curing
        • 11.2.6.10.3.8 Hybrid integration
  • 11.2.7 Sustainable integrated circuits
    • 11.2.7.1 IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.2 Sustainable IC manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.3 Wafer production
      • 11.2.7.3.1 Silicon
      • 11.2.7.3.2 Gallium nitride ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.3 Flexible ICs
      • 11.2.7.3.4 Fully printed organic ICs
    • 11.2.7.4 Oxidation methods
      • 11.2.7.4.1 Sustainable oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.2 Metal oxides
      • 11.2.7.4.3 Recycling
      • 11.2.7.4.4 Thin gate oxide layers
      • 11.2.7.4.5 Substrate Oxidation
      • 11.2.7.4.6 Solution-Based Manufacturing
      • 11.2.7.4.7 MOSFET Transistors
      • 11.2.7.4.8 Silicon on Insulator (SOI) and Manufacturing
    • 11.2.7.5 Patterning and doping
      • 11.2.7.5.1 Processes
        • 11.2.7.5.1.1 Wet etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.2 Dry plasma etching
        • 11.2.7.5.1.3 Lift-off patterning
        • 11.2.7.5.1.4 Surface doping
      • 11.2.7.5.2 Photolithography
      • 11.2.7.5.3 Green solvents and chemicals
    • 11.2.7.6 Metallization
      • 11.2.7.6.1 Evaporation
      • 11.2.7.6.2 Plating
      • 11.2.7.6.3 Printing
        • 11.2.7.6.3.1 Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
      • 11.2.7.6.4 Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
    • 11.2.7.7 Packaging
      • 11.2.7.7.1 Sustainable Semiconductor Packaging Technologies
      • 11.2.7.7.2 Glass interposer technology
    • 11.2.7.8 Water management
      • 11.2.7.8.1 Overview
      • 11.2.7.8.2 Ultra pure water (UPW)
      • 11.2.7.8.3 Semiconductor manufacturing water consumption
      • 11.2.7.8.4 Water Reuse
  • 11.2.8 End of life
    • 11.2.8.1 Legislation
    • 11.2.8.2 Hazardous waste
    • 11.2.8.3 Emissions
    • 11.2.8.4 Water Usage
    • 11.2.8.5 Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.1 Mechanical recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.2 Electro-Mechanical Separation
      • 11.2.8.5.3 Chemical Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.4 Electrochemical Processes
      • 11.2.8.5.5 Thermal Recycling
      • 11.2.8.5.6 Green Certification
      • 11.2.8.5.7 PCB recycling
        • 11.2.8.5.7.1 Overview
        • 11.2.8.5.7.2 Metal recovery from PCB manufacturing
        • 11.2.8.5.7.3 Recyclable PCBs
        • 11.2.8.5.7.4 Excess electronic component inventory management
        • 11.2.8.5.7.5 Electronic waste management and reuse
• 11.3 Global market
  • 11.3.1 Global PCB manufacturing industry
    • 11.3.1.1 PCB revenues
  • 11.3.2 Sustainable PCBs
  • 11.3.3 Sustainable ICs
• 11.4 Sustainable data centers
  • 11.4.1 Scope and definitions
  • 11.4.2 Why data center sustainability is now a policy issue (AI build-out, grid stress, water, land)
  • 11.4.3 Data center energy demand and CO₂ emissions: the headline numbers
  • 11.4.4 The biggest contributors to the data center carbon footprint (Scope 1/2/3 split)
  • 11.4.5 The global policy landscape at a glance: from voluntary targets to binding mandates
  • 11.4.6 Regional policy heat-map: EU, US (federal + state), China, Singapore, Japan, UK, Ireland
  • 11.4.7 Grid-connection policy as the new bottleneck
  • 11.4.8 Standards, certification and reporting (PUE, WUE, CUE, EPEAT, EU energy labels)
  • 11.4.9 Which sustainable technologies have the biggest impact
  • 11.4.10 Market forecast, 2025–2037
  • 11.4.11 Key conclusions and outlook
• 11.5 Company profiles 2337 (48 company profiles)

12 BIOBASED ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

• 12.1 Overview
  • 12.1.1 Biobased Epoxy Adhesives
  • 12.1.2 Bio-based Polyurethane Adhesives
  • 12.1.3 Other Biobased Adhesives and Sealants
  • 12.1.4 Market drivers and recent developments
• 12.2 Types
  • 12.2.1 Cellulose-Based
  • 12.2.2 Starch-Based
  • 12.2.3 Lignin-Based
  • 12.2.4 Vegetable Oils
  • 12.2.5 Protein-Based
  • 12.2.6 Tannin-Based
  • 12.2.7 Algae-based
  • 12.2.8 Chitosan-based
  • 12.2.9 Natural Rubber-based
  • 12.2.10 Silkworm Silk-based
  • 12.2.11 Mussel Protein-based
  • 12.2.12 Soy-based Foam
• 12.3 Global revenues
  • 12.3.1 By types
  • 12.3.2 By market
• 12.4 Company profiles 2387 (15 company profiles)

13 APPENDIX

• 13.1 Research Methodology

14 REFERENCES

List of Tables

• Table 1. Key Benefits of Bio-based and Sustainable Materials
• Table 2. Global Plastics Production (1950-2025).
