Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Industry Research Report, 2025-2026

Description

Intelligent steering research: Rear-wheel steering prices drop to RMB200,000-250,000

1. Rear-wheel steering installations increased by 36.5% year-on-year.

From January to October 2025, the number of vehicles equipped with rear-wheel steering reached 106,000, representing a year-on-year increase of 36.5%. IM alone held a 45.4% market share in rear-wheel steering.

The starting price for the rear-wheel steering configuration is as low as RMB219,900. The starting price for the 2025 IM L6 with rear-wheel steering (steering angle: +-9°) is RMB219,900. In addition, the starting price of the 2026 IM LS6 with rear-wheel steering is as low as RMB224,900, meaning that rear-wheel steering is no longer an exclusive feature of high-end models.

The main advantages of rear-wheel steering: 1. In low-speed scenarios, by deflecting in the opposite direction to the front wheels, the "virtual wheelbase" is shortened, reducing the turning radius. This is suitable for scenarios such as parking and U-turns on narrow roads, and is especially effective for long-wheelbase or large vehicles; 2. In high-speed scenarios, the rear wheels rotate in the same direction as the front wheels, increasing the "virtual wheelbase" and improving vehicle driving stability. In addition to the traditional advantages mentioned above, some brands combine rear-wheel steering with autonomous driving and rain/snow driving modes to improve driving performance.

Denza: "Toe-in" Driving Mode in Rain and Snow, 15° Crab-like Angle

The Denza N8L, equipped with rear-wheel steering and based on the e3 platform, offers an "toe-in" driving mode in rain and snow. This means that the two rear wheels can be turned inward, similar to skiing, where the feet are kept in an toe-in position to maintain body stability and achieve deceleration.

The Denza Z9GT, which also uses the e3 platform, has its front and rear wheels rotating in the same direction, allowing the vehicle to move diagonally and achieve a crab-like motion, which can increase the vehicle's flexibility in narrow spaces. Its rear wheel steering angle is 10°, but with the integrated dual-motor differential control, it can achieve a maximum crab angle of 15°.

Maextro: Rear-Wheel Steering with Pavement Pre-Emption and 16° Crab Angle

The Maextro S800, which uses the Huawei Touring Dragon Platform, features +-12° rear-wheel steering. The Touring Dragon Platform is deeply integrated with the fusion perception and prediction network based on HUAWEI ADS to achieve pavement pre-emption and chassis control. The rear wheel steering is combined with pavement pre-emption to enable cornering pre-emptive steering and improve cornering speed. In addition, the Maextro S800 features rear-wheel steering and differential torque control, enabling a 16° crab-like driving mode.

2. New national steering standards have been released, removing the mandatory requirement for mechanical steering connections, thus providing a standard for steer-by-wire

On December 2, 2025, the national certification standard GB17675-2025 "Basic Requirements for Automotive Steering Systems" was officially released. The new standard will completely replace the previous "GB17675-2021" standard from July 1, 2026. One of the most significant revisions to the new standard is the removal of mandatory requirements for mechanical connections to address emerging technologies such as steer-by-wire (SBW) and electric power steering (EPS).

In addition, this revision adds requirements for failure, alarm and functional safety of steer-by-wire systems, defines the safety boundaries of steer-by-wire, and revises the functional safety requirements for transmission steering systems and rear wheel steering, guiding the iterative development of steering technology in China. The standard was drafted by several OEMs, including domestic and joint venture brands such as NIO, Li Auto, XPeng, BYD, Geely, Xiaomi, Huawei, Toyota, and Mercedes-Benz.

Several OEMs have already planned to equip their vehicles with steer-by-wire products, and it is expected that steer-by-wire will be widely adopted in vehicles in 2026-2027.

3. 48V Steer-by-Wire is popular

To meet the demand for higher power and dynamic response, 48V steer-by-wire has entered the market. Currently, companies such as Bosch Huayu, Xiaomi Group, Tuopu Group, DECO Automotive, and Jingwei Hirain have launched or deployed 48V steer-by-wire systems.

Bosch Huayu: 48V Direct-Drive Steer-by-Wire

In December 2025, Bosch Huayu showcased its 48V direct-drive steer-by-wire at its technology day. A representative stated that "the 48V architecture reduces current and heat dissipation while meeting the demand for high power output." In scenarios requiring high power output, such as emergency avoidance and automated parking, the advantages of steering performance influenced by the 48V architecture will be more significant, and the driver can intuitively perceive the faster steering response brought about by the increase in engine speed. It is reported that Bosch Huayu's 48V steer-by-wire product is expected to enter mass production as early as 2027.

Tuopu Group: 48V Steer-by-Wire

In June 2025, Tuopu Group showcased its innovative 48V steer-by-wire system and 48V dual-pinion electric power steering system for the first time at the 2025 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Auto Show. The 48V steer-by-wire system includes a feel simulator and a front wheel steering actuator. Compared to traditional electric power steering systems, the steer-by-wire system removes the intermediate shaft connection structure and controls the steering feel simulator and front wheel steering actuator through redundant electrical signals, achieving precise, efficient and adjustable steering control. It has advantages such as easy installation, redundancy and reliability, and high efficiency.

Product Code: LMM037

1 Intelligent Steering Overview and Industry Development Trends

Summary of Vehicle Models Equipped with SBW

Summary of Planned Models/Platforms Equipped With SBW

Summary of OEMs' Intelligent Steering Layout

Summary of Current Foreign SBW Suppliers and Products

Summary of Current Domestic SBW Suppliers and Products

Industry Summary 1: EPS Structure Upgrade

Industry Summary 2: Redundant EPS Becomes a Key Technology for the Development of Level 3 Autonomous Driving Before Widespread Application of SBW

Industry Summary 3: Rear-Wheel Steering (RWS) Accelerates its Popularization in High-End Models

Industry Summary 4-10

2 Overview of the Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Industry

Passenger Car Steering Development History

Definition of Automotive Steering Systems

Classification of Automotive Steering Systems

Steering System Development Stage 1: Mechanical Steering (MS)

Steering System Development Stage 2: Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS)

Steering System Development Stage 2: Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering (EHPS)

Steering System Development Stage 3: Electric Power Steering (EPS)

Steering System Development Stage 4: Steer-by-Wire (SBW)

2.1 Passenger Car EPS System
EPS Components
Comparison between Different Types of EPS (1-2)
Comparison between Traditional Steering Systems and Redundant Steering Systems
Redundant Steering System Architecture and Technical Roadmap
Redundant EPS Technical Solutions (1-2)
Key Technologies of Redundant EPS (1-3)
Advantages of EPS Compared to Traditional Steering
EPS Industry Chain
Stimulating Factors for EPS Development
2.2 Passenger Car SBW System
Basic Structure of SBW
How SBW Works
Typical SBW Layout (1-2)
Actuation & Control Strategy of SBW
Comparison between Different Intelligent Steering Technologies
Advantages and Difficulties of SBW System
Influence of SBW on OEMs and End Consumers
Stimulating Factors for SBW Development
SBW Market Size Forecast
Installation of RWS
RWS Installation: by Price Range and Brand
RWS Installation: by Level
Passenger Car Intelligent Steering Policies/Standards (1-3)
Development Direction of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering
Development Path of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System
Key SBW Technologies
Key Technical Indicators of Passenger Car Intelligent Steering
Passenger Car Intelligent Chassis Roadmap - SBW
SBW Goals (2025-2030)
SBW Requirements for L2~L4+ Autonomous Driving Systems
Development Goals of Key Components and System Safety of SBW
Experiential Development Goals and Innovative Action Planning of SBW