• Table 3. Bio-based and Biodegradable vs. Non-biodegradable Polymers (2025).
• Table 4. Regional Biopolymer Distribution and Projections (2025–2036)
• Table 5. Regional Production Capacity Projections (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 6. Bio-based Building Blocks Market Overview
• Table 7. Global Bio-based Building Block Production Capacities 2011–2036 (million tonnes total, all building blocks)
• Table 8. Next Generation Bio-based Polymers.
• Table 9. Bio-based Polymers and Chemical Recycling (2024-2036).
• Table 10. Novel Feedstock Sources
• Table 11. Bio-based Polymer Production Shares and Bio-based Content: 2025
• Table 12. Global Bio-based Polymer Production Capacities and Production 2025
• Table 13. Bio-based Polymer Global Installed Capacity Forecast 2025–2036 by Type (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 14. Bioplastics Production Capacities by Region 2024-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 15. Global Bio-based Polymers Market by Type 2020–2036 (Revenues $M)
• Table 16. Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Polymers.
• Table 17. Carbon Footprint Comparison with Fossil-based Alternative
• Table 18. Available Bio-based Monomers.
• Table 19. Bioplastic feedstocks,
• Table 20. Bioplastics regulations around the world.
• Table 21. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 22. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 23. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced.
• Table 24. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 25. Global Production of Starch for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 26. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 27. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals.
• Table 28. Global Production of Bio-based Lysine, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 29. Global Glucose Production for Bio-based Chemicals and Intermediates, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 30. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals.
• Table 31. Applications of bio-based HDMA.
• Table 32. Global Production Volumes of Bio-HMDA, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 33. Biobased feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5).
• Table 34. Applications of DA5.
• Table 35. Global Production of Bio-based DA5, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 36. Sorbitol Applications
• Table 37. Global Production (sorbitol directed to polymer/chemical applications, thousand tonnes)
• Table 38. Biobased feedstocks for isosorbide.
• Table 39. Applications of bio-based isosorbide.
• Table 40. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 41. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 42. Lactide applications.
• Table 43. Global Lactide Production, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 44. Biobased feedstock sources for itaconic acid.
• Table 45. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid.
• Table 46. Global Production of Bio-itaconic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 47. Biobased feedstock sources for 3-HP.
• Table 48. Applications of 3-HP.
• Table 49. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 50. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid.
• Table 51. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 52. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO).
• Table 53. Global Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 54. Biobased feedstock sources for Succinic acid.
• Table 55. Applications of succinic acid.
• Table 56. Global Production of Bio-based Succinic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 57. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
• Table 58. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 59. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF).
• Table 60. Global Production of Bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 61. Applications of bio-based adipic acid.
• Table 62. Applications of bio-based caprolactam.
• Table 63. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 64. Biobased feedstock sources for isobutanol.
• Table 65. Applications of bio-based isobutanol.
• Table 66. Global Production of Bio-based Isobutanol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 67. Biobased feedstock sources for p-Xylene.
• Table 68. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene.
• Table 69. Global Production of Bio-based p-Xylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 70. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA).
• Table 71. Global Production of Biobased Terephthalic Acid (TPA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 72. Biobased feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol.
• Table 73. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol.
• Table 74. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 75. Biobased feedstock sources for MEG.
• Table 76. Applications of bio-based MEG.
• Table 77. Biobased MEG producers capacities.
• Table 78. Global Production of Biobased MEG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 79. Biobased feedstock sources for ethanol.
• Table 80. Applications of bio-based ethanol.
• Table 81. Global Production of Biobased Ethanol, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 82. Applications of bio-based ethylene.
• Table 83. Global Production of Biobased Ethylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 84. Applications of bio-based propylene.
• Table 85. Global Production of Biobased Propylene, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 86. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride.
• Table 87. Global Production of Biobased Vinyl Chloride, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 88. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate.
• Table 89. Global Production of Bio-based Methyl Methacrylate, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 90. Applications of bio-based aniline.
• Table 91. Global Production of Biobased Aniline, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 92. Applications of biobased fructose.
• Table 93. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF).
• Table 94. Global Production of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 95. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF).
• Table 96. Global Production of Biobased 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 97. Applications of Levulinic acid.
• Table 98. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 99. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME.
• Table 100.Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 101. Applications of FDCA.
• Table 102. Global Production of Biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 103. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone.
• Table 104. Global Production of Bio-based Levoglucosenone, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 105. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
• Table 106. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
• Table 107. Global Production of Hemicellulose, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 108. Global Production of Biobased Furfural, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 109. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol.
• Table 110. Global Production of Biobased Furfuryl Alcohol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 111. Global Production of Biobased Lignin, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 112. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol.
• Table 113. Global Production of Biobased Glycerol, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 114. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG.
• Table 115. Global Production of Bio-MPG, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 116. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH.
• Table 117. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 118. Global Production of Biobased Fatty Acids, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 119. Global Production of Biobased Sebacic Acid, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 120. Global Production of Biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (11-AA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 121. Global Production of Biobased Dodecanedioic Acid (DDDA), 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 122.Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Table 123. Global Production of Biobased Casein, 2018–2036 (metric tonnes)
• Table 124. Bio-based naphtha applications.