3 Automotive Intelligent Steering Layout of Domestic and Foreign Passenger Car OEMs

3.1 Infiniti
3.2 Toyota
SBW Technology Patents
Block Diagram of SBW System
Safety and Interaction Logic Design of SBW System
Latest Solutions for SBW System
Models Equipped with SBW System (1)
Models Equipped with SBW System (2)
3.3 Tesla
SBW Technology Patents
SBW System Solutions (1-2)
Solutions for Key Components of SBW System (1)
Solutions for Key Components of SBW System (2)
Models Equipped with SBW System
3.4 Audi
3.5 Great Wall Motor
3.6 Geely
3.7 BYD
SBW Layout of Subsidiaries
SBW Solutions
e4 Technology Can Achieve Steering Redundancy
Models Equipped with e4 Technology
Models Equipped with RWS
Models Equipped with SBW
3.8 Hongqi
3.9 Dongfeng Motor
3.10 NIO
3.11 IM
3.12 Others
BAIC
Lotus
Mercedes-Benz

4 Foreign Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System Integrators

4.1 Bosch
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Development History of Automotive Steering System
Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1-5)
SBW System Solutions: SBW (1-3)
SBW Cooperation Cases
Key Components of Steering System
Future Steering System Planning
Steering System Layout in China: Bosch Huayu Steering Systems
Bosch Huayu's Intelligent Steering System Solution 1: EPS (1-2)
Bosch Huayu's Intelligent Steering System Solution 2: HE Platform (1-3)
Bosch Huayu's SBW Layout and Winter Test
Bosch Huayu's Intelligent Steering System Project Was Put Into Production
Production of Bosch Huayu's Key Steering System Parts
Bosch Huayu's Patents Related to SBW-generated Road Feel Feedback
4.2 Nexteer Automotive
Customers by Product (1)
Main Production Projects in H1 2025
Main Production Projects in August 2024
Main Supporting Projects in 2023 (1-2)
Main Supporting Projects in 2022 (1-2)
Steering Product Layout and Capacity
Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS (1-3)
Intelligent Steering System Solutions: Modular Solutions
SBW System Solutions: SBW
Solutions for Key Components of Steering System
RWS
SBW-generated Hand Feel Simulator
4.3 Schaeffler
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Enterprises Profile
Steering Product Layout
SBW R&D Planning
SBW System Solutions (1-4)
SBW System Force Feedback Control Methods (1-5)
Solutions for Key Components of Steering System
SBW Cooperation Cases
SBW Application Cases
4.4 ZF
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS
SBW System Solution 1: AKC (1)
SBW System Solution 1: AKC 2.0 (2)
SBW System Solution 2: SBW (1)
SBW System Solution 2: SBW (2)
4.5 Mando
4.6 NSK
4.7 JTEKT
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Intelligent Steering System Configuration: Taking DP-EPS as an Example
Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS (1-3)
SBW System Solutions: SBW (1-3)
Redundancy Mechanism of J-EPICS
EEA Design of J-EPICS (1-2)
Pairdriver(TM) Steering Collaborative Control for Automated Driving
SBW Product Application
4.8 ThyssenKrupp
4.9 Astemo
SBW Product Roadmap
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS (1-2)
SBWS System Solutions: SBW (1-3)
SBW System Solutions without Traditional Steering Wheels (1-4)
Comparison between two SBW Systems
4.10 KYB
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Intelligent Steering System Solutions: EPS
Solutions for Key Components of SBW System and Application Cases

5 Domestic Passenger Car Intelligent Steering System Integrators

5.1 Trinova
Overall Layout of Intelligent Steering Solutions
Profile and Financing
Intelligent Steering System Solutions (1-2)
Intelligent Steering System Redundancy Solutions (1-2)
SBW Solutions: T-SBW (1-2)
SBW Electrical Architecture: T-SBW
SBW Algorithm Architecture: T-SBW
Key SBW Technology: T-SBW
Intelligent Steering System Planning
5.2 NASN
5.3 Tuopu Group
5.4 DECO Automotive
5.5 DIAS
5.6 Zhejiang Shibao
5.7 Wuhu Bethel Automotive Safety Systems
5.8 Tongyu Automobile
5.9 HYCET
5.10 TSING AUTO Intelligent Chassis
5.11 Henglong Group
5.12 eCDAG
5.13 Yubei Steering System (Xinxiang)
5.14 Zhuzhou Elite
5.15 Jingwei Hirain
5.16 Change Technology
5.17 BYD's 15th Business Unit