• Table 125. Bio-based naphthaProduction Volume (thousand tonnes)
• Table 126. Global Production of Food Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 127. Global Production of Agricultural Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 128. Global Production of Forestry Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 129. Global Production of Aquaculture/Fishing Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 130. Global Production of Municipal Solid Waste for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (billion tonnes)
• Table 131. Global Production of Waste Oils for Biochemicals, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 132. Global Microalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 133. Global Macroalgae Production, 2018–2036 (million metric tonnes)
• Table 134. Mineral source products and applications.
• Table 135. Global Production of Biogas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)
• Table 136. Global Production of Syngas, 2018–2036 (billion m³)
• Table 137. Consolidated feedstock-to-polymer map
• Table 138. Representative feedstock-to-polymer mass balances (tonnes feedstock per tonne polymer at typical commercial yield)
• Table 139. Type of biodegradation.
• Table 140. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
• Table 141. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
• Table 142. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
• Table 143. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 144. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) – cyclic and linear Applications.
• Table 145. Aliphatic polycarbonates (APC) producers.
• Table 146. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 147. Optimal Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains for Fermentation
• Table 148. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
• Table 149. PLA producers and production capacities.
• Table 150. Planned PLA Capacity Expansions (2025 confirmed)
• Table 151. PLA Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 152. Polylactic acid (PLA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 153. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 154. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities.
• Table 155. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 156. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 157. PTT Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 158. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 159. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 160. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 161. PEF vs. PET.
• Table 162. FDCA and PEF Producers (2025)
• Table 163. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 164. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 165. Bio-PA Producers Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 166. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 167. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 168. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 169. PBAT Producers, Production Capacities and Brands (2025)
• Table 170. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 171. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 172. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 173. PBS Producers and Production Capacities (2025)
• Table 174. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 175. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 176. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 177. Leading Bio-PE producers.
• Table 178. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 179. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 180. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 181. Bio-PP Producers and Capacities (2025)
• Table 182. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 183. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 184. Superabsorbent Polymers Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 185. Superabsorbent polymers Applications.
• Table 186. Superabsorbent polymers producers.
• Table 187. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Applications
• Table 188. Polytrimethylene furandicarboxylate (PTF) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 189. PTF Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 190. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Applications
• Table 191. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 192. Bio-based polybutylene terephthalate (bio-PBT) Bio-PBT Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 193. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Applications
• Table 194. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 195. Polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 196. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC)
• Table 197. Bio-based polyvinyl chloride (bio-PVC) Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 198. Bio-PVC Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 199. Bio-PMMA Applications
• Table 200. Bio-PMMA Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 201. Bio-PMMA Bio-PMMA Production Capacity 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 202. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR) Applications
• Table 203. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
• Table 204. Bio-based Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (Bio-SBR)
• Table 205. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 206. Epoxy resins (bio fraction) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 207. Polyurethanes (PUR, bio fraction) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 208.Types of PHAs and properties.
• Table 209. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
• Table 210. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
• Table 211. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
• Table 212. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 213. Markets and applications for PHAs.
• Table 214. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
• Table 215. PHA Producers (2025)
• Table 216. PHA production capacities 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes).
• Table 217. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 218. Cellulose acetate (CA) production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 219. Cellulose acetate (CA) applications.
• Table 220. Cellulose acetate (CA) production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 221. Cellulose acetate (CA) producers.
• Table 222. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
• Table 223. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
• Table 224. Casein polymers production 2019-2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 225. Casein polymers applications.
• Table 226. Starch-containing polymer compounds Producers and Production Capacities
• Table 227. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 228. SCPC production by region 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 229. Global Production Capacities by End-Use Market 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes total)
• Table 230. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
• Table 231. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
• Table 232. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
• Table 233. Bio-based Polymers for Flexible Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 234. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
• Table 235. Bio-based Polymers for Rigid Packaging — Production 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 236. Global production for bio-based polymers in consumer goods 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
• Table 237. Bio-based Polymers in Automotive and Transport 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 238. Bio-based Polymers in Building and Construction 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 239. Bio-based Polymers in Textiles and Fibers 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 240. Global production volumes for bio-based polymers in electronics 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes.
• Table 241. Bio-based Polymers in Agriculture and Horticulture 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 242. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
• Table 243. Bio-based Polymers in North America by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 244. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
• Table 245. Bio-based Polymers in Europe by Type 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 246. Production volumes for bio-based polymers in Asia-Pacific by type 2019-2036, in 1,000 tonnes
• Table 247. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
• Table 248. All bio-based polymers by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 249. Polylactic acid (PLA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 250. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 251. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 252. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 253. Starch-containing polymer compounds (SCPC) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 254. Cellulose acetate (CA) by application segment 2019–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 255. Properties of lignins and their applications.
• Table 256. Technical lignin types and applications.
• Table 257. Classification of technical lignins.
• Table 258. Properties of lignin, by type.
• Table 259. Lignin content of selected biomass.
• Table 260. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion and products.
• Table 261. Markets and applications for lignin, with lignin grade requirement and TRL
• Table 262. Market challenges for lignin.
• Table 263. Processes for lignin production.
• Table 264. Biorefinery feedstocks.
• Table 265. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
• Table 266. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 267. Comparative positioning of principal lignin grades by quality attributes.
• Table 268. Effect on grade and value
• Table 269. Properties of organosolv lignin.
• Table 270. Principal applications of organosolv lignin and technology readiness
• Table 271. Properties of hydrolysis (hydrolytic) lignin.
• Table 272. Markets for lignin.
• Table 273. Market drivers and trends for lignin.
• Table 274. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.
• Table 275. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.
• Table 276. Selected announced and planned lignin capacity additions to 2030.
• Table 277. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Table 278. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Table 279. Consumption of lignin, by grade, 2019 and 2037 (000 Tonnes), with CAGR.
• Table 280. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Table 281. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Table 282. Lignin price ranges by grade, 2026 and 2037 outlook (USD/MT).
• Table 283. Price by lignin grade, 2026 and 2037 (USD/tonne, mid-band).
• Table 284. Price uplift by quality tier, relative to commodity grade.
• Table 285. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 286. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
• Table 287. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
• Table 288. Typical properties of natural fibers.
• Table 289. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
• Table 290. Market drivers for natural fibers.
• Table 291. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 292. Cotton production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
• Table 293. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 294. Kapok production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 295. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 296. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 297. Jute production volume 2018-2036 (Million MT).
• Table 298. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 299. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 300. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 301. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 302. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 303. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 304. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 305. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 306. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 307. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 308. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 309. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 310. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 311. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
• Table 312. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 313. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MT).
• Table 314. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 315. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 316. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 317. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
• Table 318. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
• Table 319. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 320. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2036 (MILLION MT).
• Table 321. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 322. Alternative wool materials producers.
• Table 323. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 324. Alternative silk materials producers.
• Table 325. Alternative leather materials producers.
• Table 326. Next-gen fur producers.
• Table 327. Alternative down materials producers.
• Table 328. Applications of natural fiber composites.
• Table 329. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
• Table 330. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
• Table 331. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
• Table 332. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
• Table 333. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
• Table 334. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 335. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
• Table 336. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 337. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
• Table 338. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 339. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
• Table 340. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 341. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 342. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
• Table 343. Global fiber production (million MT) 2020-2036.
• Table 344. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 345. Global trends and drivers in sustainable construction materials.
• Table 346. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 347. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 348. Established bio-based construction materials.
• Table 349. Types of self-healing concrete.
• Table 350. General properties and value of aerogels.
• Table 351. Key properties of silica aerogels.
• Table 352. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels.
• Table 353. Commercially available aerogel-enhanced blankets.
• Table 354. Main manufacturers of silica aerogels and product offerings.
• Table 355. Typical structural properties of metal oxide aerogels.
• Table 356. Polymer aerogels companies.
• Table 357. Types of biobased aerogels.
• Table 358. Carbon aerogel companies.
• Table 359. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials.
• Table 360. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
• Table 361. Carbonation of recycled concrete companies.
• Table 362. Current and projected costs for some key CO2 utilization applications in the construction industry.
• Table 363. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials.
• Table 364. Global Decarbonization Targets and Policies related to Green Steel.
• Table 365. Estimated cost for iron and steel industry under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
• Table 366. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies.
• Table 367. Comparison of green steel production technologies.
• Table 368. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier.
• Table 369. CCUS in green steel production.
• Table 370. Biochar in steel and metal.
• Table 371. Applications of microwave processing in green steelmaking.
• Table 372. Applications of additive manufacturing (AM) in steelmaking.
• Table 373. Technology readiness level (TRL) for key green steel production technologies.
• Table 374. Properties of Green steels.
• Table 375. Applications of green steel in the construction industry.
• Table 376. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 377. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 378. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 379. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 380. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 381. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 382. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Table 383. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 384. Market trends in Sustainable Packaging
• Table 385. Sustainable Packaging Trends to 2036.
• Table 386. Market drivers for recent growth in the Sustainable Packaging market.
• Table 387. Key Market Drivers and Impact Assessment.
• Table 388. Market Drivers Impact Assessment Matrix.
• Table 389. Regulatory Compliance Standards for Sustainable Packaging and Barrier Coatings.
• Table 390. PFAS Phase-Out Timeline and Replacement Market Opportunity by Region.
• Table 391. Circular Economy Initiatives and Recyclability Requirements.
• Table 392. E-Commerce Packaging Performance Requirements.
• Table 393. Major Brand Owner Sustainability Commitments — Packaging Implications.
• Table 394. Sustainable Packaging Market Challenges and Restraints.
• Table 395. Average prices by packaging type, 2024 (US$ per kg).
• Table 396. Average annual prices by bioplastic type, 2020-2023 (US$ per kg).
• Table 397. Types of bio-based plastics and fossil-fuel-based plastics
• Table 398. Comparison of synthetic fossil-based and bio-based polymers.
• Table 399. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
• Table 400. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019–24 (USD/tonne).
• Table 401. PLA properties for packaging applications.
• Table 402. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
• Table 403. Major polymers found in the extracellular covering of different algae.
• Table 404. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers.