6 Passenger Car Steering System Supply Chain

6.1 Steering Motors
Overview
Status Quo

6.1.1 Nidec

Steering Motor Solutions (1-3)

6.1.2 Bosch

Overall Layout of Steering Motor Solutions
Steering Motor Solutions (1-3)

6.1.3 Johnson Electric

Product Layout
Steering Motor Solution 1 (1-2)
Steering Motor Solution 2
Steering Motor Solution 3
Steering Motor Solution 4

6.1.4 Ningbo Dechang Electric Machinery Manufacturing

Motor Layout
EPS Business Layout and Designation
Core EPS Technology and Mass Production Scale
Steering Motor Solutions of DCTech (Subsidiary)

6.1.5 Fuxin Dare Automotive

Steering Products and Capacity
Steering Motor Solutions

6.1.6 Welling

Product Layout
Steering Motor Solution 1: EPS Motor
Steering Motor Solution 2: Hand Feel Simulation Steering Motor

6.1.7 Others

Dongguan Country Dream Motor's JAB8643-02 DC Brushless Motor for EPS System
EPS Motors of Hubei Domain Control Intelligent Drive
Nexteer's Steering Motor Solutions
Steering Motor Solutions of Dongxingchang Technology
6.2 Steering Sensors
Steering Sensor Overview
Main Types and Development Trends of Torque Sensors
Layout of Steering Sensor Vendors

6.2.1 Hella

Overall Layout of Steering Sensor Solutions
Release of Latest Steering Sensors
Steering Sensor Solutions (1-6)
Other Steering Solutions

6.2.2 Baolong Automotive

Overall Layout of Steering Sensor Solutions
Steering Sensor Layout
Steering Sensor Solution 1: Motor Position Sensors
Steering Sensor Solution 2: Steering Wheel Angle Sensors
Steering Sensor Solution 3 and Designated Projects: Wheel Speed Sensors

6.2.3 Bosch

Steering Sensor Solution 1: Steering Wheel Angle Sensors
Steering Sensor Solution 2: Wheel Speed Sensors

6.2.4 TE Connectivity

Steering Sensor Solutions: Torque Sensors
Steering Sensor Solutions: Position Sensors

6.2.5 Others

Electronic Steering Sensor Solutions of Methode Electronics: Torque Sensors
Electronic Steering Sensor Solutions of FUTEK: Steering Wheel Torque Sensors
Steering Sensor Solutions of DECO Automotive
Steering Torque Sensors of Honeywell
6.3 Steering System ECUs
Overview
Status Quo
Overview of Steering System MCUs and Layout of Vendors

6.3.1 NXP

EPS Framework Diagram
Steering MCU Solution 1 (1-5)
Steering MCU Solution 2: S32E
Steering MCU Solution 2: S32E2 (1-3)

6.3.2 Infineon

EPS Framework Diagram
MCU Series
Development History of AURIX(TM) (1-2)
AURIX(TM) TC2x
AURIX(TM) TC3x
Steering MCU Solution 1: TC33xLP
Steering MCU Solution 2: TC36xDP
AURIX(TM) TC4x family

6.3.3 Renesas
6.3.4 STMicroelectronics
6.3.5 Yuntu
6.3.6 Tongxin Microelectronics

7 Passenger Car Corner Module

Definition
Development history
Standards and Regulations
7.1 Corner Module Vendors
Mass Production Planning
Summary of Suppliers' Technologies
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Huawei
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Tsingshan Industrial
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Schaeffler
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: REE
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Protean (1-5)
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: AUMOVIO
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Hyundai Mobis
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Zhejiang Asia-Pacific Mechanical & Electronic
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Zhida Technology
Technical Solutions of Suppliers: Ackermann Matrix (1-2)