• Table 405. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC).
• Table 406. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging.
• Table 407. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging.
• Table 408. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
• Table 409. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 410. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
• Table 411. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 412. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 413. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies.
• Table 414. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
• Table 415. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
• Table 416. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies.
• Table 417. Major Forest Certification Schemes — Comparative Overview
• Table 418. Chain-of-Custody Certification — Key Standards and Requirements
• Table 419. Pros and Cons of Different Food Packaging Material Types.
• Table 420.Bioplastics Properties vs Conventional Polymers for Flexible Food Packaging.
• Table 421. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications.
• Table 422. Intelligent Biodegradable Films.
• Table 423. Bio-Based Oxygen Scavenger Technologies — Performance, Activation, and Commercial Status
• Table 424. Natural Antimicrobial Agents in Active Packaging — Efficacy, Spectrum, and Regulatory Status
• Table 425. Bio-Based Freshness Sensor Technologies — Active Agent, Target Analyte, and Application
• Table 426. Edible films and coatings market summary.
• Table 427. Summary of barrier films and coatings for packaging.
• Table 428. Types of polyols.
• Table 429. Polyol producers.
• Table 430. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
• Table 431. Bio-based acrylate resin products.
• Table 432. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
• Table 433. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 434. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
• Table 435. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings.
• Table 436. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
• Table 437. Paper substrate characteristics and coating requirements.
• Table 438. Plastic substrate applications and sustainability challenges.
• Table 439. Substrate selection criteria and performance trade-offs.
• Table 440. Wet-Barrier Coatings Application methods and process optimization.
• Table 441. Wet-Barrier Coatings Performance benchmarking against alternatives.
• Table 442.Wet-Barrier Coatings Environmental Impact Assessment
• Table 443. Wax Coating Sustainability Credentials and Limitations.
• Table 444. Wax Coating Sustainability credentials and limitations.
• Table 445. Types of biobased coatings materials.
• Table 446. Water-based coating technologies.
• Table 447. Global bioplastics capacities by Material Type ('000 tonnes).
• Table 448. Bio-based polymer solutions.
• Table 449. Dispersion coating systems.
• Table 450. Nano-enhanced barrier materials.
• Table 451. Global Bioplastics Capacities by Material Type, 2024 ('000 tonnes).
• Table 452. Bio-Based Polymer Solutions: Barrier Performance and Commercial Readiness.
• Table 453. Applications of Barrier Nanocoatings in Packaging Sectors.
• Table 454. CO2 utilization and removal pathways.
• Table 455. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers.
• Table 456. Typical Applications for Bioplastics in Flexible Packaging.
• Table 457. PHA Film Grades — Properties and Commercial Comparison
• Table 458. PBAT Film Key Properties vs. Comparable Flexible Film Materials
• Table 459. TPS Film Properties by Formulation Type
• Table 460. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
• Table 461. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
• Table 462. All-PP Monomaterial Structure Types — Barrier Performance and Recycling Compatibility
• Table 463. Design-for-Recycling Criteria for Flexible Packaging — Key Parameters
• Table 464. High-Strength Paper Barrier Coating Systems — Performance and Recyclability
• Table 465. Paper-Plastic Hybrid Separable Structures — Separation Mechanism and Recyclability
• Table 466. Glassine and Greaseproof Paper Grades — Properties and Applications
• Table 467. Bio-PE Film Grades — Properties vs. Fossil PE
• Table 468. Bio-PET and PEF Film Properties vs. Fossil PET
• Table 469. Cellulose Film Grades — Barrier Performance and Applications
• Table 470. Ultra-Thin Barrier Coating Technologies — Thickness, Performance, and Recyclability
• Table 471. Downgauging Technologies — Gauge Reduction Potential and Performance Impact
• Table 472. Conventional vs. Resource-Efficient Multi-Layer Flexible Structures
• Table 473. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Table 474. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 475. rPET Mechanical Recycling Grades — Quality, Applications, and Price Benchmarks
• Table 476. rHDPE Grades — Quality Characteristics, Food Contact Status, and Applications
• Table 477. PCR Polypropylene Supply Constraints and Commercial Applications
• Table 478. Bio-PET Bottle — Commercial Grades, Bio-Content, and Performance vs. Fossil PET
• Table 479. Bio-PE Rigid Container Grades — Properties, Applications, and Commercial Status
• Table 480. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
• Table 481. Standardized Refill Container Systems — Commercial Examples and Performance
• Table 482. Mycelium Composite Packaging — Properties vs. Conventional Protective Packaging
• Table 483. Moulded Pulp Grades — Properties, Applications, and Leading Producers
• Table 484. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Table 485. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Table 486. Global Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size and Forecast, 2019–2036.
• Table 487. Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size by Region, 2025–2036 ('000 tonnes and $ million).
• Table 488. Sustainable Barrier Coatings Market Size by Application, 2025–2036 ('000 tonnes and $ million).
• Table 489. Cost Structure Analysis by Barrier Coating Type.
• Table 490. Lactips plastic pellets.
• Table 491. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 492. Properties and applications of the main natural fibers.
• Table 493. Types of sustainable alternative leathers.
• Table 494. Properties of bio-based leathers.
• Table 495. Comparison with conventional leathers.
• Table 496. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products.
• Table 497. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers.
• Table 498. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials.
• Table 499. Current and emerging plant-based leather products.
• Table 500. Companies developing plant-based leather products.
• Table 501. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 502. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products.
• Table 503. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative.
• Table 504. Companies developing microbial leather products.
• Table 505. Companies developing plant-based leather products.
• Table 506. Types of protein-based leather alternatives.
• Table 507. Companies developing protein based leather.
• Table 508. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather -
• Table 509. Markets and applications for bio-based leather.
• Table 510. Applications of biobased leather in furniture and upholstery.
• Table 511. Market trends in bio-based leather.
• Table 512. Market challenges in bio-based leather.
• Table 513. Bio-based leather investment funding, by company.
• Table 514. Recent market news and developments.
• Table 515. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 516. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 517. Market drivers and trends in bio-based and sustainable coatings.
• Table 518. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages.
• Table 519. Plant Waxes.
• Table 520. Advanced Aqueous Polymeric Solutions.
• Table 521. Next-generation Bio-polymers Development.
• Table 522. Nano-cellulose and Natural Fiber Composites Technology.
• Table 523. Smart and Functional Coating Systems Types.
• Table 524. Types of alkyd resins and properties.
• Table 525. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers.
• Table 526. Bio-based alkyd coating products.
• Table 527. Types of polyols.
• Table 528. Polyol producers.
• Table 529. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
• Table 530. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins.
• Table 531. Bio-based polyurethane coating products.
• Table 532. Bio-based acrylate resin products.
• Table 533. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis.
• Table 534. PLA producers and production capacities.
• Table 535. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
• Table 536.Types of PHAs and properties.
• Table 537. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
• Table 538. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 539. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type.
• Table 540: Types of nanocellulose.
• Table 541. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) production capacities in metric tons and production process, by producer, metric tons.
• Table 542. Commercially available Microfibrillated Cellulose products.
• Table 543. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings.
• Table 544. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs.
• Table 545. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization.
• Table 546. CNC properties.
• Table 547: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
• Table 548. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).
• Table 549. Edible films and coatings market summary.
• Table 550. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies.
• Table 551. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size.
• Table 552. Companies developing algal-based plastics.
• Table 553. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD).
• Table 554. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
• Table 555. Market revenues for bio-based paints and coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.
• Table 556. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 557. Comparison of biofuels.
• Table 558. Market drivers for biofuels.
• Table 559. Government policies on sustainable fuels.
• Table 560. Market challenges for biofuels.
• Table 561. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2036, by type and production.
• Table 562. Industry developments in sustainable biofuels & E-fuels 2022-2025.
• Table 563. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type.
• Table 564. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
• Table 565. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
• Table 566. Classification of biomass feedstock.
• Table 567. Biorefinery feedstocks.
• Table 568. Feedstock conversion pathways.
• Table 569. First-Generation Feedstocks.
• Table 570. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
• Table 571. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
• Table 572. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
• Table 573. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
• Table 574. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
• Table 575. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
• Table 576. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
• Table 577. Biodiesel by generation.
• Table 578. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel.
• Table 579. Biodiesel production techniques.
• Table 580. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
• Table 581. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
• Table 582. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
• Table 583. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.
• Table 584. Main producers of HVO and capacities.
• Table 585. Example commercial Development of BtL processes.
• Table 586. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.
• Table 587. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility.
• Table 588. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location.
• Table 589. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2025.
• Table 590. Recent company activity in Biodiesel.
• Table 591. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Table 592. Biodiesel vs renewable diesel: properties & engine compatibility.
• Table 593. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Table 594. Renewable diesel price ranges.
• Table 595. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel.
• Table 596. Jet fuel composition & types.
• Table 597. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF).
• Table 598. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel.
• Table 599. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date.
• Table 600. Recent company activity in SAF.
• Table 601. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).
• Table 602. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
• Table 603. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
• Table 604. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products.
• Table 605. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.
• Table 606.Methanol Production & Colors
• Table 607. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production
• Table 608. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.
• Table 609. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes.
• Table 610.Ethanol Feedstocks.
• Table 611. Methanol Feedstocks.
• Table 612. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview.
• Table 613. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps.
• Table 614. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison.
• Table 615. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies.
• Table 616. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies.
• Table 617. Cellulosic Ethanol Production.
• Table 618. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks.
• Table 619. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass.
• Table 620. Cellulosic ethanol companies.
• Table 621.  Processes in bioethanol production.
• Table 622. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.
• Table 623. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).
• Table 624. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
• Table 625. Biogas feedstocks.
• Table 626. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.
• Table 627. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas.
• Table 628. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.
• Table 629. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.
• Table 630. Summary of gasification technologies.
• Table 631. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
• Table 632. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product.
• Table 633. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown.
• Table 634. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
• Table 635. Overview of e-fuels.
• Table 636. Benefits of e-fuels.
• Table 637. E-fuel production efficiencies.
• Table 638. Production Pathways for E-Fuels.
• Table 639. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics.
• Table 640. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies.
• Table 641. Electrolyzer Technology Companies.
• Table 642. Main CO₂ Capture Systems.
• Table 643.Technologies for Carbon Capture
• Table 644. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels.
• Table 645. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes.
• Table 646.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels
• Table 647. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers.
• Table 648. Companies in CO₂ reduction technologies.
• Table 649. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation
• Table 650. Methanation Companies
• Table 651. Power-to-Methane Projects,
• Table 652. Methanol Production & Colors.
• Table 653. E-methanol production methods.
• Table 654. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions.
• Table 655.Companies in Methanol Synthesis
• Table 656. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.
• Table 657. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
• Table 658. Market challenges for e-fuels.
• Table 659. E-fuels companies.
• Table 660. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks
• Table 661. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae
• Table 662. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria.
• Table 663. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems.
• Table 664. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds.
• Table 665. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects.
• Table 666. Algae-derived biofuel producers.
• Table 667. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
• Table 668. Blue ammonia projects.
• Table 669. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
• Table 670. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
• Table 671. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
• Table 672. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
• Table 673. Main players in green ammonia.
• Table 674. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
• Table 675. Point source examples.
• Table 676. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
• Table 677. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
• Table 678. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
• Table 679. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
• Table 680. DAC companies and technologies.
• Table 681. DAC technology developers and production.
• Table 682. DAC projects in development.
• Table 683. Markets for DAC.
• Table 684. Costs summary for DAC.
• Table 685. Cost estimates of DAC.
• Table 686. Challenges for DAC technology.
• Table 687. DAC companies and technologies.
• Table 688. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
• Table 689. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide.
• Table 690. CO₂-derived fuels projects.
• Table 691. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2.
• Table 692. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion.
• Table 693. Microalgae products and prices.
• Table 694. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
• Table 695. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels.
• Table 696. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
• Table 697. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils.
• Table 698. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.
• Table 699. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies.
• Table 700. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications.
• Table 701. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels.
• Table 702. Pyrolysis reactor companies.
• Table 703. Markets and applications for bio-oil.
• Table 704. Bio-oil producers.
• Table 705. Key resource recovery technologies
• Table 706. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF).
• Table 707. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.
• Table 708. Sustainability Index Benchmarking.
• Table 709. Key factors driving adoption of green electronics.
• Table 710. Key circular economy strategies for electronics.
• Table 711. Regulations pertaining to sustainable electronics.
• Table 712. Companies developing bio-based batteries for application in sustainable electronics.
• Table 713. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing
• Table 714. Challenges in adopting Sustainable Electronics manufacturing.
• Table 715. Major chipmakers' renewable energy road maps.
• Table 716. Energy efficiency in sustainable electronics manufacturing.
• Table 717. Recycling and Reuse Initiatives in Sustainable Electronics.
• Table 718. Composition of plastic waste streams.
• Table 719. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling.
• Table 720. Example chemically recycled plastic products.
• Table 721. Bio-based and non-toxic materials in sustainable electronics.
• Table 722. Key focus areas for enabling greener and ethically responsible electronics supply chains.
• Table 723. Sustainability programs and disclosure from major electronics brands.
• Table 724. PCB manufacturing process.
• Table 725. Challenges in PCB manufacturing.
• Table 726. 3D PCB manufacturing.
• Table 727. Comparison of some sustainable PCB alternatives against conventional options in terms of key performance factors.
• Table 728. Sustainable PCB supply chain.
• Table 729. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability.
• Table 730. PCB Design Options and Sustainability.
• Table 731. Improving sustainability of PCB design.
• Table 732. PCB design options for sustainability.
• Table 733. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing.
• Table 734. Conductive ink producers.
• Table 735. Green and lead-free solder companies.
• Table 736. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs.
• Table 737. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
• Table 738. Application of lignin in composites.
• Table 739. Properties of lignins and their applications.
• Table 740. Properties of flexible electronics‐cellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper).
• Table 741. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics.
• Table 742. Commercially available PHAs.
• Table 743. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs).
• Table 744. Halogen-free FR4 companies.
• Table 745. Bioplastics for PCBs.
• Table 746. Properties of biobased PCBs.
• Table 747. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs.
• Table 748. Sustainability in Patterning and Metallization Processes.
• Table 749. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options.
• Table 750. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes.
• Table 751. Benefits of print-and-plate.
• Table 752. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication.
• Table 753. Applications for laser induced forward transfer
• Table 754. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication.
• Table 755. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention.
• Table 756. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing.
• Table 757. Advantages of green electroless plating.
• Table 758. Sustainability for Patterning and Metallization Materials.
• Table 759. Comparison of component attachment materials.
• Table 760. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
• Table 761. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs.
• Table 762. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication.
• Table 763. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly.
• Table 764. Low temperature solder alloys.
• Table 765. Thermally sensitive substrate materials.
• Table 766. Limitations of existing IC production.
• Table 767. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing.
• Table 768. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability.
• Table 769. Sustainability Index for the Oxidation Processes.
• Table 770. Stage of commercialization for oxides.
• Table 771. Sustainable Oxidation Process Comparison.
• Table 772. Wet and Dry Thermal Oxidation Comparison.
• Table 773. Alternative doping techniques.
• Table 774. Sustainability Index for Patterning.
• Table 775. Sustainability Index for Metallization.
• Table 776. Sustainability Index for Interconnection Techniques.
• Table 777. Organic Substrates.
• Table 778. UPW Specifications and Monitoring Methods.
• Table 779. Water Management Techniques.
• Table 780. UPW Upgrades and Reuse.
• Table 781. Water Management Companies.
• Table 782. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers.
• Table 783. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste.
• Table 784. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste
• Table 785. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste.
• Table 786. Critical Semiconductor Materials and Recycling.
• Table 787. Waste Reduction Techniques.
• Table 788. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types.
• Table 789. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Table 790. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Table 791. Summary of major data center sustainability regulations by region, 2023–2026
• Table 792. Sustainability metrics at a glance (PUE, WUE, CUE, ERF, REF, SCI)
• Table 793. Forecast summary: power, electricity, CO₂, cooling, 800 VDC, SMRs, CDR, green steel
• Table 794. Oji Holdings CNF products.
• Table 795. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Table 796. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).

List of Figures

• Figure 1. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2036 (metric tonnes).
• Figure 2. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
• Figure 3. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
• Figure 4. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
• Figure 5. The lignocellulose biorefinery.
• Figure 6. Lignosulfonates SWOT analysis.
• Figure 7. Kraft lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 8. Soda lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 9. Biorefinery lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 10. Organosolv lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 11. Hydrolytic lignin SWOT analysis.
• Figure 12. Consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Figure 13. Revenues from lignin, by type, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 14. Global grade-mix evolution, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Figure 15. Consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (000 Tonnes).
• Figure 16. Revenues from lignin, by market, 2019-2037 (US$ million).
• Figure 17. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
• Figure 18. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
• Figure 19. Kami Shoji CNF products.
• Figure 20. Dual Graft System.
• Figure 21. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.
• Figure 22. Types of natural fibers.
• Figure 23. Luffa cylindrica fiber.
• Figure 24. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
• Figure 25. Celish.
• Figure 26. Kami Shoji CNF products.
• Figure 27. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by materials type, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 28. Global revenues in sustainable construction materials, by market, 2020-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 29. Lignin-based aerogels.
• Figure 30. Lignin-based aerogels.
• Figure 31. Fabrication routes for starch-based aerogels.
• Figure 32. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process.
• Figure 33. Global packaging market by material type.
• Figure 34. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 35. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Materials, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 36. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 37. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Packaging Product Type, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 38. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 39. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by End-Use Market, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 40. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (1,000 tonnes)
• Figure 41. Global Sustainable Packaging Market by Region, 2023–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 42. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Figure 43. The Global Market for Sustainable Flexible Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 44. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (’000 tonnes)
• Figure 45. The Global Market for Sustainable Rigid Packaging by Material Type, 2019–2036 (Millions USD)
• Figure 46. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
• Figure 47. SWOT analysis for Plant-based leather.
• Figure 48. SWOT analysis for Mycelium leather.
• Figure 49. SWOT analysis for Microbial leather.
• Figure 50. SWOT analysis for Lab Grown leather.
• Figure 51. SWOT analysis for bio-based leathers.
• Figure 52. Global revenues for bio-based leather by region, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 53. Global revenues for bio-based leather by end use market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 54. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2023.
• Figure 55. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials.
• Figure 56. Global market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD).
• Figure 57. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), conservative estimate.
• Figure 58. Market revenues for bio-based coatings, 2018-2036 (billions USD), high estimate.
• Figure 59. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2024.
• Figure 60. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023.
• Figure 61. SWOT analysis for biofuels.
• Figure 62. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels.
• Figure 63. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels.
• Figure 64. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels.
• Figure 65. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels.
• Figure 66. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.
• Figure 67. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.
• Figure 68. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2024.
• Figure 69. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Figure 70. SWOT analysis for renewable diesel.
• Figure 71. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2036 (M litres/year).
• Figure 72. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel.
• Figure 73. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2036 (Million litres/year).
• Figure 74. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha.
• Figure 75. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2036 (tonnes).
• Figure 76. SWOT analysis biomethanol.
• Figure 77. SWOT analysis for ethanol.
• Figure 78. Ethanol consumption 2020-2036 (million litres).
• Figure 79. SWOT analysis for biogas.
• Figure 80. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.
• Figure 81. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen.
• Figure 82. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023.
• Figure 83. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels.
• Figure 84. SWOT analysis for E-fuels.
• Figure 85. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.
• Figure 86. SWOT analysis for green ammonia.
• Figure 87. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050.
• Figure 88. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture.
• Figure 89. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
• Figure 90. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels.
• Figure 91. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.
• Figure 92. Sustainable supply chain for electronics.
• Figure 93. Global PCB revenues 2018-2036 (billions USD), by substrate types.
• Figure 94. Global sustainable PCB revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Figure 95. Global sustainable ICs revenues 2018-2036, by type (millions USD).
• Figure 96. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by types, 2018-2036 (millions USD).
• Figure 97. Global market revenues for bio-based adhesives & sealants, by market, 2018-2036 (millions USD).